Labor Migration Processes Research Articles

PECULIARITIES OF THE REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF CASES OF MECHANICAL ASPHYXIA DUE TO HANGING IN UKRAINE

The annual number of people who died due to suicide exceeds 720,000 people and ranks third among the leading causes of death of people aged 15-29 years, while, according to WHO data, Ukraine ranks among the second ten leaders among countries in the suicide rating. Objective. Study of the geographical distribution of the frequency of cases of mechanical asphyxia by hanging in different regions of Ukraine. Methods. In the course of the research, an analysis of the number of cases of death due to mechanical asphyxiation by hanging in different regions of Ukraine based on the study of the annual reports of forensic medical examination institutions in Ukraine, was carried out. Results. In the course of the study, data were obtained that indicated certain regularities in the number of cases of death from mechanical asphyxiation due to hanging, depending on the geographical distribution in regions. The lowest rates of hanging deaths per 100,000 population were determined in the western regions of our country, as well as in the city of Kyiv. On the other hand, in the north-eastern, as well as part of the southern and central regions, there was a significant excess of the indicated indicator in comparison with the average value. Conclusion. In the course of the conducted research, the peculiarities of the regional distribution of cases of mechanical asphyxia due to per 100,000 population were studied. The presence of certain regularities in the number of cases of death from mechanical asphyxiation due to hanging, depending on the geographical distribution in individual regions, was established. Rural regions with economic difficulties, such as Chernihiv, Sumy, and Kherson, have higher suicide rates, likely due to low incomes and high unemployment, which exacerbate social stress. However, the reasons for the unevenness of hanging cases in different regions require further study and may include not only such factors as the level of employment, quality of life and social well-being of the population, but also labor migration processes, cultural and religious beliefs, etc.

ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ ОБЪЁМОВ МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЙ ТРУДОВОЙ МИГРАЦИИ РОССИИ НА ФОНЕ ОГРАНИЧИТЕЛЬНЫХ (КАРАНТИННЫХ) МЕР

This article analyzes the impact of restric-tive measures imposed by the international community related to the COVID-19 pan-demic on the processes of international labor migration in Russia, in particular, a statistical assessment of foreign labor mi-grants arriving in the Russian Federation for the period from the beginning of 2019 to the end of 2021, and describes some of the consequences.

Organized labour migration of residents of Lithuania to the USSR in the sixth–ninth decades of the 20th century

Referring to archive and historiographic materials, in this paper problematics of labour migration to the USSR from Lithuania in 1953-1984 is analysed. Attention is drawn to migration directions, motivation of residents, quantitative indices, territorial aspects related to persons participating in labour migration process and social picture. Residents of Lithuania became participants of the campaign for organized all Soviet Union-wide labour force migration to participate in implementation of large and important land, forestry and industry projects. By the way, the residents of our Republic joined this campaign later than residents from other Republics – in 1953 only. Organized labour force migration from Lithuania to the USSR was of lower level that it had been planned in Moscow. The main directions of labour force migration were: 1) agriculture intensification program (virgin lands campaigns in Kazakhstan and Russia); 2) Russian forestry development program; 3) program of construction of gigantic transport and industrial objects in Russia (Siberia, etc.); 4) the “Third Semester” program – season-based works of students in industry and agriculture sectors of Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and other Soviet Republics. In 6th-9th decades of the 20th century, about 75 thousand residents of Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic were sent to work in other regions of the Soviet Union; labour migrants worked on industrial objects, farms and forestry units. Mostly, they were men from urban areas, by ethnic composition – Russians and Lithuanians. The most intensive time period of sending to work as labour migrants was the 1953-1965 period, as at that time in Kazakhstan and Russia huge programs of economic development had been implemented (virgin lands campaign, forestry development). Namely during this period, over 80 per cent of residents of Lithuania who participated in this campaign were sent to labour destinations. Although in later years the migration campaign covered entire Lithuania, its scale diminished markedly. Due to certain national traits of Lithuanians (sedentary life, attachment to the land) and social-economic situation in the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (fast and intensive industry development ensuring quite good wages, well-developed social infrastructure, etc.), the residents of Lithuania liked to conclude short-term employment agreements, and after termination of these agreements made efforts to return to Lithuania and stay there not attracted by labour migration campaign anymore.

A Qualitative Insight into Pre-Departure Orientation Training for Aspiring Nepalese Migrant Workers.

Pre-departure orientation training (PDOT) can help equip aspiring migrant workers with skills and knowledge to mitigate vulnerabilities throughout their migration journey, including health. In Nepal, PDOT has been mandatory since 2004 for migrant workers awaiting labour permits. The current PDOT programme includes country-specific information as well as health and well-being advice. However, the views of trainees and trainers on PDOT are largely unknown. This qualitative study aims to explore perceptions of migrant workers and relevant stakeholders on the content and delivery of PDOT. Six focus group discussions and six in-depth interviews were conducted with migrants, and eight interviews with key stakeholders were conducted. Thematic analysis resulted in five themes: (a) PDOT structure, accessibility, and implementation; (b) role of stakeholders in labour migration process; (c) coordination and governance; (d) curriculum development and relevance; and (e) capacity of trainers and effectiveness of training. Our findings emphasise the need for a more tailored curriculum with relevant information, education, and communication resources, possibly with input from former migrant workers. Regular updates of training topics and resources, as well as continued engagement with migrants after their employment, are essential for meeting the dynamic demands of the global employment market.

Third-country hiring: The case of Overseas Filipino Workers in Taiwan to Poland

This study explores the complexities of third-country serial labor migration among Filipino factory workers, specifically those moving from Taiwan to Poland—an activity deemed illegal by the Philippine government. Utilizing qualitative methods, the research conducts in-depth interviews with participants like Mae, Rick, and Justin, complemented by a key informant interview. The findings reveal a nuanced decision-making process, with participants expressing a desire for enhanced job conditions, contractual flexibility, and career advancement opportunities in Poland. Despite the Philippines' oversight and support for temporary migration, the practice of third-country hiring raises legal and ethical concerns. Without proper authorization from the Philippine government, recruiting workers through a third country is deemed illegal. To protect migrant workers, established procedures, including obtaining an Overseas Employment Certificate (OEC), are implemented to ensure lawful deployment. This study contributes to the ongoing discourse surrounding serial labor migration, providing valuable insights that can inform policy frameworks and practices aimed at enhancing the welfare and protection of migrant workers within the global labor market. Through analysis of the experiences and challenges faced by Filipino factory workers engaging in third-country migration, this research seeks to promote a deeper understanding of the complexities inherent in labor migration processes and advocate for measures to safeguard the rights and well-being of migrant workers worldwide.

Міжнародно-правове регулювання окремих питань трудової міграції

The fact of widespread labor migration is proved not only among the population of Ukraine, but also among the world community as a whole. The main reasons for the movement of the working-age population in the context of globalisation processes are identified. The main aspects of the need for a unified model of compliance of national legislation with international standards are identified. It is proved that the unanimity of legal regulation of the labor migration process would help to eliminate contradictions between the provisions of legal systems of different states. The list of international documents which define the fundamental concepts of regulation of the area of public relations under study is outlined in the article.

АНАЛИЗ ИЗМЕНЕНИЙ ТРУДОВОЙ МИ-ГРАЦИИ В РФ ИЗ СТРАН СНГ ЗА ПЕРИОД С 2020 ПО 2023 ГОДЫ

This article reflects statistical data on the change in the volume of external labor mi-gration of the Russian Federation due to the arrival of labor migrants from the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (hereinafter - the CIS) in the period from the beginning of 2020 to the 1st half of 2023. Based on the data, the general trends of the identified changes are analyzed, the main factors influencing the process of labor mi-gration are highlighted.

Acculturation orientation and expectation: mapping the labour migration processes of Cham youth in Cambodia

ABSTRACT In multi-ethnic societies, different cultures interact with each other, and communities often have to consider acculturation strategies. These strategies are fluid and develop across geographical boundaries while intersecting with cultural diversity. A host society’s stance toward migrants and governmental migration policies significantly influence these strategies. This dynamic is evident in the case for Cambodia’s ethnic Cham youth, who are Muslims in a predominantly Buddhist Khmer society. Chamic ethnicities are found widely in South East Asia, including in Vietnam, Thailand and Malaysia, so their transnational connections and experiences are worth investigating in detail. This article draws on discourses on acculturation orientation and expectation to delve into Cham youth’s acculturation, particularly exploring the factors shaping their labour migration patterns. Based on fieldwork conducted in Cham villages in the Tbong Khmum Province of Cambodia, this research introduces a conceptual model highlighting ineffective enculturation and differential acculturation among Cham migrant workers. The findings enrich academic knowledge of acculturation orientation and expectation as well as labour migration patterns.

МАКРОЕКОНОМІЧНІ ЕФЕКТИ ТРУДОВОЇ МІГРАЦІЇ ОСІБ ПОХИЛОГО ВІКУ

The article examines the phenomenon of labor migration among the elderly, which is becoming increasingly relevant in the context of the growing migration processes in the modern world. In the 21st century, the increase in migration volumes has significant macroeconomic consequences for both host countries and the countries of origin of migrants. Traditionally, labor migrants are considered to be the economically active working-age population, but in many countries, elderly individuals also participate in the labor market and play an important role in the economic system of host states. Two categories of elderly workers are of particular interest. The first group consists of migrants who arrived in the host country many years ago and continue to work, despite having the option to retire due to age. The second group comprises individuals who arrive in old age with the intent to seek employment. Regardless of the category, these workers face increased vulnerability in the labor market, which necessitates enhanced state social support and protection. One of the key challenges for the majority of elderly labor migrants is the difficulty in securing official employment. This reveals gaps in the migration policies of receiving countries regarding this category of workers. Illegal or semi-legal employment negatively affects their social security and access to healthcare, further worsening their situation. The foundation of this study is the analysis of statistical data, theoretical concepts, and previous research in the fields of migration and labor economics. Given the growing number of elderly labor migrants, representatives of various scientific disciplines, such as sociology, economics, and demography, are showing interest in this phenomenon, as it affects both economic indicators and the quality of life of migrants and the local population. The article thoroughly examines the structure and dynamics of labor migration processes among the elderly. The author identifies the main patterns of migration policy in host countries concerning this group of workers and analyze the macroeconomic consequences of their activity. In particular, the study investigates the positive and negative effects of elderly workers' migration on the economy of host countries, including its impact on the labor market, social systems and economic growth. The results of this study aim to maximize the positive macroeconomic effects of involving elderly labor migrants in the labor markets of host countries. This could include the development of more effective social protection policies, the improvement of employment conditions, and the creation of incentives for the official employment of this category of migrants, which would contribute to an overall improvement in their quality of life and their contribution to the economies of host countries.

Legal Protection Against Acts of Violence: Evidence from Indonesian Migrant Workers

Objective: Everyone has the right to work and look for work according to their wishes. In reality, many workers, especially Indonesian migrant workers (abbreviated as PMI), receive deplorable treatment, especially migrant workers who work as household assistants. This research aims to analyze the legal protection of Indonesian migrant workers against the acts of violence they experience. Method: The method used in this research is juridical-normative with data collection techniques through library research, while the data analysis technique is carried out in a qualitative descriptive juridical manner. Conclusion: This research concludes that to improve governance and the process of overseas labor migration, the government has issued Law Number 18 of 2017 concerning the Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers as a refinement of Law Number 39 of 2004 concerning the Placement and Protection of Workers Indonesians Abroad. This law mandates that the implementer of the placement of Migrant Workers. Indonesia abroad consists of the government and the private sector. The protection provided by the government for migrant workers who experience violence can be carried out during pre-placement, placement, and post-placement, as well as the government's handling of migrant workers which must be carried out for Indonesian Migrant Workers both procedurally and non-procedurally because the state must fulfill the legal protection rights of every citizen.

State Policy of Labor Migration Regulation in the Volga-Caspian Fishing Region in the Second Half of the 18th to the First Half of the 19th Century

The article analyzes the state policy of regulating labor migration during the second half of the 18th to the first half of the 19th centuries. Changes in the settlement and development strategy of the Volga-Caspian fishing region are demonstrated through examples of population groups such as noble landowners, peasants, merchant-fishermen, and industrial workers. The achievements and shortcomings of state-regulated labor migration during the examined period are identified. The article also assesses the normative framework that governed the processes of labor migration in the region, outlines the historical stages of settlement and development in the area, and documents the outcomes and consequences of this process for the future socio-economic development of the Volga-Caspian fishing region. Labor migration is viewed as a tool for the settlement and development of the peripheral territories of the Russian state.
 Furthermore, various forms of migration were employed by the government during the study period, including noble, monastic, peasant, Cossack, and voluntary migrations. Based on an examination of the collected material, the authors conclude that migration types successfully implemented in other (agricultural) regions of the country, such as noble, peasant, and monastic migrations, were not as productive in the context of the Volga-Caspian fishing region, where the primary economic activity revolved around fishing. The most effective workers for the fishing industry were supplied by the so-called “voluntary migration.”
 Given that the subject of the study is the state policy of regulating labor migration, the primary sources encompass legislative and normative documents from the second half of the 18th to the beginning of the 19th centuries, as well as materials from central and regional administrative structures preserved in the archives of the Russian State Historical Archive and the State Archive of the Astrakhan Region. A portion of these materials is being introduced into academic discourse for the first time.

The issue of labour migration on the agenda of the executives of the Republic of Moldova

The importance of studying the migration is argued by the socio-economic and political changes taking place in the Republic of Moldova at the present stage. The main factors that favored migration are: low wages and unemployment, dissatisfaction with living conditions, democratization of society, lack of economic and professional growth prospects, political bureaucracy, corruption, etc. In the period 1994-2004 the flow of migrants from the Republic of Moldova is mainly oriented towards the Russian Federation and since 2006 it is directed towards the EU and Israel. The problem of „labour migration abroad” appears for the first time officially in the government’s activity Plan in 1994. As a result, in 1994-2014 agreements were concluded with Commonwealth Of Independent States and European countries on the regulation of labor migration processes; ratification of Conventions in the field of labor use, unemployment, social protection and payroll, etc.

Formation of a security environment for personnel management of socio-economic systems before and during the war: Legal aspect

The aim of the research was to examine the legal aspects of formation of a security environment for personnel management of socio-economic systems, before and during the war in Ukraine. The following methods were used to support the set objective: induction and deduction, comparison and systematization. Military actions on the territory of Ukraine create a valuable information base for considering changes in personnel management through further external influences, in particular, in terms of transformation of the labor market due to the strengthening of labor migration processes, because after February 24, 2022 there is a significant number of refugees and internally displaced persons. The processed information allows to conclude that, the nature of certain threats in January 2022 and January 2023, together with the formation of a holistic view of the sources of occurrence and intensification of the impact of each threat based on the generalization of analytical materials, allowed to form the basis for making changes to personnel management, to maintain the viability of enterprises despite the materiality of legal changes in the labor market in the framework of the war.

AZƏRBAYCAN RESPUBLİKASININ MİQRASİYA SAHƏSİNDƏ NİDERLAND KRALLIĞI İLƏ ƏMƏKDAŞLIĞI

April 1, 2023 marked the 31st anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Kingdom of the Netherlands. In recent years, great attention is paid to the development of interstate political and economic relations. Azerbaijan's participation in the energy security of Europe for thirty long years plays an important role in bilateral relations. Currently, the relations established by the State Migration Service of the Republic of Azerbaijan with specialized institutions in the area of migration of the Netherlands are relevant in the development of diplomatic relations. The positive experience of both countries can be studied when studying labor migration and migration processes in general, which creates new perspectives for cooperation in the global world. In the article, the object of research was the importance of the migration factor in the development of Azerbaijani-Dutch relations. The positive moments of the model of the Netherlands in migration management are analyzed.

Migration, Brokerage and Recruitment

This research examines the unskilled labor migration using private intermediaries in South Korea. The study also reviews the Employment Permit System of South Korea in this regard. The empirical study took place in South Korea with a supplementary trip visiting the migration origin, Bangkok, Thailand. A qualitative method was used with the predominant part being a semi-structured interview with Thai undocumented workers in Daegu. This research fills the gap in the existing body of research by uncovering the process of undocumented labor migration in the discourse of culture of migration. The tolerant practice of the Thai Government towards undocumented workers has set an example to prospective Thai migrant workers who follow the undocumented path to go to Korea. The unique fuzzy attitude of some Thais led them to try their luck without a concrete plan to go to work in South Korea on a whim. The informal brokers find their role even they are excluded in the Employment Permit System of South Korea. They actively convey a positive but biased image of an easy path of undocumented labor migration as an alternative to the formal procedure.

Labor migration and the phenomenon of transnational families from the Republic of Moldova

Labor migration processes from the Republic of Moldova have become an important factor in combating poverty and increasing the well-being of the population of the Republic of Moldova. Moreover, the economic growth registered by the Republic of Moldova during the last years is precisely due to the remittances of migrant workers. However, the migratory phenomenon in the Republic of Moldova also generates certain risks, such as human trafficking, accelerated demographic aging and the expansion of the number of transnational families, which also generates the problem of children left without parental care. As such, the phenomenon of transnational families is a global phenomenon, and various countries, through their policies, try to mitigate its negative effects.The purpose of this article is to analyze the impact of labor migration on the expansion of the phenomenon of transnational families in the Republic of Moldova, as well as the situation of children left without care as a result of labor migration. The article comes with a series of conclusions and recommendations regarding the minimization of the negative effects of labor migration, as well as the development of social services necessary to prevent the phenomenon of children left without parental care as a result of labor migration.

REGULATION OF MIGRATION RELATIONS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES

The article describes the emergence of international migration, its causes, and the participation of migrants in this process. Issues and legal aspects of regulation of migration flows around the world (European migration system, USA) are described. The necessity and directions of regulation of the process of labor migration in the process of globalization at the world level were highlighted. Also, issues of labor migration were analyzed and opinions were expressed regarding its improvement.

Dynamics and Structure of International Labor Migration: Global Trends

The article is devoted to the analysis of the process of international labor migration, the definition of factors affecting its scale, geographical directions and quality component. It was revealed that negative demographic trends in developed countries (birth rate decline, aging of the population) generate disproportions in their national labor markets, turning migration into the most important and, actually, the only source of labor force replenishment. In Western Europe, workers of foreign origin make up 18.4% of the total workforce, in Australia, Canada, and the United States it is about 20%. The effective functioning of some sectors of the economy in developed countries is already dependent on the labor of migrants. The trend to increase the share of foreign labor in the labor markets of these countries will grow. On the other hand, under the influence of scientific and technological progress, the needs of the labor market are being transformed, the demand for highly skilled and skilled labor is increasing. Through preferential migration regimes, countries are trying to attract foreign specialists, including potential (foreign students), thereby increasing the role of educational migration in the migration flow, its scale is growing, the flows of highly qualified specialists are intensifying, contributing to a change in the qualitative component of labor migration.

Migration informal human capital of returnees to Central Europe: a new rescource for organisations

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the interplay between international migration, soft skills and job and life satisfaction after returns.Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses the dataset of Human Capital in Poland 2010–2014 representative surveys with 4040 return migrants, who worked temporarily abroad and returned to an origin in comparison with almost 70,000 stayers, who never worked abroad. In this study, Poland is treated as a strategic research site for the labor migration processes, which happened after the biggest European Union enlargement in 2004.FindingsThis study discovered that working abroad had a positive relation with cognitive, intrapersonal and interpersonal competencies, as well as job and life satisfaction. However, the relations differ depending on the key destination country.Practical implicationsThis study discusses the implications for future research and practice, offering recommendations to organizations on how to embed employees with these resources in companies and how to support return migrants and their potential employers with the use of migratory informal human capital in personnel management and counseling.Originality/valueThis paper brings quantitative arguments about the hidden impacts of international migration on human capital by uniquely comparing the migrant population with the non-migrant population.

Labor migration process in Central Asia

Labor migration process in Central Asia