Lack Of Empathy Research Articles

Validation of the Comic Strip Test to evaluate empathy in a Mexican population sample.

Empathy is the ability of an individual to understand it from another cognitive and emotional point of view. Empathy is a complex that represents a retouch in its evaluation, so, it is necessary to have instruments validated in the Mexican population. Validation of the Comic Strip Test to evaluate empathy. Sampling for convenience, based on internal consistency, convergent validity with the Empathy coefficient, construct validity in the factorial analysis, and the ability to discriminate between subjects with lack of empathy (psychopathology) and the control subjects through a curve ROC. The comic strips test was evaluated in 86 controls, 19 patients with schizophrenia (Cronbach's alpha = 0.894). The correlation with the empathy coefficient was 0.88, with sensitivity of 81.3% and specificity of 38%. The Comic Strip Test was validated with parametric psychometric parameters.

Contributors to Antisocial Behavior in Adolescence from the Perspective of Developmental Psychology: A Case Study on a School Mass Shooting

As the number of school shooting cases has witnessed a rapid growth in the past several years, there is an increasing concern about the massively growing juvenile crime rate. Some researchers have found that juvenile offenders have misfits, problems in dealing with interpersonal relationships, and resentment toward society and others, and an increasing number of adolescents have engaged in juvenile crimes such as mass school shooting, jeopardizing the social stability and leaving severe trauma on those who are involved in such incidents. The current study conducted a case study on a school shooting in a U.S high school with an aim to determine the causes of such incidents that happen repeatedly in society in recent years. It is found that the adverse family environment, represented by High-Intensity Parental Dispute (HIPD), parent’s negligence and insure child-parent attachment, is the main cause that contributes to juvenile offenders’ lack of empathy and concern for others, leading to aggression and antisocial behaviors. Based on the results of the study, suggestions have been proposed to prevent the formation of antisocial behavior from the perspective of developmental psychology and reduce the juvenile delinquency rate from four aspects: parental, clinical, school, and judicial.

Labouring women perspectives on mistreatment during childbirth: a qualitative study.

Respectful care during labour and childbirth, which has recently received a great deal of attention around the world, is vital for providing high-quality maternity care. However, this area has been underexplored in developing countries including Iran. This study aimed to assess postpartum women's views regarding disrespect and abuse during labour and childbirth in Iran. A qualitative study that involved a purposive sample of 21 postpartum women was conducted in Tehran, Iran, between 2019 and 2020. Following the semi-structured individual interviews, a conventional content analysis was performed. This research approved by Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran, Iran, with the ethical approval number 1396.810. Following explanation of the study's objectives, eligible women consented to participate in the study. The confidentiality of the participants' information and the anonymity of the analysis were maintained at all stage of the study. All data was stored on the password protected file in the researcher computer The findings were only disseminated in summary form, with no identifying of individual participants. Analysis of the data resulted in two main themes: 'inappropriate interaction' and 'inadequate quality care'. The 'inappropriate interaction' theme includes 'lack of empathy' and 'verbal abuse'. The second theme includes five sub-themes 'lack of participation in decision-making', 'lack of privacy', 'ignorance of women's pain and medical needs', 'rushed labour and painful procedures', and "unsatisfying facilities'. Providing supportive care, respectful communication, adequate participation in decision-making, maintaining privacy, attending to women's labour pain and medical needs, and improving the quality of the physical birth environment are all examples of what labouring women consider to be respectful maternity care. To minimise disrespect and maltreatment of women during childbirth, an all-inclusive strategy engaging women, communities, healthcare professionals, managers, and educators is required.

Exposure to hate speech deteriorates neurocognitive mechanisms of the ability to understand others’ pain

The widespread ubiquity of hate speech affects people's attitudes and behavior. Exposure to hate speech can lead to prejudice, dehumanization, and lack of empathy towards members of outgroups. However, the impact of exposure to hate speech on empathy and propensity to attribute mental states to others has never been directly tested empirically. In this fMRI study, we examine the effects of exposure to hate speech on neural mechanisms of empathy towards ingroup (Poles) versus outgroup members (Arabs). Thirty healthy young adults were randomly assigned to 2 groups: hateful and neutral. During the fMRI study, they were initially exposed to hateful or neutral comments and subsequently to narratives depicting Poles and Arabs in pain. Using whole-brain and region of interest analysis, we showed that exposure to derogatory language about migrants attenuates the brain response to someone else’s pain in the right temporal parietal junction (rTPJ), irrespective of group membership (Poles or Arabs). Given that rTPJ is associated with processes relevant to perspective-taking, its reduced activity might be related to a decreased propensity to take the psychological perspective of others. This finding suggests that hate speech affects human functioning beyond intergroup relations.

On the ‘darkness of dark figure’ of sexual crimes: Survivors' rape reporting experiences with the Nigerian police

While extensive studies have identified the influence of social perception and victims' self-blame as factors responsible for underreporting of rape, fewer studies have explored victims' interaction with police officers and possible impacts this could have on victims' reporting behavior. Therefore, this study explores rape victims’ interaction with officers of the Nigerian Police in the course of seeking justice. Twenty-seven victims of rape who interacted with police and six key informants working in women advocacy groups were interviewed in a qualitative study. Findings indicated that participants perceived police officers to have engaged in victim-blaming, slut-shaming, lack of empathy, refusal to cooperate with counsel, and delaying investigative processes. Evidence from the study suggests that police officers manifest influence from social stereotypes and rape scripts in their perception of rape victims. The study suggests the deployment of a special anti-sexual violence unit within the police, consisting of well-trained and skilled personnel in sexual crimes.

Lifesaving skills training in schools – A qualitative study to explore students, teachers, and parent’s perceived opportunities and challenges

ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to explore the perception of teachers, parents and students’ regarding implementation of a school-based lifesaving skills program and help predict potential barriers and solutions.MethodsThis qualitative exploratory study was conducted in Karachi, Pakistan, from December 2020- to October 2021. We included students, teachers, and parents of secondary (grades VIII, IX, and X) and higher secondary level students (grades XI and XII) in Karachi, Pakistan's public and private schools and colleges. We selected one public, two semi-private, and two private schools. We recruited students, teachers, and parents through convenience sampling. We conducted fifteen focus group discussions (FGDs) with the students, six FGDs with the teachers, and eighteen in-depth interviews (IDIs) with parents. We transcribed the data from audio recordings and translated it into the English language. Finally, we manually analyzed the data using thematic analyses.ResultsThis study found that bystanders' main barriers to performing lifesaving skills are lack of knowledge, fear of legal involvement, fear of hurting the patient by incorrect technique, lack of empathy among community stakeholders, and gender bias. However, the participants had a positive and supportive attitude toward implementing lifesaving skills training in schools. They suggested starting student training in the early teenage years, preferred medical staff as trainers, and suggested frequent small sessions in English/Urdu both or Urdu language and training via theory and practical hands-on drills. Furthermore, the training was proposed to be integrated into the school curriculum to make it sustainable. Finally, the government needs to support the program and make the legal environment more conducive for bystanders.ConclusionThis study identified the significant barriers to performing lifesaving skills in an emergency in a low- and middle-income country (LMIC). The participants supported implementing a national lifesaving skills program in schools and colleges. However, the participants expressed that support is needed by the government for sustainability, integrating lifesaving skills into the school curriculum, providing legal support to the bystanders, and creating awareness among the general public.

Screening for mental health and its correlates in criminal justice settings: is the inclusion of general personality and antisocial traits leading to biased estimation?

ABSTRACT Replication in the social sciences is a necessary but oft-forgotten reality. In the Australian context, cross-cultural replication is an uncommon and relatively scarce practice. This study provides the first detailed analysis of the Corrections Mental Health Screen (Male) in an Australian setting. Using data for a national sample of 620 male police detainees interviewed as part of the Drug Use Monitoring in Australia (DUMA) program, our objective is to examine the scale’s item-level characteristics in a cross-cultural context, as well as to explore the consequences of a violation of the assumption of unidimensionality. Our results confirm that all 12 items of the CMHS-M are significantly correlated and exhibit strong internal consistency, although several items are relatively uninformative in these Australian data. The item measuring prior experience of psychiatric hospitalisation is particularly uninformative, while items which measure general psychological and antisocial traits (such as the lack of empathy, impulsivity, and interpersonal conflict) are likely to confound measurement in criminal justice settings. A two-dimensional model proves to be a superior fit and has implications for the estimation of the relationship between mental health, crime, and race.

Improving attitudes towards vulnerable road users

Some car drivers pass vulnerable road users (VRUs) at too high a speed and leave too little gap. Research suggests that out-group bias and a lack of empathy may relate to these dangerous incidents. To address this problem, four road safety videos were created with the aim of increasing car drivers’ empathy toward Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs). Each video focused on the back-story of a VRU (two horse riders and two cyclists), with a predominantly persuasive approach to inducing empathy and reducing out-group bias. The effectiveness of the videos on car drivers’ immediate implicit and explicit attitudes, and on their future intended behaviour around these VRUs, was assessed by comparing intervention participants’ responses with those of control participants, both before and after the intervention. Explicit attitudes towards horse riders improved following the intervention for drivers who saw the horse rider videos compared to a control group. The horse rider videos did not however improve explicit attitudes toward cyclists. Similarly, those participants who saw the cyclist videos showed improved attitudes towards cyclists but not horse riders. An Implicit Attitude Test (IAT) found no implicit biases for or against horse riders or cyclists, either before or after the intervention. Intended future passing behaviour was affected by the intervention however, with car drivers reporting greater intended passing distances and lower passing speeds compared to the control group. The results suggest that safety campaigns that adopt this approach can change attitudes and intended behaviours towards VRUs.

Evaluation of emotional dynamics in social media conversations: an approach based on structures of opposition and set-theoretic measures

The paper presents the results related to the definition and adoption of structures of opposition, built with set-theoretic measures, to evaluate emotional dynamics that arise during conversations on social media. Specifically, a graded hexagon of opposition is used to compare the emotional profiles of individuals involved in a dyadic conversation. Set-theoretic measures, based on fuzzy logic, are used to construct the hexagon whose analysis allows us to understand the tendency of the conversation toward empathy or lack of empathy. The results can be useful in the context of the current trend of social media sensing and, in particular, to support social media providers in receiving early warnings related to the analysis of emotional dynamics that could lead to or degenerate into information disorder. The results have been evaluated with conversations extracted from the Empathetic Dialogue dataset.

The weaponization of medicine: Early psychosis in the Black community and the need for racially informed mental healthcare.

There is a notable disparity between the observed prevalence of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders in racialized persons in the United States and Canada and White individuals in these same countries, with Black people being diagnosed at higher rates than other groups. The consequences thereof bring a progression of lifelong punitive societal implications, including reduced opportunities, substandard care, increased contact with the legal system, and criminalization. Other psychological conditions do not show such a wide racial gap as a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder diagnosis. New data show that the differences are not likely to be genetic, but rather societal in origin. Using real-life examples, we discuss how overdiagnoses are largely rooted in the racial biases of clinicians and compounded by higher rates of traumatizing stressors among Black people due to racism. The forgotten history of psychosis in psychology is highlighted to help explain disparities in light of the relevant historical context. We demonstrate how misunderstanding race confounds attempts to diagnose and treat schizophrenia-spectrum disorders in Black individuals. A lack of culturally informed clinicians exacerbates problems, and implicit biases prevent Black patients from receiving proper treatment from mainly White mental healthcare professionals, which can be observed as a lack of empathy. Finally, we consider the role of law enforcement as stereotypes combined with psychotic symptoms may put these patients in danger of police violence and premature mortality. Improving treatment outcomes requires an understanding of the role of psychology in perpetuating racism in healthcare and pathological stereotypes. Increased awareness and training can improve the plight of Black people with severe mental health disorders. Essential steps necessary at multiple levels to address these issues are discussed.

The Relationship between Empathic Deficits and Risk of Antisocial Personality Disorder

Individuals with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) account for 2-3% of the overall population, jeopardizing society by violating the laws, mistreating others with disregard, and even more severe attacks. Though with abundant research investigating the etiology of ASPD, empathy, as a critical feature of people with ASPD, has been neglected. Empathy, broadly referring to the ability to perceive others’ feelings and thoughts, plays a vital role in social interactions. Lack of empathy might lead to less prosocial functions and reinforce antisocial behaviors. Hence, the present review sorted the previous studies regarding the relationship between empathetic traits and the development of antisocial personality disorder from the aspects of different dimensions of empathy, direct causation, and neural activity. In general, one dimension of empathy—empathetic concern was found related to the formation of ASPD. Prosociality and parental behaviors are indirectly related to ASPD by affecting empathetic abilities. Innate empathy deficit in toddlerhood also accounts for the ASPD. From the neural aspect, activities in the amygdala, anterior insula, and connectivity between the bilateral amygdala and PCC and precuneus are found to correlate with ASPD while processing emotional cues. Though the relationship between empathy and ASPD is determined, future investigation should focus on other empathy dimensions, detailed findings for different levels of CU traits, and better reliability through assessment. In general, this review might contribute to the prevention and intervention of ASPD by attaching more importance to empathetic traits and parental guidance.

Impact of COVID-19 on the academic performance and mental health of HBCU pharmacy students

IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic has increased the use of distance learning, which may hinder academic success. Moreover, students at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) have been adversely affected by COVID-19. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of online/hybrid learning on the academic performance and mental health of HBCU pharmacy students during COVID-19. MethodsA survey was developed to assess how COVID-19 affected the mental health and academic performance of pharmacy students who attend a HBCU. The survey collected demographic information and student responses using a Likert-type, multiple-choice, and select all that apply questions. ResultsMost participants were women, African American, unemployed, and between the ages of 18 to 25. Most students did not experience a confirmed case of COVID-19 while enrolled. The majority of participants self-identified as visual learners, and most students somewhat or strongly agreed that online learning created a feeling of isolation from teachers and classmates. Furthermore, most students somewhat or strongly agreed that online learning during COVID-19 negatively affected their stress levels and mental health. Many students also disagreed that the faculty displayed empathy towards students during the COVID-19 pandemic. ConclusionsThough most students felt isolated and changed their study habits during COVID-19, they were allowed to freely manage their time and did not find it more challenging to learn and retain information. Unfortunately, mental health and stress levels were negatively impacte,d and there was a significant number of students that felt there was a lack of empathy from faculty members.

A frontotemporal dementia-like case after high-altitude climbing

BackgroundWe report a case who developed long-term neuropsychiatric sequelae similar to frontotemporal dementia after suffering a "high altitude sickness" while climbing a high mountain without taking precautions against acute hypoxia.Case presentationThe 57-year-old patient showed symptoms of acute mountain sickness after climbing 3500 m. A few months after descending the mountain, he developed symptoms such as loss of empathy, decreased speech, perseveration, echolalia, and increased interest in sugary foods. The patient's MRI and PET/CT results were consistent with frontotemporal neurodegeneration. After the start of donepezil, persecution delusions developed, and the clinical picture worsened. In the process, he developed visual agnosia and anomic aphasia. Although there was no significant change in personality traits at the beginning, the patient developed apathy, loss of inhibition, lack of empathy, progressive aphasia, and problems perceiving and expressing emotions. A significant loss of function occurred within 4 years. The patient met the criteria for "probable behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia", but was defined as a frontotemporal dementia-like case due to possible relevance to a medical condition affecting the brain.ConclusionsThis case suggests that clinicians should be more careful about the chronic consequences of high-altitude diseases and avoid cholinesterase inhibitors such as donepezil, as it can worsen behavioral symptoms of frontotemporal dementia-like symptomatology.

Saving a life by poem

The present Old Norse case report concerns how a poem saved the life of the famous viking, named Egil Skallagrimsson. By some scholars he has been considered a person with dissocial personality disorder, i.e., psychopathy correlates - although not completely - to antisocial personality disorder, a personality disorder in the cluster B type. A core symptom of dissocial personality disorder is lack of empathy. The craving for appreciation and fulfilment of own needs is moreover a part of the disorder. Furthermore, an incredibly good ability to explain away actions and to project outwards, a low threshold of aggression, and the lack of responsibility are found. All together an alloplastic personality disorder with a tendency to blame the surroundings for the problems [1-3]. For the general population, exact epidemiological data on psychopathy prevalence does not exist. However it is estimated to be 3% in forensic psychiatric samples [4]. For adult male offenders, structural abnormalities in the cingulate have recently been reported to correlate with the gold standard diagnostic criteria (Psychopathy Checklist-Revised) for psychopathy [5]. The eminent power to manipulate others is not rare in these individuals [3]. Can a psychopath, however, captivate another psychopath? Reading the Old Norse Kings Saga, Heimskringla, you may wonder whether this could be a possibility, as described in the oral tradition 1000 years ago, later written down by most likely Snorri Sturluson, considering the meeting between Egil Skallagrimsson and Eric Bloodaxe. Once investigating this stunning Icelandic saga characters, it often falsely leads to the conclusion of a psychopath diagnosis or their suffering from other personality disorders rather than just enjoying the storytelling.

The Function of ChatGPT in Social Media: According to ChatGPT

ChatGPT is a powerful AI technology that has potential uses in social media, including customer service automation, content generation, chatbots, sentiment analysis, and data collection. While it offers many benefits, there are also some disadvantages to consider, such as its lack of empathy, potential for bias and inaccuracies, limited context awareness, difficulties in scaling, and need for human oversight. Despite these challenges, ChatGPT is still a valuable tool for businesses looking to improve their social media interactions and customer engagement

Dark Tetrad and Empathy: The Interrelationship of Narcissism, Psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and Sadism With Affective and Cognitive Empathy

The Dark Triad, coined by Paulhus and Williams in 2002, consists of nonclinical psychopathy (violent tendencies and a lack of remorse), nonclinical narcissism (entitlement and need for admiration), and Machiavellianism (ruthlessness and exploitation) and others expanded it to include a fourth construct of sadism (pleasure in other’s suffering). Although the common unpinning of the Dark Tetrad is a lack of empathy, little empirical research has investigated the interrelationship among the components of the Dark Tetrad once empathy is delineated into affective (feeling another’s emotions) and cognitive (understanding another’s emotions) aspects. The purpose of this study was to determine the interrelationship of the Dark Tetrad and affective and cognitive empathy. Over 250 participants completed measures used to assess these constructs. We hypothesized that the Dark Tetrad would be inversely related to affective empathy, but Machiavellianism and narcissism would be positively related to cognitive empathy. The hypotheses were partially supported. Sequential (hierarchical) multiple regression yielded psychopathy, β = –.29, t(259) = –3.97, p = .001, narcissism, β = .20, t(260) = 3.26, p = .001, and Machiavellianism, β = –.17, t(259) = –2.46, p = .02, were significant negative predictors of affective empathy. Multiple linear regression yielded psychopathy, β = –.31, t(260) = 4.01, p < .001, was a negative predictor whereas narcissism, β=. 13, t(260) = 2.10, p = .04, was a positive predictor of cognitive empathy. Theoretical explanations to account for both negative and positive associations of the Dark Tetrad include empathic inducement or the ability to manipulate others by overwhelming them with emotions to solicit a sympathetic response. Future research should seek to examine the differing relationships among these traits, specifically narcissism as it manifests both negative and positive attributes of empathy simultaneously.

Artificial intelligence (AI) integration in medical education: A pan-India cross-sectional observation of acceptance and understanding among students

Background/Aim: From accurate diagnostics to personalised treatment plans, artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to revolutionise healthcare. The abundance of medical data has led to AI being employed for accurate diagnoses, treatment protocols and patient care. Students' perception of AI integration in medical education is crucial for its successful implementation. This study aimed to assess the acceptance and understanding of AI integration among students in medical education across different regions of India through a cross-sectional observation. Methods: A pan-India survey was conducted among medical students between 1 August 2023 to 20 August 2023 with a pre-validated questionnaire covering AI awareness and understanding through Google Form, circulated via WhatsApp. Results: A total of 730 medical students completed the survey of which 58.6 % were males and 41.4 % were females. Most students (80.7 %) knew about AI, but 53.6 % had limited awareness of AI in medicine. Opinions on AI integration was diverse, with 46.8 % in favour. Workshops (45.2 %) and lectures (31.1 %) were preferred learning formats. Students were interested in various AI topics and expect AI to positively impact medicine (45.9 %). Radiology, surgery and general medicine were predicted to be most influenced by AI. Concerns about overreliance on AI (49.2 %) and lack of empathy (43.7 %) were highlighted. Conclusions: Medical students in India display a keen interest in AI and its integration into medical education. To fully harness AI's potential in healthcare, comprehensive AI curricula and faculty training are needed. Students are aware of the challenges and opportunities, emphasising the importance of balanced AI adoption in medical practice and education.

Perspectives of health practitioners on the challenges to accessing sexual and reproductive health care services for Venezuelan migrant women during the COVID-19 pandemic in Quito, Ecuador

To describe the perspectives of health practitioners on the barriers, gaps, and opportunities that Venezuelan migrant women experienced to accessing sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services during the COVID-19 pandemic and how SRH services were affected in Quito, Ecuador. Health practitioners involved in SRH services at nine public health care facilities in three zones of Quito were surveyed. The Minimum Initial Service Package readiness assessment tool survey, available from the Inter-Agency Working Group on Reproductive Health in Crisis, was adapted for use and data collection in Ecuador. Of 297 respondents, 227 were included in the analysis. Only 16% of the health practitioners agreed that discrimination against migrant Venezuelans women occurred in the health care system. Of those, only 2.3% described specific conditions associated with discrimination, including requiring identification documents (7.5%) and lack of empathy or responsiveness (6.6%). Most (65.2%) respondents reported that the COVID-19 pandemic affected the use of SRH services by women in the general population and by Venezuelan migrant women more so (56.3%) because of more limited access to SRH services, poverty, and vulnerability. There were no differences between perceptions by levels of health care facility, except with regard to the lack of supplies, awareness of discrimination, and the belief that Venezuelan migrant women were affected more negatively than the local population. The perception among health practitioners in Quito was that discrimination occurred infrequently during the COVID-19 pandemic despite affecting the health care system. However, some level of discrimination toward migrant Venezuelan migrant women seeking SRH services was acknowledged and may be underrepresented.

Perceptions and factors associated with COVID Appropriate Behavior (CAB) obedience among general public in India: A mixed methods research.

The purpose of the study was to analyze the public perception toward COVID Appropriate Behavior (CAB) obedience and to identify the factors associated with declining CAB. It is a mixed methods study conducted from November 2021 to September 2022 in Pune city, India. A set of 15-CAB guidelines published by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India (GoI), were used as a base document to design the instruments of qualitative and quantitative study. Using a one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, CAB scores were tested for normality and distribution. Comparisons of various parameters were done using z test for proportion and paired t-test (statistical significance level was 0.05). Thematic content analysis was conducted for qualitative data analysis and verbatims are reported where applicable. The main motivation for people to get vaccinated was family and personal safety and a higher proportion of people felt safer post-vaccination which was linked to a reduced likelihood of CAB obedience. Qualitative results showed that people's lack of empathy and concern for others leads to undesirable personal behaviors such as spitting in public places, not wearing masks, etc., The need for socialization is high but discomfort with the use of masks/face shields and habituation with the disease were prominent causes of CAB disobedience. We conclude that reduced fear and gradual habituation have led to reduced CAB obedience. There is a need to reinforce empathy and concern for others to improve adherence to CAB like maintaining social distancing and wearing masks in public places for personal and social safety from the disease.

IS SPIRITUALITY THE BUILDING BLOCK THR CREATING EMPLOYEE CARING BEHAVIOR? ASSESSING MODERATING EFFECT OF ISLAMIC RELIGIOSITY & MEDIATING EFFECT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE

As in any service sector, the right behavioral skill set sparks the business. Especially in banking sector, the enhanced caring behavior of the branch staff plays the similar role, but if you look in depth we will see that there is a lack of empathy towards the customer. This study tends to explore those unchartered traits of banking staff. If branch head can identify those traits, may be able to cater to those employees’ needs efficiently. 187 banking employees were respondents for survey questionnaire. Analysis included descriptive statistics, correlations, structural equation modeling, and multi group analysis. Momentous positive association amid spiritual intelligence and caring behaviors was reported for whole banking sector, either it was Islamic or conventional. Only the indirect effect of Emotional Intelligence, Religiosity amongst Muslims, was no significant in Islamic banking sector. The indirect relationship between spiritual intelligence and caring behavior of employees through moderation of the religiosity amongst Muslims was insignificant. Branch managers may find it more fruitful to engage their subordinates as per their social values , so they may be able to put in better ideas for business generation.