Lack Of Jobs Research Articles

Business Owner’s Expertise and Business Performance of the Finalists of the Young Entrepreneurs Competition and the Role of Employee Skills Training as a Moderating Variable

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E-portfolio as an effective tool for self-directed and reflective learning in social pharmacy

In recent years, many Latin-American states have been increasingly involved in the provision of subsidized housing for the urban poor. These housing projects are usually implemented in forms of massive master planned estates located in urban peripheries. The focus on quantity of housing units built, as opposed to the good location, connectivity and functionality of the dwellings, impedes access of the residents to income-generating opportunities and reduces their socio-economic mobility.This paper analyzes how residents in one of such social housing complexes –Villas de San Pablo in Barranquilla, Colombia– adopt and respond to these challenges in their own, informal ways. Building on empirical data obtained from interviews, observation and an enumeration survey, the author explains how the lack of jobs and economic opportunities in the area motivated many of the dwellers to convert their houses to accommodate different income-generating activities. Thus, this paper documents how a master planned project and its land-use transform from a strictly controlled into a diverse and organic urban ecosystem. The author argues for an urgent revision of the planning practices, inflexible zoning bylaws and outdated design principles that shape these “modern” affordable housing projects.

How chronic diseases thrive

For 15 minutes I am supposed to chat about control of a disease, and blood tests and medications. The door is closed, and we can talk about tablets and blood tests, keeping the outside world at bay. Eventually, though, whatever happened in our consultation, we send the patient back to the environment they came from. For quite a few of our patients these environments contain the circumstances in which chronic diseases thrive. We send them back to stressful jobs, or, even more stressful, lack of jobs. There may be no let-up at home, with the effects of long hours, low income, or poor housing all causing stress for families. The …

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Depression among Prisoners in Jimma Town Prison, South West Ethiopia.

Background Mental disorder is one of the greatest challenges that current and future generations will face. Currently among all people suffering from depression, 85% of them live in low- and middle-income countries. Previous studies reported the global burden/prevalence of depression to be five to ten times higher among prisoners than the general population. However, the prevalence of depression among prisoners in our study area is not known. Objective This study therefore aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of depression among prisoners in Jimma town in 2017. Method A cross-sectional study design was employed on 332 prisoners selected by systematic random sampling method. Data was collected by a face to face interview using Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) scale. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 20. Result The study revealed that 41.9% (n = 139) of participants among prisoners had depression. Having family history of mental illness (AOR = 6.05, 95% CI = 2.6, 13.8), having chronic physical illness (AOR = 2.87, 95% CI = 1.29, 6.41), having history of previous incarceration (AOR = 3.26, 95% CI = 1.02, 10.64), lack of job in the prison (AOR = 4.96, 95% CI = 2.09, 11.8), lifetime alcohol use (AOR = 3.61, 95% CI = 1.8, 7.26), thinking life to be a difficult one after release from prison (AOR = 2.07, 95% CI = 1.2, 3.6), having age between 21 and 25 years (AOR = 2.04, 95% CI = 1.06, 3.89), and having poor social support (AOR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.27, 3.82) had significant association with depression in the fully adjusted final regression model. Conclusion This study has shown that the prevalence of depression among prisoners was very high. Having family history of mental illness, having chronic physical illness, having previous incarceration, lack of job in prison, lifetime alcohol use, thinking life to be difficult one after release from prison, having age between 21 and 25 years old, and having poor social support were found to have an impact on the prevalence of depression.

A poverty dynamics approach to social stratification: The South African case

Abstract The wave of upbeat stories on the developing world’s emerging middle class has reinvigorated a debate on how social class in general and the middle class in particular ought to be defined and measured. In the economics literature, most scholars agree that being middle class entails being free from poverty, which means being able to afford the basic things in life – not only today, but also tomorrow. In consequence, there is an increasing tendency to define the middle class based on a lack of vulnerability to poverty. In this paper, we strengthen and expand on these existing approaches in three ways: First, we incorporate the differentiation between the middle class and a (non-poor) vulnerable group into a broader social-stratification schema that additionally differentiates between transient and chronic poverty. Second, in estimating the risk of poverty, we employ a multivariate regression model that explicitly allows for possible feedback effects from past poverty experiences and accounts for the potential endogeneity of initial conditions, unobserved heterogeneity, and non-random panel attrition – four factors insufficiently addressed in existing studies. Third, we highlight the value of paying attention to these conceptual and modelling issues by showing that class divisions based on monetary thresholds inadequately capture a household’s chances of upward and downward mobility. We then apply our conceptual framework to the South African case. We find that only one in four South Africans can be considered stably middle class or elite. Access to stable labor market income is a key determinant of achieving economic stability. A lack of jobs as well as the prevalence of precarious forms of work drive high levels of vulnerability, which in turn constrains the development of an emergent middle class – not only in South Africa but potentially also in other parts of the developing world that face similar labor market challenges.

ТРУДОВА МІГРАЦІЯ ЯК ЧИННИК ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЇ РИНКУ ПРАЦІ

The article presents the study results of the labor migration impact on the social and economic development of Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to identify the opportunities and threats associated with labor migration and to formulate mechanisms that will facilitate the integration of the domestic labor market into the EU labor market. The study was conducted through the processing of the Ukrainian legislation, as well as international conventions of other normative acts, scientific publications on labor relations and migration, data of state statistics. As a result of the study, the reasons for the intensification of labor migration, the main areas of employment of the Ukrainians abroad are determined. The research showed that the main reason for labor migration is the lack of jobs and low wages. The common risks of migrant workers labor and social rights violation, such as informal employment, discrimination in wages, etc. are analyzed. The research identified opportunities and threats for migrants and society caused by the labor migration. More over, working abroad allows an individual not only to improve the financial position, but also to get new knowledge anf obtain professional skills, thus, increasing his own value in the labor market. The labor and social rights protection mechanism of the Ukrainians working abroad is offered. Further wage level increase, the development of small and medium-sized businesses, and the vocational training quality improvement will contribute to minimizing the possible negative consequences of labor migration for the society. The implementation of the mechanisms proposed in the article will contribute to the integration of the Ukrainian labor market into the EU’s single labor market, allowing Ukrainian citizens to equal successfully realization of their professional and career ambitions both in their own country and abroad.

The Future of Our Histories: Young Rural Voices from Dullstroom-Emnotweni

This article reports on three sets of interviews conducted with children and young people living in Dullstroom-Emnotweni on the Mpumalanga Highveld in eastern South Africa. Firstly, 50 learners between the ages of 10 and 14 were interviewed on their dreams for the future. Later that year, in 2011, a total of 60 young people who were still unemployed ten or more years after having finished school were interviewed on what was left of their dreams. Five years later, in 2016, a third group of young people between the ages of 18 and 24 were interviewed in order to establish whether the situation of marginalised young people in rural South Africa had changed. The primary school learners expressed their career hopes in terms of the needs of their marginalised society, that is, to become nurses, teachers and social workers. The first group of young people interviewed in 2011 blamed their shattered dreams on the unavailability of tertiary education and the reality of HIV infection. The second group, interviewed in 2016, quite similarly, expressed their concerns as a lack of job and educational opportunities, a lack of agency and choice, a lack of respect from society and decision makers, and an inability to escape from drugs and unhealthy sex.

Tradisi Luru Duit di Indramayu

Child prostitution in Indramayu has been done for generations and has been formed into a tradition. Prostitution in Indramayu known as the luru duit meaning work for money or livelihood. Referring to the meaning of luru duit, shows that prostitution has been accepted as a form of work, similar to another forms of work. This study aims to identify the factors that influence luru duit phenomenon. Research uses the Etno-phenomenological method. Collecting data through interviews, observation and documents. The result shows luru duit is a planned behavior, it can be seen from three factors interacting. Internal factors include a positive attitude on materialism, the motivation to follow the views of others, the perception of ease on doing luru duit. External factors include micro and macro level. At the micro level includes the ability to access opportunities, namely the lack of jobs and poor education. At the macro level includes social situations, for example, early marriage and divorce as well as the situation of a long history of forming Bong village as the sender area of women for prostitution. The phenomenon of luru duit facilitates by the presence of the figure of the channel. Chanel as a liaison has amode in two ways, namely using violence method, coercion and fraud. The second way is to utilize the victim and the victim's parents desire for a better life in a way to seduce with money.

A SMALL TOWN – BIG CHALLENGES. PERCEPTION OF A LOCAL REVITALIZATION PROGRAMME – A CASE STUDY OF NOWY STAW IN POMORSKIE VOIVODESHIP

The author presents the results of a survey conducted among selected inhabitants of Nowy Staw in Pomerania, a small town, which – after the collapse of industry in the 1980s and the 1990s – is looking for solutions to overcome the socio-economic crisis. Research has shown that the most serious problems faced by the residents, are not only the lack of jobs, but also degraded urban areas, lack of public rest areas, access to services and other facilities. The town undertakes remedial actions, involving extensive revitalization and revalorization of the urban tissue, to attract new investors. Beside improving the quality of space, this is to be the beginning of solving social problems and bringing back the times of town’s development. In this context, social perception of the outlined changes by the small town community seems to offer an interesting research problem.

Exploring links between common mental health problems, alcohol/substance use and perpetration of intimate partner violence: A rapid ethnographic assessment with men in urban Kenya.

Kenya has some of the highest rates of gender-based violence (GBV) in the world, particularly intimate partner violence. World Vision completed a rapid ethnographic assessment to explore common problems faced by men and local perspectives about the links between men, mental health, alcohol use and GBV. Data from community free-listing surveys (n=52), four focus group discussions and two key informant interviews formed the basis for thematic analysis and findings. Lack of jobs, 'idleness' and finances were viewed as top priority concerns facing men; however, alcohol and substance use were equally prioritised. Family problems, crime and general psychosocial issues (e.g., high stress, low self-esteem) were also reported. Men withdrawing socially, changing behaviour and increasing alcohol consumption were described as signs that men were experiencing mental health challenges. The community observed alcohol use as the biggest cause of GBV, believing men resorted to drinking because of having 'too much time', marital conflict, psychosocial issues and access to alcohol. The findings theorise that a circular link between unemployment, alcohol and crime is likely contributing to familial, psychosocial and gender concerns, and that men's mental health support may assist to re-direct a trajectory for individuals at risk of perpetrating GBV. Data confirmed that GBV is a major concern in these Kenya communities and has direct links with alcohol use, which is subsequently linked to mental health and psychosocial problems. Attempting to disrupt progression to the perpetration of violence by men, via mental health care interventions, warrants further research.

The perceived forms and drivers of forest dependence at Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the perceived forms, and drivers of forest dependence at Volcanoes National Park. Using focus group interviews, we explored the perceptions of forest adjacent residents with direct access to conservation incentives, residents with no direct access to conservation incentives, and senior park managers. The paper reveals dominant forms of forest dependence, including, hunting for bushmeat, extraction of bamboo, bean-stakes, grass for cattle feed, and water for domestic use. The paper also reveals the primary drivers of forest dependence, including, food security constraints, and increase in the market demand of forest products. In addition, animal crop raiding was observed to be the main driver of food security constraints at the park. There were several notable variations in the perceptions. While residents attribute forest dependence to food security constraints, park managers attribute it to the increasing demand of forest products, resentment, stubbornness, and lack of jobs. It is argued that varied perceptions between park managers and residents could negatively affect conservation policies. Therefore, active participation of residents in all forms of wildlife conservation is strongly suggested. Several questions for future research are suggested. Notably, could conservation incentives influence increased demand of forest products, forest dependence, and biodiversity loss?

Ten years after the Great Recession, chemists reflect on its impact

A decade has passed since the Great Recession hit, but many chemists remember the day they were laid off as if it were yesterday. The volatile period from December 2007 to June 2009 was the largest economic downturn since the Great Depression of the 1930s, and it took away any inkling of job security those in the chemistry community might have felt. Even though time has healed most professional wounds, careers and salaries have yet to fully recover, some chemists say. Many say the lack of jobs in chemistry led them to seek employment in other fields. Some go so far as to describe their cohort of affected chemists as a “lost generation.” “There are a lot of people who are really good scientists who are no longer in the field, and that’s a huge loss,” says Ph.D. chemist Brenda Case, who was laid off from Pfizer in 2010 and

Trends of labor migration in the towns and villages of the Republic of Bashkortostan in the modern period

The paper examines the trends, magnitude, direction of migration flows of the working population, whose movement is associated with finding work in the Republic of Bashkortostan. Comparative characteristics and examines labour migration in the region the Soviet period and the present modern state. Analysis of the results of migration on rural districts and urban districts for 2015 showed that almost all municipalities observed migration loss, except in a few districts of the Republic and Ufa, due to the differentiation of territorial development, the adverse socio-economic situation in areas and small cities, lack of jobs, infrastructure, minimize agro-industrial complexes and business entities, «optimization» of medical, educational and cultural institutions in the village. Conclusions and proposed appropriate measures to improve the migration situation.

A Generation in Waiting for Jobs and Justice: Young People Not in Education Employment or Training in North Africa

North Africa has some of the highest youth unemployment rates in the world and young women are at considerably greater risk of unemployment than young men and a majority of whom never make the school-employment transition. However, focusing on just those that are unemployed misses out on those that are neither in education or employment (NEETs). There are three main groups of NEETs: (1) unemployed, available for and actively seeking employment; (2) with drawn from the labour market and full-time careers; (3) not actively seeking work including those queuing for formal sector employment, the long-term sick and disabled and young women barred from employment by cultural norms. Recognition of the importance of focusing on NEETs is evidenced by the Sustainable Development Goals having a specific Goal of reducing the NEET rate. However, accurate and reliable data on NEET rates are not available for all countries and there is a reliance on survey data that is not always available for secondary data analysis. To understand the school-employment transition given extended periods in education and the time young people take to make the school-employment transition it is important to look at the 15-29 year age group. While young men typically take 2 to 3 years to make the school work transition young women never make it. Young women are at much greater risk of unemployment and of being a NEET than young men, although young women are at greater risk of being out of the labour market and young men unemployed. A majority of male NEETs are unemployed and a majority of female NEETs are full-time carers. Nevertheless, nearly half of unemployed young people are women. Graduates and those living in rural areas are at greater risk of being a NEET than those living in urban areas and with lower educational qualifications. However, numerically there are more NEETs living in urban than rural areas and more with primary school or lower qualifications than those living in rural areas and with secondary and higher educational qualifications. There are differences between countries in the proportion of young people that are NEETs and the precise composition but the broad patterns are common across the countries. While focusing on NEETs is important for developing policies it is important to recognise that the problem of youth unemployment and activity goes beyond job creation to creating decent jobs. A high proportion of those in employment are in poor quality, low paid and insecure employment. The main reasons for high unemployment and inactivity, at least for young men, is a lack of jobs. Certainly, young people think that lack of jobs followed by the need for wasta (connections) to get a job are the main causes of youth unemployment. For young women the picture is more complicated, certainly a lack of jobs that are considered gender appropriate for young women is an important factor as is the lack of equal opportunity but even more important are traditional cultural attitudes that see women’s primary role as carers and men’s as breadwinner. Nevertheless, more young women would take employment if decent jobs were available. It follows that if more young people are to make the school-work transition and end up in decent jobs then more jobs need to be created. This means tackling the economic and political barriers to job creation and economic growth and making certain that there are the right jobs in the right places to absorb young people coming onto the labour market. There is no point tackling supply side issues if all that happens is that young people become employable but remain jobless. Nevertheless, reforming educational curricula and pedagogue so that young people have the skills and knowledge employers are looking for is also necessary.

Megaminería y género. Acumulación por desposesión en Cerro de San Pedro, San Luis Potosí

Este artículo describe y analiza, desde la perspectiva de género, las estrategias expropiatorias que la Minera San Xavier utilizó para apoderarse del territorio en Cerro de San Pedro, San Luis Potosí, y continuar con la acumulación de capital por medio de la desposesión. A través de entrevistas semi-estructuradas y el método etnográfico, la investigación muestra que la megaminería, además de generar cambios y cercamiento territorial, se aprovechó de la pobreza, la falta del trabajo en el municipio y de la limitada participación política de las mujeres en la asamblea ejidal para explotar el territorio. Esto generó problemas ambientales y sociales en la comunidad.

Master plans and urban ecosystems: How the poor transform land-use from rigid into organic - A case from Colombia

In recent years, many Latin-American states have been increasingly involved in the provision of subsidized housing for the urban poor. These housing projects are usually implemented in forms of massive master planned estates located in urban peripheries. The focus on quantity of housing units built, as opposed to the good location, connectivity and functionality of the dwellings, impedes access of the residents to income-generating opportunities and reduces their socio-economic mobility.This paper analyzes how residents in one of such social housing complexes –Villas de San Pablo in Barranquilla, Colombia– adopt and respond to these challenges in their own, informal ways. Building on empirical data obtained from interviews, observation and an enumeration survey, the author explains how the lack of jobs and economic opportunities in the area motivated many of the dwellers to convert their houses to accommodate different income-generating activities. Thus, this paper documents how a master planned project and its land-use transform from a strictly controlled into a diverse and organic urban ecosystem. The author argues for an urgent revision of the planning practices, inflexible zoning bylaws and outdated design principles that shape these “modern” affordable housing projects.

Diaspora policies and co-development: A Comparison between India, China and Mexico

This paper discusses the concept of co-development as related to diaspora diplomacy and its implications for public policies for skilled migration in the countries of origin. We consider the cases of two Asian countries – India and China - that stimulate migration as a way to relieve the lack of jobs and skilled population surplus, but which also have strong policies of networking and return. The case of Mexico is different since it is a country with less tradition in diaspora programs and Mexican expats tend to be more politically and culturally active than economically involved. In the three cases studied we find different problems relating to diaspora programs in accordance with their historical progress, such as poor results due to the lack of financial resources, inadequate institutional background or weak diaspora organization.

The Czech Pirate Party in the 2010 and 2013 Parliamentary Elections and the 2014 European Parliament Elections: Spatial Analysis of Voter Support

Abstract The paper presents a spatial analysis of the Czech Pirate Party (Pirates) voter support in the 2010 and 2013 parliamentary elections and the 2014 European Parliament elections. The main method applied for classifying electoral results was the spatial autocorrelation and spatial regression. The result of the analysis has shown that territorial support for the Pirates copies to a great extent the areas of high support for right-wing parties and simultaneously the areas exemplified by a high development potential. In the case of spatial characteristics, little support for the Pirates was shown in Moravia and higher in the Sudetenland in terms of determinants of support. Additionally to spatial regimes, inter-regional support for the Pirates was also influenced by other non-spatial characteristics, although the strength of their influence was relatively weak. The units which embodied a successful environment for voting for the Pirates were particularly characterized by greater urbanization and a greater number of entrepreneurs, while a lack of jobs and the older age structure, i.e. the signs that in the socio-economic, or socio-ecological sense define peripheral areas, negatively impacted the gains of the Pirates. Ambiguous influence was exercised by college-educated inhabitants, who in the parliamentary elections in 2010 and 2013 decreased the gains of the Pirates, however, in the elections to the European Parliament in 2014 a direction of relationship was modified and turned positive.

Los migrantes retornados a la Región Tejupilco, Estado de México

This paper analyzes the productive skills that the abroad returning migrants bring with them, how they apply them and the constraints they face in their homes. To this end, forty-depth interviews were done to migrants returned to the Tejupilco region. The results display that they face various constraints: lack of resources, lack of jobs, low wages, corruption, influence peddling, inequitable distribution of support, events that restrict them to apply their labor skills and other personal skills; in contrast, around ninety percent of the respondents remain idle or underemployed

Brexit, immigration, and me

The day after the UK voted in favor of leaving the European Union, Physics Today’s online editor, Andrew Grant, wrote a news story on the reaction of the UK’s physics community to Brexit, as the secession is known, and on its possible impact on the country’s scientific enterprise.Most scientists in the UK oppose Brexit—with good reason. As a member of the EU, the UK contributes to a union-wide pot of research funding. Its scientists, however, are notably successful in competing for that funding. Andrew reported that in 2007–13, scientists in the UK received a net €3.4 billion ($3.8 billion) from the EU.I wrote “scientists in the UK,” rather than, say, “British scientists,” deliberately. When Andrew sought the opinion of a physicist based in Northern Ireland, he reached Mauro Paternostro, an Italian at the Centre for Theoretical Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics at Queen’s University Belfast. The other full professor in the center, Hugo van der Hart, is Dutch.The freedom of the EU’s citizens to work or study in any EU country was established in the union’s founding charter, the Treaty of Rome, which went into effect on 1 January 1958. However, it took longer to make that freedom a practical reality. In 1984–88, when I was a graduate student at Cambridge University’s Institute of Astronomy, there were students from other countries—Australia, Brazil, Norway, Finland, if I remember correctly—but none from the EU. (Finland joined the EU in 1995.) Now 9 of the department’s 44 graduate students are from the EU (minus the UK); 12 are from non-EU countries.I left my native Britain and the EU in 1988. That year, I started a postdoc at Japan’s Institute of Space and Astronautical Science near Tokyo. When the postdoc was over, I moved to the US to work at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. I have remained in the US ever since.So I can’t tell you from personal experience what it’s like to exercise my right as an EU citizen to work in any of the union’s 28 countries. But I can tell you what dealing with immigration bureaucracies is like. When I lived in Japan, I was obliged to carry with me an alien registration card. Besides my photograph and biographical details, the card also displayed my left thumbprint.On 28 November 1990 I set foot in the US for the first time to start my NASA job. Having inspected my visa, the surly immigration officer demanded, unnecessarily, to see my offer of employment. Luckily, I had it to hand. Under US immigration rules, I could renew my H-1B visa only outside the US. Fortunately, I did so in Tokyo, which I visited periodically for work and whose US embassy is large, well staffed, and not overwhelmed with visa renewal requests. Some of my colleagues were less fortunate. They had to remain abroad for months while overworked or inefficient immigration officials labored over their applications.Applying for permanent residence and then US citizenship was another Kafkaesque ordeal. I had to have my fingerprints taken twice because they had “expired.” When I became a US citizen in 2000, it was because the US is now my home and because I treasure the Bill of Rights. But one other motivating factor was to avoid having to deal with the Immigration and Naturalization Service ever again.Most readers of Physics Today are US citizens who live in the US. The consequences of Brexit might seem remote, but the ugly anti-immigration sentiment that fueled the Leave campaign has its counterpart in the US. And it’s not necessarily confined to factory workers who rail against globalization. During the recession of the early 1990s, some postdocs in the US formed the Young Scientists Network (YSN) to campaign against the lack of jobs in academia and industry. Among YSN’s targets: foreign graduate students and postdocs. The movement fizzled as the economy recovered, but I worry that a similarly nativist pressure group could be in the offing.As I write this editorial, it’s too early to know whether UK citizens will continue to work freely in whichever EU country they choose and whether EU citizens will continue to work freely in the UK. EU negotiators will likely insist that the UK can have free access to its markets for goods and services only if EU citizens have free access to the UK’s market for jobs. If that proves to be what the EU negotiators offer, I hope the UK accepts the deal. It’ll be worth it.© 2016 American Institute of Physics.