Lack Of Employment Research Articles

Pengaruh Pendayagunaan Zakat Produktif Dan Pelatihan Usaha Terhadap Pendapatan Mustahik

The distribution of productive zakat actually has the concept of planning and careful implementation such as studying the causes of poverty, the lack of working capital, and lack of employment, with the existence of the problem it is necessary for the planning that can develop productive zakat. The Zakat Community Development (ZDC) program can help the development activities of zakat recipient community or mustahiq, in the aspect of life so as to realize a society that has empowerment in education, economy and religious life.Research is a field research with a quantitative approach. This research was conducted at BAZNAS mustahik. Sampling technique with 70 respondent. Retrieval of data using a questionnaire method. Test data analysis techniques using multiple linear regression and then analyzed using SPSS version 20.Ttest results obtained as follows, Distribution of zakat of 4,004 and Mustahiq Training obtained 3,310 means that of the two variables individually have a significant influence on Mustahiq Business Revenues on BAZNAS.

Socioeconomic and citizenship inequalities in hospitalisation of the adult population in Italy.

BackgroundHigher levels of hospital admissions among people with lower socioeconomic level, including immigrants, have been observed in developed countries. In Europe, immigrants present a more frequent use of emergency services compared to the native population. The aim of our study was to evaluate the socioeconomic and citizenship differences in the hospitalisation of the adult population in Italy.MethodsThe study was conducted using the database created by the record linkage between the National Health Interview Survey (2005) with the National Hospital Discharge Database (2005–2014). 79,341 individuals aged 18–64 years were included. The outcomes were acute hospital admissions, urgent admissions and length of stay (1–7 days, > = 8 days).Education level, occupational status, self-perceived economic resources and migratory status were considered as socioeconomic determinants.A multivariate proportional hazards model for recurrent events was used to estimate the risk of total hospital admissions. Logistic models were used to estimate the risk of urgent hospitalisation as well as of length of stay.ResultsLow education level, the lack of employment and negative self-perceived economic resources were conditions associated with the risk of hospitalisation, a longer hospital stay and greater recourse to urgent hospitalisation. Foreigners had a lower risk of hospitalisation (HR = 0.75; 95% CI:0.68–0.83) but a higher risk of urgent hospitalisation (OR = 1.36; 95% CI:1.18–1.55) and more frequent hospitalisations with a length of stay of at least eight days (OR = 1.19; 95% CI:1.02–1.40).ConclusionsTo improve equity in access, effective primary, secondary and tertiary prevention strategies must be strengthened, as should access to appropriate levels of care.

Análisis de Indicadores Económicos y Sociodemográficos de Panamá en el siglo XXI

Este artículo explora los cambios experimentados en materia económica y social en la República de Panamá. El estudio demuestra que los avances y rápido crecimiento en estas dos áreas no han ido acompañados de planes y programas tendientes a eliminar la inequidad y la falta de oportunidades educativas, la falta de empleo y movilidad social en el país. En este artículo se analizan distintos indicadores económicos en Panamá tomando en cuenta el Producto Interno Bruto de la nación (PIB), el nivel de desempleo, la Inversión Extranjera Directa (IED) y los indicadores de carácter social como el índice Gini, el nivel de pobreza extrema y la Esperanza de Vida. Finalmente, en el artículo se demuestra que si bien es indudable el aumento del PIB entre el 2000 y 2019 el crecimiento económico se ha concentrado específicamente en la región capitalina, Colón y Chiriquí, lo mismo en el caso de los indicadores sociales como la esperanza de vida, el nivel de empleabilidad y la pobreza extrema en los que igualmente se se observa una diferencia abismal entre las provincias y las comarcas.

The direct and indirect costs of axial spondyloarthritis(axSpA) in Singapore.

To estimate the economic annual direct and indirect costs of axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) in Singapore, and to identify factors associated with these costs. A retrospective, cross-sectional, Institutional Review Board-approved study was conducted. A questionnaire was administered to the patients between 2013 and 2016 from the Singapore General Hospital (SGH) spondyloarthritis registry. Direct medical costs and indirect costs were estimated using the SGH database and the human capital approach respectively. Multivariate analyses using generalized linear model with gamma distribution and a log-linked function was conducted to identify factors associated with these total, direct and indirect costs. All costs were adjusted to 2017 using the Singapore Consumer Price Index and converted to 2017 US dollars (USD) by purchasing power parity. A total of 135 consecutive patients were included in the study, with a mean age of 40.4±13.2years. The overall annual total economic cost to society was around USD 74790820, with annual direct cost being the main component of total cost (90.8%). Annual direct cost was around USD 67931457, while annual indirect cost was around USD 6855951. Presence of extra-spinal symptoms (ever) was associated with an increase in total and direct costs. Higher education level and Patient Global Assessment were associated with an increase in indirect costs. Lack of employment was associated with a decrease in indirect costs. The disease burden of axSpA in Singapore is not trivial given that the disease is relatively common. This highlights the need for measures to accommodate patients with axSpA economically in Singapore.

Partner Violence During Pregnancy and its Affecting Factors a Province in Eastern Turkey.

The violence experienced by a woman during her pregnancy period has a direct impact on both mother and child, and it generally harms the development of the family and society. This study was conducted to determine spouse violence experiences of married women aged 15 years and older during their pregnancy period who live in a province in eastern Turkey. This descriptive study was carried out with 712 married women living in a city center in Turkey. Participants were selected by systematic sampling from the records by reaching to all family health centers in the city. The field study was conducted between April and June 2015. The questionnaire was prepared by the researchers. The findings of the study were evaluated in "SPAS version 22 software package." Chi-square test and multidimensional logistic regression analysis were used in the analysis. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant in the comparisons. In our study, having a kinship relationship with her husband, lack of education of herself and her husband, and lack of employment by the woman were found to be the risk factors for violence during pregnancy period (P < 0.05). The fact that she was exposed to physical violence from her husband during her no pregnancy period, and that the woman was beaten by her father during her childhood period increased the risk of violence during pregnancy period (P < 0.05). The rate of exposure to physical violence by her spouse during pregnancy period is high. The provision of education and employment can increase a woman's social networks and improve her status within the family.

Edward Kajdański (1921–2020)

EDWARD KAJDAŃSKI (1925–2020) In this article, the Authors present the life and achievements of Edward Kajdański as a diplomat, journalist, writer, and painter. Edward Kajdański was born in Harbin, in north Manchuria (China), at November 26, 1925. Place of birth determined his later life, designated spheres of interests, gave a solid education and brought a very rich experience. His father Edward Kajdański was an engineer, and mother Helena was half Italian, half Russian. Edward Kajdański received thorough education in the Henryk Sienkiewicz Polish Gymnasium in Harbin, and after graduation began his studies at the Faculty of Electromechanics at North Manchurian University, which in August 1945, after the entry of the Red Army, changed the name into University of Harbin. Edward Kajdański also studied at the Faculty of Architecture. In 1950 he graduated from the University of Harbin and because of the outbreak of the Korean War left Harbin. In 1951, he arrived in Gdynia and started working in Gdańsk. His extensive knowledge, knowledge of Chinese, English and Russian caused that Mr. Kajdański never complained about the lack of employment. He worked in commercial enterprises, but very quickly he was noticed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, who directed him to work in the Office of the Commercial Counsellor in Beijing (1963–1967, 1971–1975). In the years 1979–1982 he was the general consul and the head of the Consulate General in Guangzhou. He returned permanently to Poland in 1982, and settled down in Gdańsk. In addition to the professional activity Edward Kajdański also worked as a scientist, disseminating knowledge about China in Poland, which resulted in hundreds of articles, as well as scientific and popular science books on China. The most attention he devoted to the achievements of Polish Jesuit missionary Michael Boym. In the work of Edward Kajdański, as important as the writing, is painting, which is multi-dimensional and thematically diversified. Among his works there are both reconstructions of Michael Boym’s maps and herbs, the works dating back to the old Chinese painting, reconstructions of frescoes and copies of paintings on silk, as well as illustrations he created for his books. His extremely rich national activities has been valued on many national and international exhibitions. He left hundreds of books, articles and paintings – it is his legacy. For his merits for the Polish-Chinese relations, especially in the field of mutual knowledge of cultures and historical research contacts, Mr. Kajdański was awarded by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland with the honor distinction ‘Bene Merito’. Edward Kajdański died in Gdańsk, September 10, 2020.

Using technology to improve access to healthcare: The case of the MomConnect programme in South Africa

A major area of inequality may be seen in the healthcare sector where systematic exclusion from access to services exists due to poverty, lack of employment, and poor infrastructure, transport systems and other social factors. In this article, we draw on two complementary frameworks: (i) Technological Innovation Systems (TIS) and (ii) Platform-based Innovation Ecosystems (PIE) to explore the need for the orchestration between macro-level policies and micro-level connections among platform actors as crucial for large-scale e-health/m-health programmes to succeed. We explore this empirically by using the MomConnect programme as a successful case of orchestration between the macro- and micro-level. Here the utilisation of systemic policy instruments are uncovered through which the design of large scale mHealth programmes may be supported with the aim of developing more inclusive innovation systems.

"Anybody can make kids; it takes a real man to look after your kids": Aboriginal men's discourse on parenting.

The realms of parenting have long belonged to females. In many cultures it has been a female who has predominantly cared for and raised children. For many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander male parents this has resulted in them being largely overlooked from contributing to the parenting conversation. Predictably, such a dominant discourse has led to an inadequate distribution of opportunities available and a societal perception that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander male parents are disinterested in and/or disengaged from their parental roles and responsibilities, however, this is far from the truth. This study is entrenched in an Indigenist research approach which privileges Indigenous lives, Indigenous knowledges and Indigenous voices, and utilised the Research Topic Yarning method to capture participants stories. Four yarning groups were conducted across South Australia in Coober Pedy, Yalata, Port Lincoln and metropolitan Adelaide. In total, 46 Aboriginal men contributed their experiences and stories of their roles and responsibilities as parents to this study. Men described being a dad as a privilege, emotionally fulfilling and rewarding and although at times it can be challenging, neglecting their roles and responsibilities are not considered options. Lack of employment and therefore financial security were described as a challenge to fatherhood especially for fathers who live in remote communities. Aboriginal culture, connection to country and family were identified as critical elements and strengths for Aboriginal male parents. Furthermore, Aboriginal male parents are yearning for opportunities to participate in parenting programs including men's parenting groups. Consideration of and concern for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men's involvement and experiences prior to conception, prenatal and postpartum has slowly gained momentum in recent years, yet there has been little improvement in the overall provision of appropriate parenting support services and/or programs for these men.

Green Marketing: The Emerging Key Driver towards Sustainability in an Emerging Economy: An Investigation into Impact of Demographics on Green Consumption

Emerging economies like Brazil, India China and Russia have finally claimed it’s rightful place on the global economic map and at the same time some other economies like Indonesia, Turkey, Nigeria and Mexico are rapidly growing in importance. This marks the beginning of a new economic order which is instrumental in shaping the global economic development and shape new paradigms to address the political and economic issues faced by the world. However, none of this development comes without posing some unique challenges. Removal of poverty and lack of employment definitely remain a common challenge for most economies in transition. But far more pressing are the issues of social inequality and environmental sustainability that these economies need to address. Economies have to adopt strategies to integrate sustainability with growth and move towards inclusive development that is socially, economically and environmentally profitable. Sustainability is bound to emerge as a key driver to generate necessary momentum to bring about a ‘ new balance’ between developing economies, emerging economies and developed economies of the world.

Illegal Migration Causes and Impacts Among Returnees Women from Middle East Countries: The Case of Woliso Town, South-west Showa Zone Oromia Region, Ethiopia

The main aim of this research study was to investigate the causes of illegal migration and its impacts in the returnees who are living in Woliso town. To achieve these objectives, qualitative methods and Semi-structured in depth interviews were held with a total of 25 women participants. Descriptive phenomenology was the approach employed for conducting this study. The purposive sampling technique was used to select 25 returnees of illegal emigrant from Middle East countries. The Primary information was collected mainly from the migrants, Labour and Social affairs office. Phenomenological method of analysis for study was used to analyze the data obtained from the participants. The findings of the study revealed that there are a variety of contributory factors that led to the emergence of migrant women from Ethiopia to Middle East countries. The result showed that the major factors contributing to the migration and vulnerability of Ethiopian women to illegal emigration are lack of employment, poverty, lack of prospects, the search for better opportunities and income to support themselves and their families and economic insecurity as the probable cause of this migration. The finding further indicated that Illegally emigrated women from Ethiopia are exposed to various forms of abuse and exploitation such as prohibition of contact with family members, long working hours, labor exploitation, denial of rest and leave, denial of food, sexual harassment and rape, beatings and imprisonment in the country of destination. In general, the results of the study show that those returnees have needs that call for greater attention to be given as the available services and service providers need to be attentive to their needs and the need to expand the types and number of services provided for these women. Keywords: illegal immigration, pushing factors, domestic workers, physical and sexual abuse DOI : 10.7176/JCSD/52-03 Publication date :October 31 st 2019

Socio-Economic Indicators of Deprivation of Low-Income Population in a Region of Russia (the Case of the Penza Region)

Introduction. The relevance of the issue of socio-economic deprivation is due to the fact that the lack of attention to the solution of this problem may lead to manifestation of discontent of both individuals and social groups, which may threaten the stability of Russia’s society. In this regard, in order to preserve stability in the society, it is necessary to study the low-income population and the socio-economic factors of deprivation. The aim of the research is to identify the socio-economic indicators of deprivation of the low-income population in the Penza Region. Materials and Methods. To achieve this goal, a research was conducted, aimed at identifying various forms of deprivation of the low-income population and the living standards of the poor in the modern Russian society. The research employed quantitative and qualitative methods, as well as materials of secondary research. The article analyzes the data of the 2018 survey conducted among the low-income population in the Penza Region. Among the qualitative methods, the focus group method was chosen. General scientific methods were used, such as systemic and comparative analysis, analysis of statistical data. Results. The problem of socio-economic deprivation in the Penza Region has been analyzed; its indicators and types have been highlighted. The focus group discussion has revealed the main factor of economic deprivation – the inequality of income distribution in modern society. Thus, the study performed has proved that the causes of poverty of a regional society are associated with economic deprivation (low wages, lack of employment). The survey conducted has made it possible to identify the strategies of the low-income population to get out of a difficult financial situation. Discussion and Conclusion. Deprivation of the population is a problem of national importance. To address this issue, it is necessary to analyze the characteristics of each constituent entity of the Russian Federation separately, to identify the causes and factors leading to deprivation of certain categories of the population, to develop measures to overcome poverty in the country and in the region. The results can help federal and municipal authorities in solving the above mentioned problem.

Socioeconomic patterns of smoking cessation behavior in low and middle-income countries: Emerging evidence from the Global Adult Tobacco Surveys and International Tobacco Control Surveys.

IntroductionTobacco smoking is often more prevalent among those with lower socio-economic status (SES) in high-income countries, which can be driven by the inequalities in initiation and cessation of smoking. Smoking is a leading contributor to socio-economic disparities in health. To date, the evidence for any socio-economic inequality in smoking cessation is lacking, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study examined the association between cessation behaviours and SES of smokers from eight LMICs.MethodsData among former and current adult smokers aged 18 and older came from contemporaneous Global Adult Tobacco Surveys (2008–2011) and the International Tobacco Control Surveys (2009–2013) conducted in eight LMICs (Bangladesh, Brazil, China, India, Mexico, Malaysia, Thailand and Uruguay). Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) of successful quitting in the past year by SES indicators (household income/wealth, education, employment status, and rural-urban residence) were estimated using multivariable logistic regression controlling for socio-demographics and average tobacco product prices. A random effects meta-analysis was used to combine the estimates of AORs pooled across countries and two concurrent surveys for each country.ResultsEstimated quit rates among smokers (both daily and occasional) varied widely across countries. Meta-analysis of pooled AORs across countries and data sources indicated that there was no clear evidence of an association between SES indicators and successful quitting. The only exception was employed smokers, who were less likely to quit than their non-employed counterparts, which included students, homemakers, retirees, and the unemployed (pooled AOR≈0.8, p<0.10).ConclusionLack of clear evidence of the impact of lower SES on adult cessation behaviour in LMICs suggests that lower-SES smokers are not less successful in their attempts to quit than their higher-SES counterparts. Specifically, lack of employment, which is indicative of younger age and lower nicotine dependence for students, or lower personal disposable income and lower affordability for the unemployed and the retirees, may be associated with quitting. Raising taxes and prices of tobacco products that lowers affordability of tobacco products might be a key strategy for inducing cessation behaviour among current smokers and reducing overall tobacco consumption. Because low-SES smokers are more sensitive to price increases, tobacco taxation policy can induce disproportionately larger decreases in tobacco consumption among them and help reduce socio-economic disparities in smoking and consequent health outcomes.

Naira Marley vs. Economic and Financial Crimes Commission: the Extent of Freedom of Expression in Nigeria, and the EFCC’s Inefficiencies—A Legal Opinion.

An anti-graft agency—EFCC—arrested an artist—Naira Marley—in Nigeria recently for his public support for internet fraud—a menace which Nigerians (especially internationally) are known for. He postulated reasons why defrauding westerners is justified, with some Nigerians even agreeing with him that the government’s corruption and failings of the youth as regards lack of employment is a contributory factor. Some thus thought his arrest flouts the artist’s freedom of expression, however, the anti-graft agency charged the artist with some cyber-crimes, thereby revoking the thoughts that the artist’s arrest was merely a flout of his right to freedom of expression. This article provides an opinion from the legal lens on the attitude of the artist and the anti-graft agency. It reasoned that yes, the artist’s right to freedom of expression was violated, that there is a difference between law and morality, and especially dismantling the anti-graft’s ludicrous 11 count charges, and tagging it as “any prosecutor’s nightmare”.

Nurturing ecosystem-based adaptations in South Africa’s Garden Route: a common pool resource governance perspective

Increasing human demands for ecosystem services due to climate change, population growth, poverty, lack of employment, tourism, and concomitant coastal property development threatens adaptive capacity in South Africa’s coastlines. Adaptation strategies frequently propose ecosystem-based adaptation (EBA) as a model for transformative change. However, several studies point to difficulties implementing EBA across the world. The aim of this paper is to assess to what extent social-ecological systems approaches and common pool resource (CPR) governance theories could inform EBA. Data obtained from interviews and surveys with policy makers and residents in South Africa’s Garden Route District were interpreted using the robustness framework (RF) and the design principles (DPs), two common tools for analyzing CPR governance. We found that the Garden Route coast is threatened by negative interactions between hard public and private infrastructures and ecological infrastructures (the cornerstone of EBA) which are driven by weak local government bodies and asymmetrical power relations. By coding the data for elements/interactions within the RF and then identifying and mapping the DPs onto the RF, we also revealed ways to leverage transformative EBA in the Garden Route. Our analyses suggest that the interactions between human-made and ecological infrastructures, as well as power relation, should be at the core of any development debate. Trade-offs should aim for maximum congruence between sustainability and equity in ecosystem services provisioning. This paper provides some considerations for researchers and decision makers to leverage transformative EBA that could potentially apply to areas experiencing similar challenges.

Examining predictors of female cancer treatment delay in Appalachian women.

e18107 Background: Appalachian women have a higher burden of both morbidity and mortality from female cancers of the breast, ovary and cervix, and have documented treatment delay and poor adherence. The environmental and sociobehavioral risk factors that could contribute towards these issues such as patient non adherence and treatment delay have not been studied. Methods: We conducted a detailed survey of women seeking cancer related preventative care in a tertiary care cancer center in the Appalachian region of Virginia. Survey questions included health behaviors, financial issues, and past health history. The survey was administered to 200 women and a total of 158 complete responses (42 in women with cancer in the recent past) were obtained. Results: There were significant differences between women with and without female cancers with the cancer group being older, less likely to be married, be unemployed and more likely to have received mammograms (All p &lt; 0.05). In multivariate analyses , the major risk factor associated with delaying treatment was the lack of health insurance in the previous year (RR: 0.25, 95% CI: 0.082-0.73). Conclusions: Women in Appalachia face significant barriers in receiving diagnoses and treatment for female cancer including lack of employment, health care insurance and social support. These factors need to be considered while designing interventions to improve access and adherence to cancer treatments in this population.

Pedagang Kaki Lima, Profil Entrepreneurship Sejati, Pelaku Ekonomi Kerakyatan, Ciptakan Jiwa Kewirausahaan Mandiri

This article is motivated by the fact that the existence of the Street Vendor (PKL) profession is a manifestation of the difficulty of work and the lack of jobs. The scarcity of employment due to the consideration of the number of jobs with unbalanced workforce, economically this has an impact on the number of street vendors (PKL) exploding ... The purpose of being a street vendor is, as a livelihood, making a living, looking for a bite of rice for family, because of the lack of employment, this caused the number of traders to increase. The scarcity of jobs, causes informal sector migration job seekers to create an independent spirit, entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship, with capital, managed by traders who are true populist economic actors. The problems in street vendors are: (1) how to organize, regulate, empower street vendors in the cities (2) how to foster, educate street vendors, and (3) how to help, find capital for street vendors (4) ) how to describe grief as a Five-Foot Trader. This paper aims to find a solution to the problem of street vendors, so that cases of conflict, cases of disputes, clashes of street vendors with Satpol PP can be avoided. For this reason, the following solutions must be sought: (1) understanding the causes of the explosions of street vendors (2) understanding the problems of street vendors. (3) what is the solution to solving street vendors in big cities. (4) describe Street Vendors as actors of the people's economy. This article is qualitative research, the social paradigm is the definition of social, the method of retrieving observational data, in-depth interviews, documentation. Data analysis uses Interactive Miles and Huberman theory, with stages, Collection Data, Display Data, Data Reduction and Vervying or conclusions.

Social Businesses with An Export Profile as a Mechanism to Promote Entrepreneurship and Improve Welfare

The increase in unemployment rates at the international level, as a consequence of the deep financial crisis of the beginning of the 21st century, has caused the labor market to become increasingly restricted, complicating the insertion of a population of productive age. In addition, the lack of employment has exacerbated a series of social problems, including poverty, insecurity, undernourishment, among others, in a large part of Latin America. Therefore, the impulse of social enterprises can contribute to the creation of jobs and combat this problem, generating wellbeing not only within a region but also in others with similar situations, generating an area of opportunity for those social enterprises with an export profile. Based on the above, this paper begins with a documentary research process of specialized literature on social business and later analyzes a group of students' perception on the impact that this model can produce, as well as the limitations for its implementation, through an exploratory and descriptive study, guided by the qualitative approach since a questionnaire of open questions about these topics was used as a research instrument. The answers were analyzed in such a way that similarities and differences could be detected among students' perception. Results shown that the main benefits are the creation of direct jobs in the country of origin and indirect in other markets as well as the emergence of productive chains while among the constraints include ignorance of the export logistics process and tariff rates. Finally, a series of recommendations are proposed in order to strengthen the dissemination of this business model.

Livelihood Vulnerability of Riverine-Island Dwellers in the Face of Natural Disasters in Bangladesh

Bangladesh is one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world. In particular, its riverine-island (char) dwellers face continuous riverbank erosion, frequent flooding, and other adverse effects of climate change that increase their vulnerability. This paper aims to assess the livelihood vulnerability of riverine communities by applying the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) vulnerability framework and the livelihood vulnerability index (LVI). Results indicate substantial variation in the vulnerability of char dwellers based on mainland proximity. The main drivers of livelihood vulnerability are char-dweller adaptation strategies and access to food and health services. The study further reveals that riverbank erosion, frequent flood inundation, and lack of employment and access to basic public services are the major social and natural drivers of livelihood vulnerability. Char-based policy focusing on short- and long-term strategy is required to reduce livelihood vulnerability and enhance char-dweller resilience.

Prevalence and factors associated with emotional and behavioural difficulties among children living with HIV in Malawi: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundApproximately 84,000 children under the age of 15 years are living with HIV in Malawi. Although the survival rate of children living with HIV in Malawi has improved due to the increased availability of antiretroviral medications, these children continue to experience numerous challenges negatively impacting on their mental health. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of, and factors associated with, emotional and behavioural difficulties in children aged between 6 and 12 years living with HIV in Malawi.MethodsA random sample of 429 primary caregivers of children living with HIV drawn from the three main administrative regions of Malawi was recruited in a cross-sectional study. They completed a questionnaire about family socio-demographic characteristics, HIV disclosure, and child demographic and clinical characteristics, as well as the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, Life Stress Scale, Support Function Scale, and Impact on Family Scale which were pre-tested and translated into the local Chichewa language. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression.FindingsUsing the newer band categorisations of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, parent version, 31% of primary caregivers reported that their child had a slightly raised to very high level of total difficulties. Factors that were associated with difficulties were: primary caregivers’ young age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.6; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.4–9.5); low level of education (aOR 2.6; 95% CI: 1.2–5.7); lack of employment (aOR 2.7; 95% CI: 1.2–5.9); the report of a substantial impact of the child’s illness on the family (3.1; 95% CI: 1.5–6.5); and a low level of family functional support (aOR 2.0; 95% CI: 1.1–4.1). Neither non-disclosure of HIV status nor any of the child demographic or clinical factors were significant in multivariate analysis (p > .0.05).ConclusionClose to one-third of children living with HIV in this study had high scores indicative of emotional and behavioural difficulties. Emotional and behavioural difficulties in children living with HIV were associated with family demographic and psychosocial factors, but not HIV disclosure. Effective policies and programs that promote the mental wellbeing of children living with HIV in Malawi are indicated.

THE LIFESTYLE OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION ISSUES

Introduction. Alcohol consumption has a negative impact on the health of children, adolescents and young people, including students. Students’ alcohol consumption studies could help prevent the use of harmful psychoactive substances. Materials and Methods. 319 university students par­ticipated in the written survey. SPSS (version 24.0) programme has been used for statistical data analy­sis. The criterion χ2 has been applied and the data was considered to be statistically significant when p ≤ 0.05. Results. The study involved 143 (44.8%) boys and 176 (55.2%) girls. The majority of students (90.3%) have consumed alcohol in the period of the last 12 months. Half of the respondents (47%) indicated that they consume beer several times a month. 58% of the respondents consume wine, and low-alcohol beve­rages (Cider, Mix, Fizz, alcoholic cocktails) several times a month are consumed by 42% of students. 55 % of the respondents do not consume above mentio­ned low-alcohol beverages at all. Vodka and other strong alcoholic drinks are not consumed by 54% of the respondents at all, while 43% of the respondents consume these beverages several times a month. Half of the respondents (48%) have for several times been under the influence of alcohol after having drunk large amounts of alcohol, and 33% of the respon­dents have been under the influence of alcohol more than ten times. Both girls and boys consume vodka and other strong alcoholic beverages equally often. However, girls rather than boys consume wine signi­ficantly more often. Half of the respondents (50%) have noted that friends make major impact on the consumption of alcohol by young people, while 22% of the respondents be­lieve that it is the lack of employment and busyness. In the students’ opinion the key role in the preven­tion of smoking and alcohol drinking lies with pa­rents (37%), friends (27.9%) and the media (25.1%). 75.9% of the respondents said that they had enough knowledge about a healthy lifestyle, and 19.7% of the respondents said that they have doubts as regards their knowledge on healthy lifestyle. Conclusions. Over the last year and during the last month alcohol has been consumed by the majority of students that participated in the survey. Both girls and boys consume alcohol equally often. The key causes of alcohol consumption by students are the influence of friends and the lack of employment and busyness. The study has revealed that most students believe that they have enough knowledge about he­althy lifestyles. However, it is recommended to pay more attention to prevention of alcohol consumption by adolescents and young people. Reducing alcohol consumption should be a priority in health policy formulation at local and national levels.