Labour Market Trends Research Articles

Les grandes transformations du marché du travail en France depuis le début des années 1960

[eng] This paper looks at the major changes in the French labour market since the 1960s. Over this period, the labour force has steadily increased, primarily owing to demo¬graphics (the post war baby boom). The labour force also saw increasing female employment, higher qualifications and a reduction in the length of working life at both ends. Three factors have driven changes in labour market trends in the last 50 years: economic globalisation, the emergence of ICT and development of automation, and the growth of the service economy, particularly financial services. For their part, employment policies have sought to “enrich” the employment content of growth. After the 1974 break in the growth trend, the interaction of labour supply and demand led to rising unemployment and increasing diversity in employ¬ment statuses. The growth of short term and very short term contracts, as well as arrange¬ments falling between salaried and non salaried employment, illustrate a significant increase in employment precariousness.

Características do mercado de trabalho russo, 2008-2018

O estudo é dedicado à revisão das tendências atuais no mercado de trabalho russo após a transição de uma economia planejada para uma economia de mercado. Mudanças significativas afetaram tanto o processo de formação da força de trabalho quanto sua distribuição e uso. Surgiram novos problemas, como o desemprego oculto e estrutural, que afetam as possibilidades de equilibrar a oferta e a demanda de trabalho. Ênfase particular é dada à formação do segmento juvenil do mercado de trabalho, necessário para um estudo detalhado, uma vez que a formação profissional da força de trabalho afeta a possibilidade de construir e mudar o capital humano do país no futuro, e determina a futura estrutura ocupacional, suas perspectivas e a possibilidade de interações com o mercado de trabalho global. As tendências identificadas nos permitem medir a influência do Estado no mercado de trabalho, a fim de aumentar sua eficiência e otimizar o uso da mão de obra. O componente social dos processos de formação, distribuição e uso do trabalho, sem dúvida, também está refletido nos prognósticos e nas medidas para aumentar a eficiência do mercado de trabalho.

The Principles of the Newest Concept of the Legal Regulation of Working Time

This article discusses the key issues regarding the newest concept of the legal regulation of working time through the prism of trends in the development of society, the state, and the labor market. The chief attention should be paid to the issues of the priority of requests and interests of employees, the formation of effective mechanisms of social partnership, and the trends of the international labor market. Critically comprehended is the state of legal regulation of working time. It is stressed that, from the legal point of view, the current state of the legal regulation of working time appears somewhat vulnerable, taking into account the following factors: the non-compliance with the state of labor market development; inefficiency, ineffectiveness of legal regulation; the lack of proper motivation of labor productivity, taking into account the necessity of guaranteeing the life, health, and efficiency of every worker; the lack of proper mechanisms for organizing the working time, including modern, innovative jobs; insufficiency of legal mechanisms for the use of information and other technologies of working time control; lack of quality mechanisms for the implementation of international social standards; absence of an optimal combination of the working time, rest time, and occupational safety; the lack of proper mechanisms for taking into account the needs and interests of persons with disabilities and other socially vulnerable categories of persons; the lack of effective oversight and control; the lack of jurisdictional protection, etc.The paper discusses the importance of a proper assessment of the problems of the legal regulation of working time in the present, given the importance of the integration processes of labor market development, its international vector, the introduction of the newest information and other technologies, the implementation of international (European) standards, the formation of mechanisms for the optimal combination of legislative, sub-legislative and the local regulation in this area. In addition, the issue of particular importance is raised in the context of the recent codification of labor legislation as a component of developing an effective concept of the legal regulation of working time. The modern system of principles of the legal regulation of working time is outlined. It is concluded that working time is a period during which an employee, as a rule, must be in the workplace, subject to the control of the employer and other established rules, must perform the labor function and other duties under the employment contract. The main features of the working time are as follow: regulated on the basis of international legal acts, acts of domestic national legislation, local normative legal acts; the worker is subject to established working time norms and rules; directed to the behavior of the employee and the employer under an employment contract (correlates with the system of rights, responsibilities, responsibilities of the employee and employer); payable; accompanied by a system of international standards on labor issues; accompanied by a system of social and labor guarantees; time, intended to perform labor function and other duties under an employment contract; the employee is subject to control by the employer (the authorized body or official); subject to accounting, control and supervision; subject to jurisdictional protection.It is emphasized that the principles of the legal regulation of working time are the basic principles and provisions that determine the peculiarities of the legal regulation of relations in the sphere of working time.The basic general principles of the legal regulation of working time are the following: the rule of law; humanism; social justice; priority of the maintenance of the working capacity, the health and life of workers; the priority of international (European) standards in the field of working time; the priority of the legislative regulation of relations in the field of working time.The main special principles of the legal regulation of working time are the following: inclusiveness, efficiency, and accessibility; the priority of needs and interests of employees; stimulation of labor productivity; ensuring the efficiency of work of persons with disabilities and other socially vulnerable categories of persons; the principle of social partnership; versatility, flexibility of types and working hours; implementation of international (European) standards in the field of working time; a combination of legislative, contractual, and the local legal regulation of working time; combination of working time and rest time, occupational safety; the principle of unity and differentiation of the legal regulation of working time. The fundamental trend of improving the legal regulation of working time is the implementation of the newest codification of the labor legislation through the adoption of a modern socially oriented TC that has a holistic, comprehensive, and systematic regulation of working time relations.Article received 03.03.2019

The Role of Precarious Employment in Emigration Flows from Croatia

Current global economic trends, trade competition and technological change, have greatly expanded the complexity of labour market contracts and increased the number of employees working under temporary work status and non-standard forms of employment. Part of economic theory tries to explain the influence of those labour market trends on migration. This is particularly important in the case of Croatia, which has been experiencing a large scale of emigration in recent years. The number of people that left abroad increased four times from 2012. The aim of this paper is to investigate the role of precarious employment in international migration movements, especially from Croatia, but also from Central and East European countries (CEEC). Data on migration, wages, employment quality, GDP and unemployment used in this paper come from the Croatian Bureau of Statistics for Croatia and Eurostat databases for the rest of the sample.

Evaluation of Employment and Labour Market Trends in European Countries in 2007-2016

Abstract The paper presents a partial evaluation of employment and factors related to the labour markets in European countries in 2007-2016. The interconnectedness of these determinants in the context of GDP dynamics per capita for each country was examined. The quoted partial subject literature and empirical research allowed to formulate the most important conclusions, among others: in the context of GDP dynamics per capita, at least four groups of countries can be distinguished in Europe, each of them has completely different characteristics having an influence (in the Granger causality sense) on change in GDP per capita of these countries for various time steps.

Medical Labour Supply and the Production of Healthcare

AbstractMedical labour markets are important because of their size and the importance of medical labour in the production of healthcare and in subsequent patient outcomes. We present a summary of important trends in the UK medical labour market, and we review the latest research on factors that determine medical labour supply and the impact of labour on patient outcomes. The topics examined include: the responsiveness of labour supply to changes in wages, regulation and other incentives; factors that determine the wide variation in physician practice and style; and the effect of teams and management quality on patient outcomes. This literature reveals that while labour supply is relatively unresponsive to changes in wages, medical personnel do react strongly to other incentives, even in the short run. This is likely to have consequences for the quality of care provided to patients. We set out a series of unanswered questions in the UK setting, including: the importance of non‐financial incentives in recruiting and retaining medical staff; how individuals can be incentivised to work in particular specialties and regions; and how medical teams can be best organised to improve care.

Labor market trends and tendencies in Hungarian public sector in light of an empirical research

Employee turnover is a current challenge of human resource management in organizations. Staff turnover is regarded as a key performance indicator for Human Resources departments, and a serious rise in its level points to events, issues or problems which may severely hamper the successful and efficient operation of any organization. Hence, in such cases immediate measures should be taken to curtail turnover. The paper reviews briefly current trends of labor market and specific HRM challenges of public services. In this study an empirical research is also introduced. Employees with adequate professional experience represent outstanding value for operational efficiency, a turnover index compiled by on a sectoral basis, highlights the fact that turnover is highest among blue collar workers in the private sector. Surprisingly, within the same group in the public sector turnover is typically low. At the same time, however, our 2017 results show that astonishingly high levels of turnover (even 40%) may also occur in public sector organizations. Public sector in Hungary has provided life long employment but the new labor regulation and labor shortages have drastic changed the particular traits.

Casual Employment and Its Consequences: A Historical Appraisal of Recent Labour Market Trends

The spread of what are called 'irregular' or 'non-standard' jobs, rising female economic activity rates and the appearance of new 'gig', 'sharing', or 'crowd' work have promoted changed forms of employment to create a 'modern' labour market. This paper revisits employment during the late nineteenth century, revealing how, in major commercial centres, workers adopted idiosyncratic ways of earning a living in order to make ends meet. This invites two observations. First, the present-day labour market is less 'modern' than is supposed. Second, the 1940s to 1960s emerged as the era when 'traditional', permanent employment covered the bulk of the working population, with complementary social insurance to protect against risk. The post-1945 settlement was a political product, underwritten by the state, whose roots can be traced back to pre-1914 policy debates on labour market reform. If, as appears the case, this settlement has had its day, what risks do we run as we revert to employment practices characteristic of a much earlier age?

Recession, local employment trends and change in self-reported health of individuals: A longitudinal study in England and Wales during the 'great recession'.

Our research examines how local labour market trends during the early stages of the ‘great recession’ (in the period 2007-2011) related to change in individuals’ self-reported illness. We report results from analyses of a dataset drawn from the Longitudinal Study (LS) for England and Wales (source: Office of National Statistics), a very large longitudinal sample of individuals from the population census, followed up over time at each decennial census. These were linked to employment trend data for Local Authority Districts for the period 2007-2011, based on employment statistics for Local Authority Districts (LAs) in England and Wales. Controlling for various individual attributes, the risk of development of a ‘new’ long term illness during the ‘great recession’ was greater for those living in LAs where levels of employment were persistently low or declining to relatively low levels.

Significados de Internet para el ejercicio profesional: una aproximación desde el diseño gráfico

El objetivo de esta investigación fue conocer las percepciones de estudiantes y egresados de la licenciatura en Diseño Gráfico de la Universidad de Sonora acerca de la vinculación entre la Internet y su profesión. Para ello, se aplicó una entrevista, la cual estuvo constituida por ocho preguntas relacionadas con las siguientes dimensiones: influencia y posibilidades de la Internet, así como dependencia de la Internet en el ejercicio del diseño gráfico. Los datos obtenidos fueron analizados en el programa Atlas ti., por medio de la técnica de saturación. De forma general, se puede concluir que los estudiantes de la referida licenciatura sobrestiman el valor de la Web para desarrollar sus procesos creativos, mientras que los egresados asumen una posición más crítica con respecto al uso de dicho recurso, pues no lo consideran como una pieza clave para la creatividad o para lograr la calidad de un diseño. Aun así, ambos grupos de entrevistados coindicen en señalar que el diseño gráfico ha conseguido grandes avances gracias a la Internet; prueba de esto ha sido el surgimiento de nuevos canales de comunicación, plataformas y dispositivos digitales desde los cuales es posible intercambiar ideas con usuarios de cualquier latitud. Por tal motivo, se recomienda al profesor de esta carrera mantenerse actualizado no solo en cuanto a sus conocimientos teóricos, sino también en lo referente a sus estrategias de enseñanza, las cuales se deben sustentar, ineludiblemente, en tecnologías vanguardistas que estimulen la creatividad. En esta tarea, lógicamente, las instituciones universitarias también tienen un compromiso trascendental, porque deberán promover el desarrollo profesional de los docentes, estableciendo y siguiendo programas de capacitación según las necesidades del mercado laboral y las tendencias globales.

Analysis of the Main Employment Trends at EU and Romanian Levels

Lately, the European Union has made progress in the labor market, especially in terms of employment, except in the economic crisis. The purpose of the article is to highlight the main labor market trends at European Union level, with an emphasis on employment as well as differences between Member States in the context of current challenges, namely long-term demographic trends and technological change. In this respect, two EU Member States, namely Romania and the UK, were also taken into account in order to highlight the differences between advanced and less advanced economies in terms of employment opportunities and the integration of vulnerable people on the labor market. The analysis, which emphasizes demographic change and employment, can serve as a basis for knowledge for the design of national policy instruments by emphasizing deficits, surpluses or equilibria. Trends are analysed dynamically over the 2007-2017 period, based on EUROSTAT data. The challenge for decision-makers is to increase labor force participation and to ensure that every citizen has the chance to make full use of his productive potential.

Unemployment trends and labour market entry in Ghana: job search methods perspective

ABSTRACTStatistical information is critical for both government and the general public for monitoring, evaluation, and implementation of employment policies and programmes. This paper revisits the labour market trends between 2012 and 2016 and discusses the importance of job search methods for labour market entry in Ghana. We explored job search methods (Formal and Informal Methods) used by 235 participants from seven regions of Ghana. Results revealed that many of the participants highly relied on informal job search methods to secure jobs across all demographic variables. This has been the case in Ghana when unemployment continues to increase leading to a difficult labour market entry. Our findings, therefore, suggest that in such a restricted labour market, employment success is likely to be determined by ‘whom you know’. The results offer practical recommendations for private and public employment consultancies, as well as policymakers to institute impactful intervention programmes for job seekers on the efficient ways of developing and sustaining meaningful social capital/networks to enhance their chances of finding employment.

Inclusiveness of Parental-Leave Benefits in Twenty-One European Countries: Measuring Social and Gender Inequalities in Leave Eligibility

AbstractThis article analyzes eligibility for parental-leave benefits in twenty-one European countries. It distinguishes four ideal-type approaches to how leave-related benefits are granted (in-)dependent of parents’ labor market position: universal parenthood model, selective parenthood model, universal adult-worker model, and selective adult-worker model. An eligibility index is created to measure the inclusiveness of parental-leave benefits, alongside the degree of (de-)gendered entitlements. The importance of employment-based benefits and gender-sensitive policies increased between 2006 and 2017. Eligibility criteria remained stable, but due to labor market trends, such as increasing precariousness, fewer parents may fulfill the conditions for employment-based benefits.

Theoretical and methodical approaches for the implementation of the monitoring system in pharmacy professionals employment process

Aim. To make a research of the theoretical substantiation of monitoring and the effective methods evaluation of the pharmacy professionals employment rates.Results. The urgent tasks, the solution of which will facilitate the effective implementation of the employment monitoring system of future specialists in pharmacy were established. The factors influencing the efficiency of the graduate student employment rates, which are related to training and education the specialists in accordance to the prospects of employment, compliance of educational programs with the requirements of employers and the actual needs of the labor market, etc., were determined. The model of the monitoring mechanism used for graduates of the NUPh, which is based on the employment elaborated stages, is developed, and approaches to methodology development for its implementation, processing and analyzing the information were proposed. The indicators of assessing the IHE graduates employment effectiveness were summarized, and quantitative and qualitative indicators were proposed, which are recommended used to evaluate the NUPh graduates employment performance.Conclusions. Modern labor market trends and needs to understand the real employment status of the IHE graduates prove the urgency to develop a relevant scientific model for monitoring and controlling the quality of this process. The proposed theoretical and methodical approaches to the implementation of the system of monitoring the pharmacists employment rates are the basis for the indicators system formation which facilitate the employment and forecast labor market needs in pharmacy professionals.

The Civic Footprints of Labor Market Participation: Longitudinal Evidence from the United States, 2002–2015

While there is a widespread belief that stable employment is important for social integration, stable employment careers have become less common in America’s increasingly complex labor market. Job tenure has dropped, precarious work arrangements have gained prominence, long-term unemployment has spiked, and an increasing share of the jobless are not looking for work. Against this background, we investigate the linkages between labor market experiences and volunteer activities, as an indicator of people’s involvement in civic life. We outline a theory on how transitions between labor market states—within, into, and out of the labor force—bring about changes in civic engagement and test our predictions using panel data from the Current Population Survey 2002–2015. Contrary to what much previous research suggests, we find that people who become unemployed are more likely to start volunteering and no more likely to stop. We additionally show that people who leave the labor force altogether (i.e., not having a job nor looking for one) are more likely to stop volunteering. Conversely, entering the labor force, either by securing or searching for a job, is associated with an increase in volunteer activities. We explore the role of motivation and time resources in accounting for these patterns, finding among other things that moving into or out of the most detached labor market state—outside the labor force without any intention to find work—is most consequential for civic engagement. We discuss the implications of our findings for civic democracy in light of ongoing labor market trends.

EFFECTS OF GLOBAL LABOR MARKET TRENDS ON THE CONTENT OF PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF FUTURE IT MANAGERS

The article outlines key trends in the global labor market and Ukraine’s labor market, describes the role of the information technology industry in the global economy and the economy of Ukraine, and establishes the mutual influence of the labor market and IT market trends. The authors analyze the issues of personnel shortages, in particular, IT managers, in the field of IT, in view of the dual nature of IT management. Then they summarize the global workforce management trends for 2017-2018 using Deloitte, EY and PwC data, and compare the problems urgent for workers, on the one hand, and human resources managers, on the other hand. Further they outline the key workforce management trends to watch in 2019 and highlight the expansion of HR managers’ functions and optimization of workforce management approaches and tools due to the labor market change and IT developments. They also single out high-priority workforce management tasks in the opinion of the tech and telecommunications industry. The authors determine the tasks of IT managers in the field of workforce management and stress that these tasks can be taken into account by Ukrainian higher educational institutions when developing and improving their training programs for future IT managers. They emphasize cooperation between IT companies and higher educational institutions aimed at increasing talent density in the IT industry, and give actual examples of such cooperation. They conclude that, on the one hand, IT managers as executives should be aware of the current workforce market trends to help their companies attract talents and manage them effectively using advanced workforce management tools and technologies, and on the other hand, workforce market trends should guide the higher educational institutions that train future IT managers.

Migration of Latin American nurses to Spain 2006-2016: a case study.

AimTo examine the migration of nurses from Latin America to Spain over the period from 2006 to 2016.BackgroundThis study examines the impact of the 2008 global economic crisis on migration flows of nurses to Spain from its major source countries of Latin America.MethodsUsing an exploratory case study, we present original data provided by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport of the Government of Spain upon request on applications and success rates for credential recognition of nurses intending to immigrate to Spain, with an extended analysis of Latin American applications which account for the 70% of skilled worker migration to Spain.ResultsSuccessful applications for credential recognition of overseas nursing qualifications plummeted from a peak of 1384 in 2007 to 55 in 2016. Migration intentionality also decreased but has undergone a slight increase in recent years.Discussion/ConclusionWe found that the economic crisis effectively closed the door to internationally educated nurses to work as nurses in Spain. Moreover, the denial of official recognition of nursing credentials appears to be unaffected by the existence of bilateral trade and mobility agreements between Spain and source countries. We conclude that the level of nursing migration to Spain is a sensitive indicator of domestic labour market conditions.Implications for health policyDespite the lack of any transparent policy on the credential approvals, in practice the government is limiting access to the nursing labour market by overseas education nurses. We urge that attention be paid by health human resource planners on the intersection between labour market and migration trends to support a transparent and data‐informed discussion by all stakeholders on the current state of the nursing labour market in Spain and its future needs.

The growing American health penalty: International trends in the employment of older workers with poor health

Many countries have reduced the generosity of sickness and disability programs while making them more activating – yet few studies have examined how employment rates have subsequently changed. We present estimates of how employment rates of older workers with poor health in 13 high-income countries changed 2004–7 to 2012–15 using HRS/SHARE/ELSA data. We find that those in poor health in the USA have experienced a unique deterioration: they have not only seen a widening gap to the employment rates of those with good health, but their employment rates fell per se. We find only for Sweden (and possibly England) signs that the health employment gap shrank, with rising employment but stable gaps elsewhere. We then examine possible explanations for the development in the USA: we find no evidence it links to labor market trends, but possible links to the USA's lack of disability benefit reform and wider economic trends.

Reforming Social Security: The Challenge of Income Inequality

Objective: This article examines the role Social Security plays in alleviating poverty among retirees in the context of threats to its solvency. Method: Examining long-term employment trends, declining access to defined benefit pensions and saving behavior can determine if in the more future Social Security beneficiaries are likely to be poor. Results: Labor market trends driven by technical change, global competition and increasing demand for services indicate that more future retirees will have lower life-time earnings that yield lower social security benefits and reduced saving for retirement. Coupled with a significant decline in defined benefit plans, older Americans are more likely to face more financial hardship after they can no longer work. Conclusion: Poverty among retirees will rise unless social security benefits for low-income retiree are increased. Cutting benefits for high-income retirees can erode political support for Social Security, suggesting that general revenue is the best source of funding to combat poverty among older Americans. Taxing wealth is a possible source of revenue.

The effect of unemployment benefits on health: A propensity score analysis

In the wake of the Great Recession, an expanding body of research has highlighted the role of social protection policies in mitigating the deleterious effects of adverse socioeconomic experiences. In this paper, we examine whether unemployment benefits – a key pillar of national social protection systems – can offset the negative health consequences of unemployment. Using cross-sectional nationally representative data from the Canadian Community Health Survey covering the period between 2009 and 2014, we employed propensity score matching to estimate the effect of receiving unemployment benefits on self-rated health among the unemployed. After matching benefit recipients to comparable non-recipient ‘controls’, we found that receiving unemployment benefits was associated with better health outcomes. In our main analyses, benefit recipiency reduced the probability of reporting poor self-rated health among the unemployed by up to 4.9% (95% CI −7.3, −2.5). Sensitivity analyses stratified by socioeconomic position revealed stronger treatment effects among lower income and less educated individuals. By contrast, treatment effects were small or negligible among higher income and more educated individuals. Our findings provide evidence that unemployment benefits can play an important role in offsetting the negative health consequences of unemployment among the socioeconomically disadvantaged. These findings lend support to recent calls, including many from within the field of public health, for governments to respond to current labor market trends by expanding the generosity and scope of social protection policies.