Competitive Labor Market Research Articles

A Study on the Impacters of the Disabled Worker’s Subjective Career Success in the Competitive Labour Market: Application of the Multi-Level Analysis of the Individual and Organizational Properties

A Study on the Impacters of the Disabled Worker’s Subjective Career Success in the Competitive Labour Market: Application of the Multi-Level Analysis of the Individual and Organizational Properties

Benchmarking, Incentive Rebalancing, and the Influence of Labor Market Competition on CEO Equity Grants

We examine the extent to which participation constraints influence CEO annual equity grants. Studying CEO equity grants over the period 2006-2016 and using equity grants to compensation peers as a proxy for the reservation equity grant level, we find that the reservation wage in equity is a determinant of the magnitude of equity grants. We also find that firms are more likely to meet the peer grant levels when there is higher labor market competition and when the firm discloses that key personnel is a risk factor. CEO turnover is more likely when the firm grants equity below the peer level. Further, firms are less likely to meet peer equity grant levels and increase cash compensation when the CEO holds a large portfolio of equity incentives. Overall, the results suggest that the participation constraint influences annual equity grants and that firms consider the potential costs of providing too much equity.

Strategic Shirking in Competitive Labor Markets: A General Model of Multi-Task Promotion Tournaments with Employer Learning

In a multi-task, market-based promotion tournament model, under different environments concerning employer learning about worker ability, it is shown that: i) Asymmetric learning in multi-task jobs is a necessary condition for strategic (i.e., underperforming on certain tasks to increase the promotion probability). ii) When learning becomes increasingly symmetric on one task, the effort allocated to that task could increase or decrease, but effort on the other task increases. iii) Strategic shirking does not occur in equilibrium in single-task models. iv) Promotions signal worker ability even when there is symmetric learning on one task, if learning is asymmetric on another.

An Empirical Research on the Correlation between Human Capital and Career Success: Serbian and Macedonian Banking Sector

Abstract Understanding the impact of human capital on the achievement of career success is essential for each individual in turbulent times on the labor market. Banking sector also is human capital intensive and plays a critical role for the banks in meeting their goals and offering services to its clients. In the current era of technology, globalization and the general progress principles of "knowledge economy" are ruling. So, each individual in the labor market who wants to build own career, should work on continuous improvement of human capital. This helps their recognition in the increasingly competitive labor market, which eliminates "weak players" since their inability to adapt the modern trends and staff needs. The paper determines that human resource management (HRM) in banking sector must embrace strategic human resource planning programs with all banks strategy. This underlines the essential meaning of designing an effective recruitment policy with these strategies as formulation and implementation of active reward policy. Also, banks should include more active training and development for employees. This paper presents a statistical analysis of the correlation mentioned categories, based on 474 employees, in Serbian and Macedonian banking sector. Analyses such as Chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U, Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z test and linear regression, proving the significance impact of the development of employees' human capital on career success, viewed through different hierarchical positions in a particular sector.

Augmenting Tertiary Students' Soft Skills Via Multiple Intelligences Instructional Approach: Literature Courses in Focus

The second half of the twentieth century is a witness to an unprecedentedly soaring increase in the number of students joining the arena of higher education(UNESCO,2001). Currently, the number of students at Saudi universities and colleges exceeds one million vis-à-vis 7000 in 1970(Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Washington). Such enormous body of learners in higher education is per se diverse enough to embrace distinct learning styles, assorted repertoire of backgrounds, prior knowledge, experiences, and perspectives; at this juncture, they presumably share common aspiration which is hooking a compatible post in the labor market upon graduation, and to subsequently be capable of acting competently in a scrupulously competitive workplace environment. Bunch of potentialities and skills are patently vital for a graduate to reach such a prospect. Such bunch of skills in a conventional undergraduate paradigm of education were given no heed, being rather postponed to the post-graduation phase. The current Paper postulated tremendous merits of deploying the Multiple Intelligences theory as a project-based approach, within literature classes in higher education; a strategy geared towards reigniting students’ engagement, nurturing their critical thinking capabilities, sustaining their individualistic dispositions, molding them as inquiry-seekers, and ending up engendering life-long, autonomous learners, well-armed with the substantial skills for traversing the rigorous competition in future labor market. Keywords: Multiple intelligences, teaching Literature, motivation, autonomous learning, critical thinking.

Foreign direct investment and higher education development in Pakistan: evidence from structural break testing

This study investigates the relationship between foreign direct investment and higher education development in Pakistan by using the annual time series data from the period of 1972 to 2013. Results of autoregressive distributed lag-based coefficient model, fully modified ordinary least square method and dynamic ordinary least square method indicate that foreign direct investment has a positive and significant impact on higher education in long run and short run. Results of causality analysis suggest the unidirectional causal relationship of foreign direct investment and higher education development in Pakistan which runs from foreign direct investment to higher education development. It is concluded that foreign direct investment brings advanced technologies, which requires more skilled and managerial labour force. Similarly, the competition in labour market also increases with the entrance of foreign direct investment. Consequently, people go for higher studies to enhance their capabilities and to get the competitive edge in the labour market.

Foreign direct investment and higher education development in Pakistan: evidence from structural break testing

This study investigates the relationship between foreign direct investment and higher education development in Pakistan by using the annual time series data from the period of 1972 to 2013. Results of autoregressive distributed lag-based coefficient model, fully modified ordinary least square method and dynamic ordinary least square method indicate that foreign direct investment has a positive and significant impact on higher education in long run and short run. Results of causality analysis suggest the unidirectional causal relationship of foreign direct investment and higher education development in Pakistan which runs from foreign direct investment to higher education development. It is concluded that foreign direct investment brings advanced technologies, which requires more skilled and managerial labour force. Similarly, the competition in labour market also increases with the entrance of foreign direct investment. Consequently, people go for higher studies to enhance their capabilities and to get the competitive edge in the labour market.

The Principle of Social Scaling

This paper identifies a general class of economic processes capable of generating the first-moment constraints implicit in the observed cross-sectional distributions of a number of economic variables: processes of social scaling. Across a variety of settings, the outcomes of economic competition reflect the normalization of individual values of certain economic quantities by average or social measures of themselves. The resulting socioreferential processes establish systematic interdependences among individual values of important economic variables, which under certain conditions take the form of emergent first-moment constraints on their distributions. The paper postulates a principle describing this systemic regulation of socially scaled variables and illustrates its empirical purchase by showing how capital- and labor-market competition can give rise to patterns of social scaling that help account for the observed distributions of Tobin’s q and wage income. The paper’s discussion embodies a distinctive approach to understanding and investigating empirically the relationship between individual agency and structural determinations in complex economic systems and motivates the development of observational foundations for aggregative, macrolevel economic analysis.

Влияние налога на прибыль на экономические показатели в условиях эндогенного выбора между рынком труда и предпринимательством

The paper presents the general equilibrium model describing the interaction between heterogeneous agents, chosing between the labor market and business, and the government, which is responsible for collecting the tax on profits of private entrepreneurs and the redistribution of funds received. Each agent has one unit of labor, and he is a neutral to the risk and indifferent to the individual leisure. An agent have two variants of behavior: he can become wage-worker in a perfectly competitive labor market and receive at the same time the equilibrium wage. Another option - he can open his own company (which he devoted all his time), and hire workers in the labor market. Every entrepreneur has a production function depending on his managerial ability. Businessman chooses the optimal amount of hired labor that maximizes his profit. It is shown that the introduction of an extremely small tax does not affect the aggregate output in the economy, and increases the supply of labor and reduces wages. A further increase in the tax rate leads to a growing negative impact on the total supply of the product. It is shown that these conclusions are correct in the case where the tax base is an accounting rather than economic profit. The introduction of the tax on economic profit in fact coincide with the simultaneous introduction of tax on accounting profit and wages, with the result that the parameters do not change the balance in the economy. Consequences of imposition of a income tax on the basic parameters of equilibrium are estimated.

LANGUAGE PORTFOLIO AS A SELF-ASSESSMENT TOOL IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE LEARNING

Ponte Academic JournalFeb 2017, Volume 73, Issue 2 LANGUAGE PORTFOLIO AS A SELF-ASSESSMENT TOOL IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE LEARNINGAuthor(s): M. V. Kuimova ,M. A. GolousenkoJ. Ponte - Feb 2017 - Volume 73 - Issue 2 doi: 10.21506/j.ponte.2017.2.39 Abstract:The modern labor market puts forward high demands for jobs not only among university graduates, but also among specialists with experience. The training of competent and independent graduates able to meet the labor market competition requires innovative approaches to teaching, scientific and methodical work of the educational process. Portfolio is one of modern technologies allowing to effectively plan and assess the process and results of training. It complements traditional assessment means allowing to track the student�s individual progress in a broad educational context. The authors consider theoretical background language of portfolio and share their experience of working with it while studying a foreign language. Download full text:Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution Username Password

Quality Assurance as Internal Mechanism of Increasing the Competitiveness of the Higher Education Institution in the Context of International Integration

Background/Objectives: The objective of this study is to demonstrate that international independent assessment of education quality supports the internal mechanism of improving the competitiveness of educational institutions in the Baikal Region. Methods: Theoretical and methodological basis of research is represented by methods of independent expert assessment of education quality (certification, auditing, accreditation, ranking); identifying strategic perspective directions and technologies based on the Foresight methodology (scenario approach, expert panels, technological road mapping of the transition from the current state to the stages of development, bibliometric analysis of the database on the quality of education). Findings: The process of consistent regulation and standardization of higher education in Russia is an important component of international harmonization of educational systems. Ensuring higher education specialist training at the level appropriate for future needs of domestic and international labor market predetermines the ever-increasing interest in the educational process quality not only on the part of the state but also on the part of society as a whole. The development of competition in the education market and increased requirements to the quality of education in the labor market place new demands on educational organization management and determine the need for independent evaluation. The basic approaches to an independent evaluation of the quality of educational programs, which give proof of the graduates’ readiness for independent activity in the professional field, are: assessment of higher educational establishment quality of conformity with international management standards through external audit carried out by independent experts; professional public accreditation of educational programs; expert scenario planning of strategic directions to improve the quality of education at the university. Applications/Improvements: The study will help organize, assess and improve educational processes to meet the new requirements set by competition in the modern labor market.

Managerial Labor Market during Institutional Transition: A study of CEO compensation and voluntary turnover

AbstractManuscript TypeEmpiricalResearch Question/IssueThis paper investigates the influence of CEO compensation on voluntary turnover and the moderating role of the managerial labor market. It explores how institutional contingencies related to labor market transparency, mobility, and competitiveness shape supply and demand conditions of the managerial labor market, and consequently affect the relationship between CEO underpayment and turnover.Research Findings/InsightsUsing a sample of Chinese listed firms between 2002 and 2011, we document that underpaid CEOs are associated with a larger likelihood of voluntary turnover in China. Importantly, we find that CEO underpayment will increase the likelihood of voluntary turnover to a greater extent when executive compensation disclosure is mandatory, when regional labor mobility is higher, and when industry growth rate is larger. Overall, our study demonstrates that underpayment below the market rate motivates CEOs to exit their organizations and such a reaction is more likely to materialize when managerial labor market conditions are favorable enough to create a strong pull force.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsThis study adopts an interdisciplinary perspective built on institutional theory, organizational psychology, and labor economics to examine the role of the managerial labor market during institutional transition. It integrates the social psychological explanation of turnover with the perspective of labor economics by linking both pull side and push side drivers of organizational participation with demand and supply conditions of the managerial labor market.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsThis study suggests that the design of executive compensation should consider the ongoing labor market rate for retention and motivation reasons, especially when managerial talent is under tight supply and strong demand.

Poradnictwo karier w sektorze szkolnictwa zawodowego – refleksje – dylematy – pytania

The text brings closer the career (vocational) guidance issues in the context of the vocational education specificity. Liquid modernity, with multidirectional changes occurring at a great speed, and growing requirements of the competitive labour market have become fertile soil for the growth of all sorts of guidance services, i.e. activities that concern the entire human life and treat individuals in a holistic way. Being one of them, the career guidance has travelled a long way undergoing a paradigmatic change of its objectives and tasks and of other aspects, i.e. how a relation with a client starts or what methods are applied. Vocational school students are one of those groups where career structuring is in demand. Being a weak link in Poland’s education system before the economic and political system transformations of 1989, after this date the group actually has started drifting, losing to the growing educational aspirations and the boom of secondary education that opened the door to increasingly popular higher education. Current efforts to restore vocational education need to be coupled with career guidance services that are provided professionally to the present and future vocational school students. Assumptions of these career guidance activities do not seem to differ basically from the general assumptions applied in the holistic guidance, which does not mean that a search for methods suited to this group of young people should be discontinued.

What Does Compensation of Portfolio Managers Tell Us about Mutual Fund Industry? Evidence from Israeli Tax Records

We study the determinants of compensation in the mutual fund industry using Israeli tax records. The portfolio manager compensation is influenced by fund flows driven by past raw returns. Managers are thus paid equally for fund superior performance and for the fund’s passive benchmark returns. We interpret these results though a model that combines trust-mediated money management in the spirit of Gennanioli, Shleifer and Vishny (2015) and imperfect labor market competition. In our model, compensation and fund size are jointly determined by expected raw returns and by the level of intermediary’s trustworthiness. Additional empirical evidence confirms the distinct model predictions.

With or without siblings: Sorting into competition in the experimental labor market

We employ a well-controlled laboratory experiment to examine whether only children and those with siblings differ in their willingness to compete. We find that only children are more likely to undervalue the chance of winning and shy away from competition, but they become to embrace competition as their self-assessed winning probability increases. Alternatively, once uncertainty of relative performance is removed, the gap in willingness to compete between the two groups disappears. Utilizing a two-stage model of decision weights under uncertainty, we find that such a gap is predominantly caused by their heterogeneous attitudes toward ambiguity.

Oh Brother Where Art Thou?: The Struggles of African American Men in the Global Economy of the Information Age

As early as the late 1980’s, William Wilson argued that widespread economic transitions had altered the socioeconomic structure of American inner cities to the detriment of African Americans. Wilson identified declines in manufacturing work and its replacement with poorly compensated service sector work as driving racial segregation and leaving African Americans jobless, poor and alienated from American society. These transitions were particularly problematic for African American men since manufacturing work was their primary gateway to middle-class employment while African American women had already focused more on service work. Since the initial exposition of Wilson’s theory of deindustrialization, Wilson’s framework of transition, disadvantage and alienation has proven true with a vengeance for working class African American men. The decline in manufacturing jobs since the 1980’s has left African American men without their traditional gateway to the middle-class and accelerated the decline of American unions which benefited those men. As the economy transitioned from manufacturing to service jobs, African American men’s disadvantages in education have left them at a loss in competing for the high wage jobs that remain. At the same time de-industrialization was sweeping our economy, the nation waged a “War on Drugs,” largely at the expense of inner city African American men who suffered high rates of imprisonment with long mandatory sentences even for non-violent offences. These high rates of imprisonment removed African American men from the Black community and left them at a serious disadvantage in an increasingly competitive low-skilled labor market. As their prospects for employment declined, African American men became increasingly alienated from the labor market and the family. Although the labor force participation rate has declined for all men, it has declined much more steeply for Black men so that Blacks have become the first racial or ethnic group for which the male labor force participation rate is below that of the women. As Black men’s fortunes in the labor market declined, so too did their prospects for marriage and childrearing. Steady employment remains men’s key to marriage and child-rearing and increasingly poor women have decided it was better to have children outside of marriage with the man’s only participation as the subject of child support claims which could also result in imprisonment for non-payment. Although these deleterious transitions have had an impact across the working class, their impact has been particularly hard on African American men because of their high reliance on manufacturing jobs, their greater disadvantages in education and their much harsher treatment under our criminal justice system. In this chapter I outline the current problems for African American men in the global economy of the information age.

Welcoming Immigrants with Similar Occupational Interests: Experimental Survey Evidence from Hong Kong

Recent studies in America and Europe suggest that individual economic self-interest plays little role in explaining individual attitudes towards immigrants. A key piece of evidence for this proposition is that natives do not show particular hostility towards immigrants whose skill levels are similar to their own. We conducted an experimental survey of Hong Kong residents to examine their attitudes towards immigrants from Mainland China. We found that positive attitudes towards low-skilled immigrants were more prevalent among local labourers – whose job security would presumably be under greater threat from them – than among executives and professionals. Similarly, the premium attached to highly skilled immigrants increases significantly with locals’ occupational prestige, suggesting that immigrants are more likely to find support among natives who share similar occupational interests. Our results remain robust even after controlling for a range of potential explanatory variables. We conclude with a critical discussion of the use of skill levels to estimate the occupational interests of natives and assess the value of relying on the conventional labour market competition model to generate hypotheses about the role of economic self-interest in shaping immigration preferences.

Labour market competition and immigration attitudes in an established gateway

ABSTRACTAlthough anti-immigrant sentiment is often attributed to economic competition with foreign-born workers, research has provided contradictory results. This paper combines survey and occupation data to re-examine the relationship between immigration attitudes and labour market competition in Houston, an established immigration gateway. I analyse data from multiple waves of the Houston Area Survey and the American Community Survey, the Bureau of Labor Statistics, and O*NET. Results indicate that labour market competition is associated with preferences for reducing immigration in Houston. Those working in occupations with recent increases in the number of foreign-born workers, that require less education, and that have higher rates of unemployment are more likely to prefer to reduce future legal immigration, even after controlling for perceived economic and cultural threats. These results support other research at the occupation and industry levels and suggest that labour market competition is a factor in shaping immigration attitudes.

Professional rehabilitation as aspect integration of disabled people in society (on example of the Republic of Mari El)

In the article there is reflected the complex of the most important andfundamental problems ofintegration ofpersons with disabilities into society in two ways: in the theoretical and methodological and analytical-sociological. There are considered institutional aspects of the vocational rehabilitation atfour levels: international, national, regional and local. The study of the views ofdomestic researchers in theoretical and methodological terms has shown problems of the employment ofpersons with disabilities at the regional level to be insufficiently studied up until now. In this connection there were investigated main directions of vocational rehabilitation and integration of disabled people into society thanks to efforts of the Government of the Mari El Republic, Main Bureau of Social and Medical and Expertise of the Republic of Mari El of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation, Department of Labor and Employment ofpopulation of the Republic of Mari El. There is given an estimation of the management and vocational rehabilitation of persons with disabilities in the competitive mesoeconomic labour market. On the basis of monitoring and sociological research of two categories of respondents there were identified priorities, issues andfactors, determined the employment of the disabled persons as a specific population group. The dynamics of active forms of the employment and ranging opinions of respondents allowed to prove the positive role of vocational rehabilitation to expedite the integration processes of disabled persons in society: decline in the number of cases of disability among working age persons surveyedfirstly, reducing the percentage of the gain in the severity ofdisability, the increase in the proportion of the complete rehabilitation among the adult population, the decline in the proportion ofpersons with disabilities among the unemployed people owing to such forms as the organization of specialized job fairs, quotas and creation of work places, referral of disabled persons about self employment. Nevertheless, bearing in mind the persistence of revealed problems, there are proposed author measures on the improvement of the efficacy of the impact of vocational rehabilitation ofpersons with disabilities to accelerate their integration into society, taking into account vectorness, including governing bodies, employers and people with disabilities.

Millennials and Public Service: An Exploratory Analysis of Graduate Student Career Motivations and Expectations

Canada's public service workforce is aging, and all levels of government will experience a large number of retirements in the coming years. In an increasingly competitive labour market, governments face challenges in attracting and retaining new recruits, particularly among the “Millennial generation,” who are entering the workforce, and whose outlook on work appears to differ significantly from previous generations. What motivates Millennials to pursue a public service career? What are their expectations concerning the benefits of a career in the public sector? This study explores these questions through a qualitative analysis of written statements of Canadian Master's students seeking a career in the public service. The findings demonstrate that Millennials are motivated both by perceived intrinsic benefits, such as the opportunity to make a difference in society, as well as extrinsic rewards, such as opportunities for career advancement. In addition, many identify a public service career as a “calling”—a sense of obligation to contribute to the public interest— and the analysis reveals various events and experiences that inspire this “call to serve.” Implications for public sector recruitment and retention of Millennials are presented.