Lack Of Feeding Research Articles

Review on Forage Soybean Utilization and Status in Ethiopia

Soybean is a vital crop that is known to support the livelihoods of millions of people in West and Central Africa. Soybean is one of the forage legumes it can be planted for high-protein feed, such as grazing, haying, or ensiling. It grazed or harvested from the flowering stage to near maturity for use as high-quality hay. Soybean has great future potential as a high protein and nutritious forage. This review is focusing on the forage production and adoption in Ethiopia. This work includes a critical review of several published journals, publications, and studies related to animal feeding. The development of Ethiopia's livestock sub-sector is hampered by several restrictions, one of which being a lack of feed and poor feeding practices. In Ethiopia, feed scarcity, particularly during the dry season, is the most significant barrier to optimal output. The introduction of legume forages in farming systems could be one solution to tackle these constraints. Soybean is a forage legume and a candidate fodder that can aid in nutrient reduction in agricultural leftovers and natural pastures. A soybean plant has a nutritional value comparable to early-bloom alfalfa, which is high in protein and easily digestible by lactating dairy cows. Animal evaluation feed trial should be implemented to know the effect of the feeding value of forage soybean [<i>Glycine max</i> (L) <i>Merrill</i>].

Factors Associated with Morbidity and Mortality of Goat in Extensive and Semi-Intensive Farming Systems in the Eastern Province of Sri Lanka

The present study was conducted to identify the associated factors with morbidity and mortality of goats in extensive and semi-intensive farming systems. A sample of 266 goat farmers of three districts i.e., Ampara, Batticaloa and Trincomalee in the eastern province were randomly selected with the assistance of veterinary offices. A pre-tested questionnaire with face-to-face interviews, farm visits and observations were used to collect the data. The study found that goat farming is a male-dominant (>90%) activity regardless of the farming systems. Young and middle-aged farmers with better educations adopted semi-intensive farming systems while the older and poorly educated farmers adopted extensive farming systems while being self-employed. The factors i.e., ectoparasites, lack of feed, lack of water, age of the goats, rainy season, and the lack of veterinary services significantly associated (p<0.05) with morbidity and mortality of goats in both extensive and semi-intensive farming systems. The factors i.e., disease, poor housing, dry season and predator attack were not associated with morbidity and mortality of goats in semi-intensive farming systems whereas the association was significant (p< 0.05) in the extensive farming system. Hence, it is concluded that the semi-intensive farming system is effective in protecting goats from morbidity and mortality caused by disease, dry season, predator attack and poor housing compared to the extensive farming system. The factors associated with morbidity and mortality in extensive farming are inherent to the system except for the lack of veterinary services. J Bangladesh Agril Univ 22(3):369-376, 2024

Study of Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris) Production System in the Urban Commune of Madarounfa, Niger

The local guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) is native to Africa and belongs to the Gallinaceae family. A study was conducted among guinea fowl breeders in the urban commune of Madarounfa to determine the constraints of guinea fowl production in the area. Sixty (60) breeders were interviewed using a structured questionnaire in six (6) villages 15km apart to collect information on the conduct and practice of guinea fowl breeding. Results revealed that the guinea fowl breeders from this study are men. The production purpose of the guinea fowl in the urban commune of Madarounfa is for selling (53%), self-consumption (32%), and gift/donation (10%). Scavenging is the feeding system (100%) which is mostly used. Constraints related to guinea fowl production as identified by the study are mainly diseases (32%), lack of training (22%), lack of feed (17%), and lack of funding (17%). It is clear that the development of the sector necessarily involves strengthening the surveillance of avian diseases, coupled with veterinary monitoring and supervision of producers.

Pemanfaatan Kulit Singkong Sebagai Pakan Alternatif Ternak Kambing di Desa Lolotuara Kecamatan Lakor Kabupaten Maluku Barat Daya

Lakor Island is one of the islands located in Southwest Maluku Regency (MBD). Lakor Island also has local livestock plasma nurfah that has been recognized by the Ministry of Agriculture, the local livestock plasma nurfah is Lakor goats. Lakor goats are one of the local goat groups whose base is on Lakor Island, Southwest Maluku Regency, Maluku Province, and have been determined through the Decree of the Minister of Agriculture Number 2912 / Kpts / OT.140 / 6/2011 dated June 17, 2011. Therefore, the livestock must be maintained and its population preserved so that it does not become extinct and run out, but the problem often faced by farmers on Lakor Island is the lack of feed in the dry season, to answer this problem in this community service will try to utilize agricultural waste, namely cassava skin as an alternative feed for goats on Lakor Island. The problem raised in this community service program is that the community does not utilize cassava skin waste as animal feed because they do not have knowledge about the utilization of cassava skin waste as animal feed. cassava peel is known as waste from cassava or cassava that has been peeled. cassava peel can be used as animal feed. the purpose of this community service is to utilize cassava peel waste as goat feed. Related to the main problems that have been mentioned, this community service program will offer a solution that is expected to be new information or knowledge to the community on Lakor Island about the use of cassava peel waste as animal feed. The hope of this community service program is that the community on Lakor Island will have new knowledge so that they can utilize cassava peel waste as animal feed, so that it can be an alternative feed that can be given to goats.

Small and medium-sized entities in livestock sector of the Republic of Kazakhstan: factors of increasing production volumes

The goal is to study the current situation and prospects for the development of livestock farming in the Abay region, identify main problems and determine ways to solve them, aimed at stimulating and increasing the efficiency of the industry. Methods – to prepare the article, various economic research methods were used: abstract-logical, monographic, synthesis and analysis, comparative and statistical, systematic approach. Results - analysis of the state of livestock sector in this region in 2021-2023 was carried out based on comparison of indicators of the number of livestock of farm animals and poultry, production volumes, output per unit of livestock, use of resources, feed, pasture lands, and the size of attracted investments in fixed capital. The dynamics of the amount of processed livestock products is considered, main limiting factors are identified, and the possibilities of small and medium-sized business entities for growing the potential of processing industry are shown. Conclusions - main problematic issues of livestock farms in the region include: ineffective realization of potential due to insufficient access to innovative technologies, low level of developed infrastructure, risks of livestock diseases, lack of feed, lack of domestic large processing enterprises in the dairy industry, low utilization of their production capacities . An effective and efficient tool is proposed as measures to support small agricultural producers - government procurement of food products from small farmers in the region based on the division of large contracts into lots. This method is widely used in EU countries, which has allowed small-scale farmers to expand access to the national market, increase their incomes and contributed to the growth of employment in rural areas.

Administration of concentrated diet to overcome cases of delayed puberty in bali cattle

Puberty is controlled by specific physiological mechanisms, including the gonads, adenohypophysis gland, feed, heredity, and environmental factors associated with these organs. Sufficient quantities become necessary for normal endocrine function since lack of feed tends to cause delayed puberty in animals. Therefore, this study aims to show that meals can increase the estrus response by administering different forage in Bali cattle with delayed puberty. It was done using a completely randomized design with two groups: the control and the treatment. In the control part, the cattle were given straw and forage, while others in the treatment group were fed straw, forage, and concentrate in the morning and evening. This experiment was carried out at the Integrated Agricultural System, Sobangan Village, Mengwi Subdistrict, Badung Regency. The research results showed that the average estrus time for cows with concentrate feed was 43.13 days, while for those without concentrate, it was 58.17 days. Statistically, the addition of concentrate had a significant effect in accelerating the emergence of estrus. Meanwhile, two estrus scores called medium intensity were given to both groups. Cows fed with balanced nutrition and energy will have good sexual maturity development and show typical estrus symptoms such as restlessness on the vulva: clear mucus discharge, redness, swelling, and warmth. It can be concluded that adding concentrate to feed can overcome cases of delayed puberty in Bali cattle.

Prevalence of Early Feeding Alterations Among Preterm Infants and Their Relationship to Early Neurobehavior.

Feeding difficulties are common among preterm infants during neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) hospitalization. Although most preterm infants achieve full oral feeding by term-equivalent age, whether feeding difficulties persist despite the infant taking full volume and whether these difficulties may relate to other neurobehavioral challenges remain unclear. To identify the prevalence of feeding problems among preterm infants and the relationships between infant feeding behaviors and neurobehavior at term-equivalent age. Cohort study. Level 4 NICU with 85 beds. Thirty-nine very preterm infants born ≤32 wk gestation (range = 22-32 wk). Exclusion criteria were congenital anomalies, >32 wk gestation at birth, and lack of feeding or neurobehavioral assessment at term-equivalent age. Standardized feeding assessments using the Neonatal Eating Outcome Assessment and standardized neurobehavioral evaluation using the NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale. Thirty-nine infants (21 female) were included in the final analysis. The mean Neonatal Eating Outcome Assessment score was 66.6 (SD = 13.3). At term-equivalent age, 10 infants (26%) demonstrated feeding challenges, 21 (54%) demonstrated questionable feeding issues, and 8 (21%) demonstrated normal feeding performance. Lower Neonatal Eating Outcome Assessment scores (poorer feeding performance) at term-equivalent age were associated with more suboptimal reflexes (p = .04) and hypotonia (p < .01). Feeding challenges and questionable feeding performance were prevalent among preterm infants at term-equivalent age and appeared in conjunction with suboptimal reflexes and hypotonia. Understanding this finding enables therapists to take a holistic approach to addressing feeding difficulties. What This Article Adds: Elucidating the relationships between feeding performance and neurobehavior during the neonatal period allows for a better understanding of potential contributors to early feeding challenges and identifies targets for intervention.

Journeys, Journey Conditions, and Welfare Assessment of Unbroken (Unhandled) Horses on Arrival at a Slaughterhouse in Italy.

Simple SummaryIn Europe, many horses travel long distances to reach a slaughterhouse and it is claimed that many of them are unbroken and travel in poor conditions. Hypothesizing that journey conditions would be crucial to protecting the welfare of unbroken horses, this study aimed to describe their journeys and journey conditions, document their welfare status on arrival at a slaughterhouse, and investigate possible associations between journey conditions and welfare issues. A protocol to assess the welfare of the transported horses at unloading and during lairage was developed and applied on a total of 395 unbroken draft horses from 20 different consignments at a slaughterhouse in Southern Italy. The average journey duration was 34 h, coming from France and Poland. Trucks were well equipped and driven by experienced staff, while horses traveled loose and in small groups. At arrival, the horses self-unloaded and the prevalence of health problems was minimal (1.52% injuries; 4.30% nasal discharge; 6.58% abnormal feces). Space allowance, lack of feeding during transport, and cold temperatures were determined to be the main risk factors for their health and welfare. When unbroken horses travel over a long distance, the way in which they are transported (i.e., journey conditions) is crucial and must be maintained at a high standard to minimize the risk of the animals’ welfare becoming compromised.Transportation of horses to slaughterhouses can pose a welfare concern, in particular when horses are unbroken/unhandled. This study aimed to describe their journeys and journey conditions, document their welfare status on arrival in a slaughterhouse in Italy, and investigate possible associations between journey conditions and welfare issues. A total of 395 unbroken draft horses in 20 different consignments were assessed with a standardized protocol. The most common departure point (16/20 consignments, 80%) was a French assembly center, but many of these horses had Spanish passports, suggesting they had previously been transported from Spain to France. The average journey duration was 34 ± 14 h, including journey breaks (i.e., short stops inside the vehicle and long resting stops at control posts), while transit time was 24 ± 4 h. The drivers were well experienced, the trucks were well equipped (i.e., forced ventilation, drinkers), and the horses traveled loose in small groups (n ≤ 4 horses) within pens inside the vehicle. On arrival at the slaughterhouse, the horses self-unloaded and showed minimal behavioral and health problems. The prevalence of injuries, diarrhea/abnormal feces, and nasal discharge were 1.52%, 6.58%, and 4.30%, respectively. Cold temperatures, space allowance, and lack of feeding during transport were found to be the main hazards of those problems (all p < 0.05). Our findings confirm that the correct assessment of the fitness for transport, adequate journey conditions, and experienced staff are crucial factors to safeguard the welfare of unbroken horses during long journeys.

МОДЕРНІЗАЦІЯ МАЛИХ СВИНОФЕРМ ІЗ ЗАМКНУТИМ ЦИКЛОМ ВИРОБНИЦТВА ПРОДУКЦІЇ

The purpose of the research is to assess the relevance of modernization of small pig farms with a closed production cycle. Research methods. Analytical research on the relevance of modernization of small pig farms with a closed production cycle was carried out by the method of processing existing scientific and informational reports. Research results. When organizing pork production at the farm level, the most important measures should be on the production flow, formation of homogeneous technological groups of pigs, herd reproduction, sow keeping, quality of feed rations, creating a proper microclimate, compliance with production technology. One of the main factors holding back the growth of pork production is the lack of feed, their low quality and the constant shortage of digestible protein in feed rations for pigs. The existing premises of small pig farms do not fully meet modern requirements for the maintenance of various technological groups of pigs. The further development of pig farming requires important issues related to sanitary protection zones, animal welfare and environmental protection. It is important to ensure biosafety in pig farming and to implement appropriate veterinary practices and standards. In most pork farms, the genetic potential of domestic pig breeds is now used for reproductive qualities by only 45-50 %, and for fattening by 20-25 %. In the system of qualitative improvement of the breeding stock of farms, the disadvantage is the unsystematic use of reared young pigs, 70% of the products are sold to meat processing plants. When modernizing small pig farms with a full cycle of pork production, among other things, it is necessary to take into account the size and resource characteristics of basic farms to achieve high efficiency of production. Conclusions. According to the results of analytical studies, for the first time the urgency of modernization of small pig farms with a closed production cycle was assessed. The constant shortage of digestible protein in feed rations for pigs is holding back the increase in pork production. Premises of small pig farms do not meet modern requirements for keeping different sex and age groups of pigs. In general, biosecurity and the implementation of good veterinary practices and standards are important in pig farming. There is a low level of realization of the genetic potential of domestic breeds of pigs. The disadvantage should be considered the unsystematic use of raised young. During the modernization of small pig farms, it is necessary to take into account the resource characteristics of farms to achieve high efficiency of pork production. Key words: production, small pig farms, modernization, modern requirements, pig breeding, pork.

Availability, nutritional balance, and needs for dairy cattle feed resources in Derashe Special District, Southern Ethiopia

The goal of this study, which was conducted in the Derashe District of Southern Ethiopia, was to balance the district's needs for dairy cattle with the availability of feed resources. Data were gathered by field observations, key informant interviews, and a standardized questionnaire. With 149 responses, the district was divided into three agro-ecologies. Using a technique called probability proportional to size-sampling, the number of responders was calculated. Lowland,mid-altitude, and highland regions all had average land sizes of 1.67, 0.27, and 1.38 ha, respectively. The research district's entire livestock population was calculated to be 134,948.84 TLU. Cattle made up 83.23% of this, followed by goats 6.19%, donkeys 5.09%, sheep 3.51%, chickens 1.19%, mules 0.53%, horses 0.18 percent, and camels 0.002% of the district's total TLU of the animal population. There were 9.5 heads of local and crossbred cows in each household'saverage herd. Dairy cattle in the study locations primarily ate natural pasture, crop residues, crop aftershock grazing, standing hay, maize that had been thinned, and unconventional feeds (Cheka atella and Areke atella). Grazing land produced 97.75 tons of dry matter per year, crop leftovers 827.21 tons, conventional feeds 264.78 tons, fodder trees and shrubs 1.29 tons, crop aftermath grazing 110 tons, concentrates 0.5 tons, and forest land 30.54 tons. A total TLU value of 1693.5 was obtained by analyzing the overall feed balance in terms of DM yield annually. The present TLU units with a negative balance of 2513.16 tons demand about 3861.85 tons of DM annually. There was a deficit of 140 tons in the total CP produced and needed for the TLU, which came to 477.18 and 617.72 CP tons, respectively. Overall metabolizable energy (ME) produced and needed for the TLU were 25,739.3 and 73683.72 tons MJ, respectively, with a negative balance of 47,944.42 tons MJ of ME. Free grazing, stall feeding, and tethering were the three main feeding methods used in the research locations. Lack of feed, a lack of grazing pasture, subpar extension services, and a lack ofwater were the main obstacles and issues for the development of dairy cattle. Possibilities for increasing dairy feed output include favorable meteorological conditions, cereal crop productivity, and road access. The growth of forage, the collecting and storage of crop leftovers under sheds, the conservation of forage, particularly hay and silage, and the facilitation of feed selling mechanisms in local market areas could all help ease feed scarcity issues.

CHARACTERIZATION OF LOCAL CATTLE HUSBANDRY PRACTICES IN HADIYA ZONE, SOUTHERN REGION OF ETHIOPIA

This study was conducted to characterize cattle husbandry practices in Hadiya zone, southern Ethiopia. Three districts were purposively selected. A total of 180 households were selected randomly. Six focus group discussions with key informants were held. There were significant (p&lt;0.05) differences across the districts in livestock number per households. Cattle are the dominant livestock species, mainly used for milk and draught power. The mean cattle holding per household were 10.87±1.16, 6.8±.40 and 15.22±1.70 in Shashogo, Misha and Soro districts respectively. The most popular farming system in the areas was mixed crop-livestock production. Local female and male cattle reached sexual maturity in 49.0 and 44.7 months in Shashogo, 52.7 and 48.8 months in Misha, and 50.1 and 46.8 months in Soro districts, respectively. Local female cattle in the research area had an average age at first calving of 53.2 months in Shashogo, 59.1 months in Misha, and 54.3 months in Soro districts. In the districts, natural mating was the most common and common method of mating. Cattle production was hampered by a lack of feed and water, illnesses, repeated draughts, infrastructure, and other factors such as land scarcity, poor capital, and a lack of agricultural extension.

Распространение туберкулеза в мире

Currently, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) for 2019, tuberculosis ranks first among human diseases. Every fourth inhabitant of the planet is a carrier of Koch's bacillus. Often, nonspecific reactions to tuberculin are detected in humans and animals sensitized by atypical mycobacteria. That is why tuberculosis has a different degree of spread in individual regions or countries. The spread of tuberculosis is influenced by human non-observance of sanitary and medical standards, and in veterinary medicine – by the lack of feed and unsanitary conditions for animals, which, in turn, leads to an increase in the incidence of tuberculosis among humans and animals. The uncontrolled movement of animals, feed, raw materials and animal products aggravated the epizootic situation of tuberculosis, and hence the epidemiological one. Currently, the fact of evolutionary variability of the causative agent of tuberculosis has been established. Environmentally – technogenic press, as well as the spread of coronavirus infection, all this led to a decrease in immunity in humans and animals and, accordingly, an increase in the incidence and mortality from tuberculosis.

Management Practices, Utilization and Challenges of Donkey in Godey Town, Somali Regional State, Ethiopia

The study was conducted in Godey town of Shebelle zone, Somali Regional State, Ethiopia. The objective of the study was to assess management practices, utilization, and challenges of donkey. A total of 200 households who own working donkeys were selected purposely for this study. Data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires, key informants interviews, focus group discussions with communities who own donkeys and personal observations. The study revealed that the majority of the respondents were illiterate which might be associated with poor education access in the area. The study further revealed that 92% of working donkeys were involved in drought work, whereas 18% were used for pack work. The common feed resources for donkeys were feeds obtained from natural pasture, green maize leaves, hay, household wastes and grain supplements. Pipe water, river water, and pond water were the main water sources for working donkeys in the study area. About 91% of households kept their donkeys in an open backyard, while 9% of them kept them in a separate shed built adjacent to or a short distance away from the family home. Donkeys provide cart services in the study area, transporting various items weighing more than 300 kg in order to obtain a high benefit in a short period of time and are more than six days per week. Working donkeys in the current study area had a life span of fewer than 6 years, 7 - 10 years, and more than 10 years, with 18.5%, 75.5%, and 6%, respectively. The most important constraints that affect donkey production and utilization in the study area were a lack of feed, health problems (sickness, wounds, etc.), overloading and overworking, poor road and harnessing problems, and poor attitude/lack of awareness. As a result, in order to enhance working donkey management concerns, area-based development interventions that can overcome current constraints should be employed.

Human-wildlife conflict: The case of Arjo Dhidhessa sugar factory and its surrounding, Western Ethiopia

Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) occurs in various forms throughout the world, with a greater influence in developing countries. This is due to fast increasing human populations and increased subsistence agriculture, which reduces wildlife habitat and increases human-wildlife interactions. Wild animals fight for resources with humans in the Arjo Dhidhesa Sugar Factory in Western Ethiopia, and they are in conflict with each other. As a result, this research was carried out to determine the reasons of HWC, as well as the mammals responsible for them. From August 2017 to March 2018, researchers utilized questioner and interview approaches to examine community perceptions toward wildlife and overall cthe result showed that a total of 99.034 sugarcane stalk damage events were registered in all three sample sites both during the dry and wet seasons. Wildlife consumed 46,468 sugarcane stalks during the rainy season, while 52,566 stalks were consumed during the dry season, with the documented damage event varying greatly from site to site. Hippopotamus, Anubis baboon, Warthog, Bush pig, and Buffalo were the most affected by HWC, with agricultural loss occurring throughout both wet and dry seasons. During the wet season, Hippopotamus 16,133 stalks per ha were the most damaged, followed by Anubis baboon 12,484 stalks per ha. Buffalo 5,083 and Bush pig 3,931 stalk per ha did the least damage, placing fourth and fifth, respectively. During dry seasons, Anubis baboon caused the most sugarcane stalk damage (16, 898 stalks per hectare), followed by hippopotamus (16,533 stalks per ha). During both the wet (t = 4.08, DF = 4, P&lt; 0.05) and dry seasons (t =3.73, DF = 4, P&lt; 0.05), there was a significant difference in the damages caused by mentioned fauna. According to the findings, about 67.9% and 25.2 % of all respondents said that HWC expressed itself in crop destruction and livestock predation, respectively. Habitat damage, agricultural development, a lack of feed, and a rise in the population of wild animals are among the explanations cited by respondents. Some of the key crop raider mitigation strategies revealed in this study that were adopted by the investment community and local communities include hanging dead animal parts, habitat disturbance, keeping animals alive by tying them to the side of field, and mass murdering wildlife. These practices are one of the main causes of the extinction of wildlife, making conservation even more challenging. There are currently many human activities in the field of science, which has resulted in many HWCs. As a result, investment decisions should be made based on strong and viable domain choices both commercial and environmental, as well as promoting natural tourism as a viable option for education and conservation education.

Peculiarities of the course of bacterial diseases of rainbow trut in industrial farms of North-West Russia

Currently, in the Leningrad Region and the Republic of Karelia, trout farming is carried out mainly in cage farms, and in recent years, small closed water supply units (RAS) are gaining popularity and are actively used. In the first years of operation, outbreaks of serious infectious diseases occurring in the form of bacterial hemorrhagic septicemia, as well as toxicosis, were observed in such installations. In cage farms, a joint course of bacterial and parasitic diseases is possible. In the course of the work, 11 cage farms in the Leningrad Region and the Republic of Karelia were surveyed, as well as 4 RAS in the Gatchinsky and Luga Districts of the Leningrad Region. The manifestation of aeromonas bacterial and infection and trienophorosis in the cage farm was associated with the growing conditions — high water temperatures, lack of feeding, and the presence of a formed focus of invasion in the water source. In the spring-summer and summer-autumn periods in cage farms, the manifestation of myxobacteriosis caused by Flavobacterium psychrichila is possible. In summer, the danger is a bacterial infection proceeding as a bacterial hemorrhagic septicemia (pathogens — Yersenia ruckeri and Flexibacter columnaris). In autumn, outbreaks of pseudomonosis are possible in cage farms. The causative agent is Pseudomonas fluorescens. However, it is also possible to find Pseudomonas putida, which is more characteristic of cyprinids. In the RAS, the death of fish was caused by mixed infections. The causative agents are Yersenia ruckeri and Carnobacterium piscicola; bacteria of the genera Flavobacterium and Aeromonas. Such a complex of aeromonads with flavobacteria is characterized by increased aggressiveness and can cause a serious septic infection. Timely measures taken, including the normalization of housing and feeding conditions, as well as therapeutic and prophylactic measures, made it possible to suppress the development of infections, toxicosis and improve the condition of fish on these farms.

Rational feeding as the basis for the efficiency of pork production (on the example of the Krasnoyarsk Territory)

Modern technologies in pig breeding allow in a short time not only to quantitatively increase the volume of domestic pork production, but also to significantly reduce its cost. The profitability of fattening pigs depends on the value of the average daily gain and the cost of feed for the increase in live weight and the quality of the carcass. These indicators are associated with the genetic characteristics of animals, the composition and amount of feed they consume. Lack of feed and imbalance in diets leads to a decrease in the productivity of animals, therefore, their genetic potential is used in farms only by 60-70% of the possible. Feeding costs account for up to 60% of the total cost of pork production. Fodder production is the main area of innovative activity in animal husbandry, which determines the efficiency of pork production today. The efficiency of feeding is determined primarily by the cost of feed per unit of production. All other things being equal, a better feed payment rate always corresponds to a lower production cost. The use of the technology proposed by the authors allows to reduce the cost of feed in the cost of 1 ton of pig meat by 7.3-12.0%, as a result, to reduce the production cost of manufactured products by 15.5-25.5%.

Case report of COVID-19 positive new born with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)

COVID-19 caused by SARS-Cov-2 virus has spread rapidly across the world. Children are just as like as adult to become infected with virus but have lesser symptoms and less severity of the disease. Necrotizing enterocolitis is one of the common gastrointestinal emergencies in neonatal intensive care unit. More than 85% of cases of NEC occur among preterm and very low birth weight. Preterm babies are vulnerable to develop NEC because of high incidence of perinatal distress factor, stasis of gut due to autonomic immaturity, poor barrier function of gut or immune defences, lack of feeding with human milk and higher incidence of nosocomial infections. During the current COVID-19 pandemic, no similar finding has been reported in the neonatal population to date. In this review we summarize the case report of two newborns admitted in our NICU who were COVID 19 positive presented to us with symptoms suggestive of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and their outcome based on presence of comorbidity. Our case reports two case of two COVID-19 positive newborns admitted in our NICU with history, examination and investigations suggestive of necrotizing enterocolitis. Early initiation of antibiotics covering bowel flora, bowel rest and resuscitation, similar to our tried and true medical management of NEC, should be considered for initial management to avoid surgical intervention

Communal grazing area is as a potential source of calves in dry Sumbawa Island, Indonesia: the improvement of opportunities and challenges

Sumbawa island is one of cattle centre in Indonesia characterized by grazing system. Most farmers practice integrated crop-livestock system with cattle and rice and or maize being the most common commodities. This paper provided understanding on communal grazing system in Sumbawa, its potency as a source of calves and its opportunity and challenges for improvement. A study was conducted from 2018 to 2019 for three largest communal grazing areas in Sumbawa Island, Lar Badi, Gili Rakit and Doro Ncanga, respectively. Most cattle live on grazing land during the harvest season and return to the village after harvest to graze the remaining crops. Herds were dominated by cows, calves, and young bulls. Despite being a potential source of calves and hign in carrying capacity, these areas have common problems such as lack of feed and high calf mortality. At the same time, crop residue available abundantly nearby, yet underutilized due to the labour, transporting cost, and lack of the knowledge. It is concluded that communal grazing areas plays a significant role as calves and feeder producing centre in the dry island of Sumbawa. However, the farmer’s awareness and capacity need to be improved for better management to solve the problems and good pasture management in the communal grazing.

Effect of fasting on freshwater angelfish Pterophyllum scalare (Lichtenstein; Pisces: Cichlidae) development

We tested the effect of fasting on the development of juvenile freshwater angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare). The juveniles were subjected to different fasting periods (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days of fasting). Fish from all treatments were fed for 30 days after the fasting period. No difference (P &gt; 0.05) was observed between treatments for final weight and length. There was a significant difference (P &lt; 0.05) in treatments 12 and 15 days fasting for liver and intestine weight. These results may prove that 12 and 15 days of fasting force juveniles to use energy reserves, and these adaptations may also represent a saving energy strategy. The fish subjected to treatments 6, 9, 12, and 15 days of fasting showed different vacuolization in hepatocytes from the ones subjected to 0 and 3 days of fasting (P &lt; 0.05). These results show that during the lack of feeding, juveniles (P. scalare) mobilizes energy stored in the liver. No difference (P &gt; 0.05) was observed between treatments for survival rate. However, the increase in the number of deaths from the eighth day of fasting may indicate that periods with more than 15 days of fasting could be fatal to this species during this life stage. According to our findings, it can be assumed that juvenile freshwater angelfishes have strategies (e.g. a decrease in liver and intestine weight) to resist 15 days of fasting.

Nowhere to hide: The importance of instream cover for stream‐living Coastal Cutthroat Trout during seasonal low flow

AbstractThrough their multiple functions, refuges may be important for stream‐living fishes, particularly during stressful events such as seasonal low flow or drought. Coastal Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii is an ideal study organism to understand the importance of refuge. During seasonal low flow, lower water levels limit access to refuge and emigration, survival of fish is low, and predation risk is high. Under these conditions, we studied patterns of cover use from field observations and tested predictions from multiple hypotheses about cover use in a semi‐natural experiment. Boulders were the main cover selected by trout in natural streams. Trout disproportionately used cover near deeper water, and they selected larger‐sized cover in shallower water. Trout showed plasticity to switch among behaviours, concealing under cover and emigrating as first options, followed by grouping, and then habitat shifting. Lack of feeding and growth suggested that perceived threat of predation was a more important driver of behaviour than foraging. Emigration was also linked to cover, with higher levels of emigration associated with less cover availability, revealing a potential link between refuge and demography through emigration. Except for feeding, the intensity of alternative behaviours can increase or decrease depending on refuge availability. Collectively, findings of this work indicate that cover can be considered a critical limiting resource along with other fundamental resources of food and space for stream‐living fish.