Lack Of Novelty Research Articles

Boredom and its perceived impact in adolescents with exceptional mathematical talent: a sequential mixed-methods study in Paraguay.

Boredom, a state where the task at hand presents difficulties in attentional resources and attributed meaning, can be detrimental to talent development by reducing cognitive engagement. This study employed a mixed sequential design to assess boredom in adolescents with exceptional mathematical talent in Paraguay participating in a talent development program. First, in the quantitative phase 54 students completed the Boredom Short Scale, School Attitudes Assessment Survey-Revised, and Psychological Well-Being Scale for Adolescents. Next, in the qualitative phase 50 students participated in focus groups to explore their personal experiences of boredom, along with their perception of possible factors that impact boredom. Boredom in this population was similar to the general population of adolescents, albeit significant differences existed in items and subscales showing a pattern unique to this population; they tended to become bored quicker but had an easier time sparking interest in activities. Higher boredom had small to moderate correlations with worse attitudes at school and with teachers, lower motivation and self-regulation in academic activities, lower self-control, and lower involvement in personal projects. Higher valuation of goals and academic self-perception related with a lower tendency toward boredom only in the context of a talent development program, but not at school. Boredom seemed multifaceted, with dimensions such as the absence of meaning, superficial entertainment, and wasted time. Contributing factors included waiting for other people's slower pace, limited choices, lack of novelty, insufficient intellectual challenge, and the influence of teachers and social dynamics. Coping mechanisms included inner intellectual stimulation, seeking entertainment and escape, pursuing independent learning, extracurricular activities, like-minded peers, and extreme sensation-seeking. Fostering adequate challenge and support in advanced academic endeavors for the development of mathematical talent can prevent negative consequences associated with boredom in exceptionally talented populations.

The Effective Application of Metacognitive Strategies in High School Mathematics Teaching

Metacognitive strategies, as an educational method that focuses on the metacognitive knowledge and skills of learners' thinking and learning process, have attracted widespread attention in the field of high school mathematics teaching in recent years. This article aims to analyze the effective application of metacognitive strategies in high school mathematics teaching, and deeply explore their role in improving students' mathematical learning achievements and developing mathematical thinking abilities. Firstly, this article provides an overview of the current situation and problems in high school mathematics teaching, including the difficulty of teachers' teaching concepts keeping up with the times, the lack of novelty in teaching methods, and the solidification of students' thinking. Then, the article pointed out the importance of metacognitive strategies for mathematical learning and introduced the basic overview and classification of metacognitive strategies. Next, this article explores in detail how metacognitive strategies can be applied to high school mathematics teaching, including carefully preparing teaching based on metacognition and finding the best teaching methods, guiding students to reflect through metacognitive monitoring, and improving teaching evaluation systems based on metacognition. The effective application of these strategies helps students better understand mathematical concepts, improve problem-solving abilities, and enhance mathematical confidence.

국내 의류봉제 산업의 글로벌소싱 의향 고려요인 연구

Purpose - This study seeks to investigate the determinants of global sourcing intention in clothing sewing industry, in particular with its focus on women’s Knitwear production.
 Design/methodology/approach - This study collected a unique set of qualitative data through 31 in-depth interviews with fashion brands, promotion agencies, and sewing factories between July 2023 and October 2023. In addition, it analyzed the dataset using the MAXQDA to complement the research findings.
 Findings - We have two findings. First, the interviewees commonly mentioned the following factors as reasons for considering global sourcing: the human factors(aging of skilled technicians and labor shortages), the financial factors(gap in production unit prices at home and abroad), the relational factors(lack of novelty), and the physical factors(loss of production infrastructure and network), while the human factors(skilled workforce), the production factors(delivery date and product quality), and the relational factors(timely communication and mutual trust) as reasons for continuing domestic sourcing. Additional code analysis of interview also supports this finding. On the other hand, there was also a subtle difference between buyers(brands) and suppliers(promotion agencies and processing plants), and buyers consider the exact delivery date critical so that they could see trend-sensitive women’s Knitwear on time, and suppliers took production costs, labor costs, and labor shortages, which are financial factors, more seriously.
 Research implications or Originality - This study provides a richer and more balanced view of existing literature, which has generally tended to introduce global sourcing across the clothing industry despite the existence of various diversity within the industry. In addition, through qualitative research, we introduce that the sewing industry is carried out according to complex factors, and by revealing and categorizing the determinants of global sourcing, we supplement the existing research on the clothing sewing industry centered on survey. On a practical note, this study introduces that there is a difference in view of domestic sourcing and global sourcing between buyers(brands) and suppliers(promotion agencies and sewing factories), suggesting practical implications for revitalizing networks and deriving win-win cooperation network models among members in the future.

Towards a large sized curated and annotated corpus for discriminating between human written and AI generated texts: A case study of text sourced from Wikipedia and ChatGPT

The recently launched large language models have the capability to generate text and engage in human-like conversations and question-answering. Owing to their capabilities, these models are now being widely used for a variety of purposes, ranging from question answering to writing scholarly articles. These models are producing such good outputs that it is becoming very difficult to identify what texts are written by human beings and what by these programs. This has also led to different kinds of problems such as out-of-context literature, lack of novelty in articles, and issues of plagiarism and lack of proper attribution and citations to the original texts. Therefore, there is a need for suitable computational resources for developing algorithmic approaches that can identify and discriminate between human and machine generated texts. This work contributes towards this research problem by providing a large sized curated and annotated corpus comprising of 44,162 text articles sourced from Wikipedia and ChatGPT. Some baseline models are also applied on the developed dataset and the results obtained are analyzed and discussed. The curated corpus offers a valuable resource that can be used to advance the research in this important area and thereby contribute to the responsible and ethical integration of AI language models into various fields.

Cheminformatics and artificial intelligence for accelerating agrochemical discovery.

The global cost-benefit analysis of pesticide use during the last 30 years has been characterized by a significant increase during the period from 1990 to 2007 followed by a decline. This observation can be attributed to several factors including, but not limited to, pest resistance, lack of novelty with respect to modes of action or classes of chemistry, and regulatory action. Due to current and projected increases of the global population, it is evident that the demand for food, and consequently, the usage of pesticides to improve yields will increase. Addressing these challenges and needs while promoting new crop protection agents through an increasingly stringent regulatory landscape requires the development and integration of infrastructures for innovative, cost- and time-effective discovery and development of novel and sustainable molecules. Significant advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and cheminformatics over the last two decades have improved the decision-making power of research scientists in the discovery of bioactive molecules. AI- and cheminformatics-driven molecule discovery offers the opportunity of moving experiments from the greenhouse to a virtual environment where thousands to billions of molecules can be investigated at a rapid pace, providing unbiased hypothesis for lead generation, optimization, and effective suggestions for compound synthesis and testing. To date, this is illustrated to a far lesser extent in the publicly available agrochemical research literature compared to drug discovery. In this review, we provide an overview of the crop protection discovery pipeline and how traditional, cheminformatics, and AI technologies can help to address the needs and challenges of agrochemical discovery towards rapidly developing novel and more sustainable products.

РЕФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ПРОЦЕССА ЗАЩИТЫ ДИССЕРТАЦИЙ В ЮРИДИЧЕСКОЙ НАУКЕ КАК ИМПЕРАТИВ РАЗВИТИЯ ПРАВОВОЙ СИСТЕМЫ УЗБЕКИСТАНА

This article is devoted to the topical issues of reforming the system of preparation and defense of dissertations on legal sciences in Uzbekistan. On the basis of the analysis of the current state of dissertation activity in the legal sphere, the necessity of its improvement is substantiated in order to ensure further progressive development of the national legal system. The article identifies a number of systemic problems that reduce the quality and practical value of legal dissertations. They include a high level of borrowing, a lack of novelty in the obtained results, and a weak focus on the solution of urgent problems in legal regulation. The article proposes a set of measures to reform the dissertation defense process. In particular, improved dissertation structures have been developed taking into account the level of training, including the mandatory development of original theoretical concepts and drafts of normative legal acts. It is expected that the implementation of the proposed measures will significantly improve the quality of dissertation research in the legal sphere, the level of training of scientific and legal personnel, as well as the implementation of the results in law-making activities. The reform of the dissertation defense system will contribute to the activation of scientific activity and the improvement of legal regulation in accordance with the priorities of Uzbekistan’s development. The conclusion emphasizes that the modernization of approaches to the organization of dissertation research is an objective imperative for the development of legal science and the entire legal system of the country. The pace of legal, social, and economic progress in Uzbekistan depends on the quality of the training of highly qualified scientific personnel.

ARE GENERATIVE ADVERSARIAL NETWORKS CAPABLE OF GENERATING NOVEL AND DIVERSE DESIGN CONCEPTS? AN EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE

AbstractGenerative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have shown stupendous power in generating realistic images to an extend that human eyes are not capable of recognizing them as synthesized. State-of-the-art GAN models are capable of generating realistic and high-quality images, which promise unprecedented opportunities for generating design concepts. Yet, the preliminary experiments reported in this paper shed light on a fundamental limitation of GANs for generative design: lack of novelty and diversity in generated samples. This article conducts a generative design study on a large-scale sneaker dataset based on StyleGAN, a state-of-the-art GAN architecture, to advance the understanding of the performance of these generative models in generating novel and diverse samples (i.e., sneaker images). The findings reveal that although StyleGAN can generate samples with quality and realism, the generated and style-mixed samples highly resemble the training dataset (i.e., existing sneakers). This article aims to provide future research directions and insights for the engineering design community to further realize the untapped potentials of GANs for generative design.

Addition of dexamethasone to prolong peripheral nerve blocks: a ChatGPT-created narrative review

Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT), an artificial intelligence chatbot, produces detailed responses and human-like coherent answers, and has been used in the clinical and academic medicine. To evaluate its accuracy...

Digital Evidence in Saudi Law: A Comparative Study

This research comes as part and prelude to a master's thesis in private law at King Abdulaziz University entitled Digital Documents as Evidence in Saudi Law A comparative study, by researcher Sultan Aljadani and under the supervision of Associate Professor of Civil Law, Dr. Faisal Al-Assaf. Electronic transactions have become an integral part of our daily transactions, and as a result, the Saudi legislator was keen to legislate digital means within the provisions of the new proof Law. Because of the novelty of the law, and because of the importance of digital evidence in proof, research has dealt with the answer to a problem: The extent of the adequacy of legal provisions regulating digital evidence? And emanating from it many questions that do not deviate in their content from this problem. To answer the research question, the researcher followed the comparative descriptive analytical approach, by describing and analyzing the texts related to digital evidence in the Saudi Proof Law and related laws , and comparing them with the Jordanian law. The researcher reached a number of results, the most important of which is that the Saudi legislator has enacted the procedural provisions related to digital evidence within the texts of the evidence Law, and has referred many of the substantive provisions related to digital evidence to the Electronic Transactions Law and other relevant laws. Also, the Electronic Transactions Law - due to its lack of novelty - mixed between some digital evidence, and left some other digital evidence unregulated. Therefore, and in light of the previous results, we recommend that the Saudi legislator completely re-legislate digital evidence in the Saudi Evidence Law, or re-enact the provisions related to digital evidence contained in the Electronic Transactions Law to comply with the new Evidence Law.

Looking at Patent Law: Detecting Crevice Corrosion in Seawater Piping Systems Using an O-Ring Sensor-A Case Study

In this installment of the “Looking at Patent Law” series, we present a case study of the prosecution events of U.S. Patent No. 5,865,971 directed toward “Sealing Ring with Electrochemical Sensing Electrode." This invention aligns with several divisions of the Electrochemical Society (ECS), including Corrosion (CORR), Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering (IE&EE), and Sensor (SENS). Notably, the development team for the o-ring crevice corrosion sensor included many members of the ECS. The case study begins with a brief synopsis of the background of the invention followed by 1) summary of key drawings and the specification of the invention, 2) inventor assignment and power of attorney designations, 3) submission of the Invention Disclosure Statement (IDS) and associated Duty of Candor, 4) summary of the non-final office action (NF-OA) and rejection, and 5) applicant response and allowance of the patent application. The case study illustrates the use of a professional search of the prior art and the applicant providing a summary of the prior art in a “Statement of Relevancy.” The “Statement of Relevancy” allowed the applicants to provide a convincing summary of the prior art to the USPTO and to craft well-defined claims avoiding rejections based on lack of novelty and obviousness. With this case study, we hope to de-mystify the patent prosecution process and better prepare electrochemical and solid-state scientists, engineers and technologists to interact with their patent counsel regarding their inventions.

Reasons for unsuccessful research submissions to JAAPA.

PA authors face many barriers to publication and may benefit from additional transparency in the editorial decision-making process. This study examined the most common reasons for rejection of original research submissions to JAAPA. Senior JAAPA editors conducted a thematic analysis of reviewer and editor comments and used these broad themes to classify the reasons for rejection of original research manuscripts submitted to JAAPA. From October 2015 through December 2018, 77 research manuscripts were submitted to JAAPA. Fifty-six manuscripts were rejected, resulting in an overall rejection rate of 73.7%. Common reasons for rejection included: methodologic issues (55.4%), content outside the journal's scope (42.9%), poor writing quality (17.9%), guideline nonadherence (3.6%), lack of novelty (3.6%), and author(s) declining to revise the manuscript (1.8%). The most common reasons for manuscript rejection can be overcome through research planning and manuscript preparation.

Image segmentation of Leaf Spot Diseases on Maize using multi-stage Cauchy-enabled grey wolf algorithm

Grey wolf optimizer (GWO) is a widespread metaphor-based algorithm based on the enhanced variants of velocity-free particle swarm optimizer with proven defects and shortcomings in performance. Regardless of the proven defect and lack of novelty in this algorithm, the GWO has a simple algorithm and it may face considerable unbalanced exploration and exploitation trends. However, GWO is easy to be utilized, and it has a low capacity to deal with multi-modal functions, and it quickly falls into the optima trap or fails to find the global optimal solution. To improve the shortcomings of the basic GWO, this paper proposes an improved GWO called multi-stage grey wolf optimizer (MGWO). By dividing the search process into three stages and using different population updating strategies at each stage, the MGWO’s optimization ability is improved while maintaining a certain convergence speed. The MGWO cannot easily fall into premature convergence and has a better ability to get rid of the local optima trap than GWO. Meanwhile, the MGWO achieves a better balance of exploration and exploitation and has a rough balance curve. Hence, the proposed MGWO can obtain a higher-quality solution. Based on verification on the thirty benchmark functions of IEEE CEC2017 as the objective functions, the simulation experiments in which MGWO compared with some swarm-based optimization algorithms and the balance and diversity analysis were conducted. The results verify the effectiveness and superiority of MGWO. Finally, the MGWO was applied to the multi-threshold image segmentation of Leaf Spot Diseases on Maize at four different threshold levels. The segmentation results were analysed by comparing each comparative algorithm’s PSNR, SSIM, and FSIM. The results proved that the MGWO has noticeable competitiveness, and it can be used as an effective optimizer for multi-threshold image segmentation.

Arab Scholars’ Perceptions on The Quality, Reliability, and Adequacy of Arabic Digital Content

Despite the availability of millions of information resources on the internet, the Arabic digital content represents a relatively small percentage compared with the information available in other languages. The size of Arabic content, the lack of an adequate number of Arabic databases that organize this content and make it available to the Arab reader, and the lack of novelty and originality are the main issues that feature the Arabic content on the internet. The aim of the current study is to clarify the Arab scholars’ perception regarding the quality, reliability, and suitability of Arabic digital content that is available on the internet. A quantitative approach was adopted in this study in order to answer the research questions. A questionnaire was distributed online among a sample of Arab scholars to determine the quality and reliability of the Arabic digital content. Moreover, the questionnaire tried to identify the extent to which the current Arabic digital content meets the growing information needs, to identify the Arab scholars’ uses of Arabic content, and to discover the criteria that determine the digital content suitability. The findings of this study revealed that Arab scholars believe that Arabic digital content is weak and there is a lack of originality. In addition, the results indicated that Arabic digital content on the internet does not satisfy the scholars' needs which enforce them to use English information resources to compensates for the lack of Arabic resources. The study recommended the necessity of establishing mechanisms to support Arabic digital content and increase the academic institutions' role in enhancing Arabic digital content by encouraging and supporting scholarly research in the Arabic language.

The innovative practice of classics translation website learning — research on Chinese classics translation learning and exchange platform under the background of globalization of national college students' innovative training program

In today's period, under the influence of globalization, the professionalism and accuracy of language inter-translation in cultural exchange has gradually increased, and the websites and apps of translation types have gradually increased, but then problems like redundant information, less accurate translation results, and lack of novelty in functions have emerged, which cannot meet users' needs. By deeply analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of existing translation websites and software, and comparing and analyzing their translation contents and application design, we develop a Chinese canonical translation learning website with multi-functional functions such as mutual translation of canonical texts between Chinese and English, contest notification, word search, discussion, etc.--Canonical Translation.

Rejection rate and reasons for rejection after peer review: a case study of a Russian economics journal

 Background:  Peer review remains the only way of filtering and improving research. However, there are few studies of peer review based on the contents of review reports, because access to these reports is limited. Objectives: To measure the rejection rate and to investigate the reasons for rejection after peer-review in a specialized scientific journal.  Methods:  We considered the manuscripts submitted to a Russian journal, namely ‘Economy of Region’ (Rus Экономика региона), from 2016 to 2018, and analysed the double-blind review reports related to rejected submissions in qualitative and quantitative terms including descriptive statistics. Results: Of the 1653 submissions from 2016 to 2018, 324 (20%) were published, giving an average rejection rate of 80%. Content analysis of reviewer reports showed five categories of shortcomings in the manuscripts: breaches of publication ethics, mismatch with the journal’s research area, weak research reporting (a major group, which accounted for 66%of the total); lack of novelty, and design errors. We identified two major problems in the peer-review process that require editorial correction: in 36% of the cases, the authors did not send the revised version of the manuscript to the journal after receiving editorial comments and in 30% of the cases, the reviewers made contradictory recommendations. Conclusions: To obtain a more balanced evaluation from experts and to avoid paper losses the editorial team should revise the journal’s instructions to authors, its guide to reviewers, and the form of the reviewer’s report by indicating the weightings assigned to the different criteria and by describing in detail the criteria for a good paper.

Aquaculture, Fish and Fisheries: A new home for the Blue Revolution

<i>Aquaculture, Fish and Fisheries</i>: A new home for the Blue Revolution

Sir Robert Robinson—Minor Prophet, a most senior referee, a story of darkness and light

The story of the Tetrahedron Letters affair in 1973–1974 is described and lessons for Editors, Referees, and Authors are drawn from the TL affair and related correspondence of Sir Robert Robinson (Sir RR) (Nobel Laureate), a Minor Prophet. The TL affair centered at two related papers authored by Israel Agranat, et al. on reversible Friedel-Crafts acylations and acyl rearrangements. The first paper (A) was published in J. C. S. Chem. Comm. (1973); it was followed by the second paper (B), which contained a reference to A “in the press.” It was originally accepted for publication in TL, following a favorable review. However, a month later, it was rejected in view of the reviewer’s subsequent allegation of lack of novelty due to A. The TL Editor Professor Alan Roy Katritzky relied also on the opinion of one of the journal’s most senior referees, Sir Robert Robinson, the founder of Tetrahedron and Tetrahedron Letters and the Chairman of their Honorary Advisory Boards, who in 1973 was blind. The TL affair led to correspondences of Sir RR with Professor Ernst David Bergmann and with the Author. Paper B was published (after modifications) in 1974 in Synthetic Communications.

Some views from the South African Constitutional Court on patent revocation and infringement matters: Ascendis Animal Health (Pty) Ltd v Merck Sharp Dohme Corporation and Others 2020 (1) SA 327 (CC)

In South African law, the substantive requirements for a patent may be scrutinised during infringement proceedings or revocation proceedings. Lack of novelty (or anticipation) is a ground for revocation of a patent but can also serve as a defense in an infringement matter. After a series of decisions by the Commissioner of Patents and the Supreme Court of Appeal on infringement and revocation matters relating to Merck’s Patent 98/10975 and its alleged infringement by Cipla (now Ascendis), the Constitutional Court was asked to deliberate the matter in Ascendis Animal Health (Pty) Limited v Merck Sharp Dohme Corporation and Others 2020 (1) SA 327 (CC). The main issue related to the principle of res judicata, and whether invalidity of a patent may be considered as a defense during infringement matters after the validity of the patent was already determined during revocation proceedings between the same parties. The decisions also considered whether each revocation ground constituted a separate issue or whether revocation is the issue for purposes of determining whether a matter is res judicata. A review of all the preceding decisions also indicate that the Supreme Court of Appeal may have developed the way in which lack of novelty is determined in South African law, but without explicitly acknowledging that the approach is different. The Constitutional Court’s evenly split decisions (per Khampepe J and Cameron J) indicate different approaches to reaching just and fair outcomes in patent matters. While Khampepe J’s decision focuses more on the need to remove invalid patents from the register, Cameron J’s decision focuses on preventing harm from piecemeal litigation.

자신의 선행판매 행위에 따른 특허 신규성상실 여부에 관한 비교법적 연구

출원인들은 자신들의 발명품을 시장에 판매하는 상업적 행위를 통해 이윤을 창출하며, 이 과정에서 부득이하게 특허 출원일 전 상업적 판매 행위가 우선되는 경우도 발생한다. 미국의 경우 특허법을 통해 선행기술의 종류로서, “판매”된 발명을 직접 규정하고 있는 반면, 유럽과 일본, 그리고 우리나라에서는 선행기술의 기준으로 특허 출원일 전, 대중에의 공개 또는 공연실시 된 발명이라는 포괄적인 개념으로 정의하고 있다. 이렇듯 국가별로 상이한 선행기술의 정의로 인해, 선행기술로서의 “판매” 행위를 판단하는 기준 또한 국가별로 상이하다. 한편, 선행판매 행위에 따른 특허권 상실을 방지하기 위한 구제수단 또한 국가별로 서로 다른 입법수단을 취하고 있으며, 출원인 자신의 발명 공개행위에 따른 구제수단으로서, 신규성상실의 예외 기간은 미국, 일본 및 우리나라의 경우 1년(12개월), 유럽의 경우 6개월의 기한을 인정하고 있다. 이외에도 특허 출원 전 상호간 비밀유지 계약 하에 이루어진 상업적 계약 또는 판매 행위에 있어서도, 미국과 우리나라를 포함한 주요 국가의 판단 기준은 상이하다. 미국의 경우 상업적 “판매” 행위 자체의 성립성을 기준으로 판단하는 반면, 유럽과 우리나라의 경우 이러한 “판매” 행위에 따라 발명의 실체가 대중에게 공개되었는지를 기준으로 선행기술로서의 판단 기준을 가지고 있다.<BR> 이러한 국가별 기준의 차이로 인해, 많은 출원인들은 자신들의 특허 출원 전 선행판매 행위에 따른 발명의 신규성상실을 근거로 특허 무효에 직면하게 된다. 본 논문에서는 이와 같이 국가별로 상이한 자신의 선행판매 행위의 판단 기준 및 구제수단을 비교법적 연구를 통해 고찰해 보고, 선행판매 행위에 따른 특허권 확보를 위해 출원인이 취해야 할 출원 전략에 대해 제안하고자 한다.

Why Do Manuscripts Get Rejected? A Content Analysis of Rejection Reports from the Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine.

Background:A proportion of manuscripts submitted to scientific journals get rejected, for varied reasons. A systematic analysis of the reasons for rejection will be relevant to editors, reviewers, and prospective authors. We aimed to analyze the reasons for rejection of manuscripts submitted to the Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, the flagship journal of Indian Psychiatric Society South Zonal Branch.Methods:We performed a content analysis of the rejection reports of all the articles submitted to the journal between January 1, 2018, and May 15, 2020. Rejection reports were extracted from the manuscript management website and divided into three types: desk rejections, post-peer-review rejections, and post-editorial-re-review rejections. They were analyzed separately for the rejection reasons, using a predefined coding frame.Results:A total of 898 rejection reports were available for content analysis. Rejection was a common fate for manuscripts across the types of submission; figures ranged from 26.7% for viewpoint articles to 72.1% for review articles. The median time to desk rejection was 3 days, while the median time to post-peer-review rejection and post-editorial-re-review rejection was 42 days and 96 days, respectively. The most common reasons for desk rejection were lack of novelty or being out of the journal’s scope. Inappropriate study designs, poor methodological descriptions, poor quality of writing, and weak study rationale were the most common rejection reasons mentioned by both peer reviewers and editorial re-reviewers.Conclusions:Common reasons for rejection included poor methodology and poorly written manuscripts. Prospective authors should pay adequate attention to conceptualization, design, and presentation of their study, apart from selecting an appropriate journal, to avoid rejection and enhance their manuscript’s chances of publication.