Labor Job Research Articles

Perverse Incentives? Labor Market Regulation and Performance in the Public Sector

We test the link between labor market regulations and job performance in the public sector using a novel outcome variable, namely, the number of days it takes the postal service to return letters sent to nonexistent foreign addresses, a measure that we argue is an excellent proxy for job performance. We find a positive and statistically significant link between these two variables, regardless of the labor regulation measure employed, changes in specification, and even unlikely endogeneity considerations, which suggest that this finding may be causal.

Migration journeys: The experiences of ethnic minority men and women in Vietnam – China border areas

Each year thousands of ethnic minority people in Vietnam – China border areas illegally cross from Vietnam into China to involve themselves in non-contract manual labour jobs. The research was conducted in the Lung Khau Nhin commune, Muong Khuong district, Lao Cai province with 100 direct questionnaire and 10 in-depth interviews with migrants and local officials. All interviews were translated into local ethnic minority languages. The following explains unique experiences of both males and females at all stages of the migration process as well as its impacts on gender relations. The research highlighted gender differences in their migration journeys. Based on the survey participants’ assessment, migration had both positive and negative gender impacts, in which men reported more positive experiences while women suffered from more negative effects at community, family and personal levels. Additionally, research participants stated increased family incomes. Mobility and social network were also improved. On the contrary, migration also created adverse impacts on gender relations in family and in the community as a whole.

호텔 기업의 노동시장 유연성, 직무불안정성 및 조직냉소주의 간구조적 관계

본 연구는 호텔 기업 노동시장의 유연성이 구성원들의 직무불안정성 및 조직냉소주의에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 확인하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위하여 문헌연구를 바탕으로 국내 호텔의 노동시장 유연성, 직무불안정성, 조직냉소주의와 관련된 속성을 도출하였다. 이러한 속성을 바탕으로 본 연구의 분석을 위해 7개의 특급 호텔의 구성원을 대상으로 총 264부의 유효 설문지가 빈도 분석, 신뢰도 및 확인적 요인분석, 상관관계분석, 구조방정식모형 분석에 사용되었다. 본 연구의 실증 분석 결과, 호텔 기업 노동시장 유연성의 하위요인인 수량적 유연성, 기능적 유연성 및 임금 유연성 모두 직무불안정성의 하위요인인 구성원들의 무력감 및 직무상실가능성에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 호텔 기업 노동시장 유연성의 하위요인인 수량적 유연성 및 기능적 유연성은 조직냉소주의에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나, 임금 유연성은 조직냉소주의에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 분석되었다. 마지막으로, 직무불안정성의 하위요인인 구성원들의 무력감과 직무상실가능성은 조직냉소주의에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이를 통하여 본 연구는 호텔 기업이 급격한 노동시장의 유연성을 추진하는 과정에서 발생되는 구성원들의 직무불안정성 및 조직에 대한 냉소주의를 해소할 수 있는 유용한 정보를 제언하고자 한다.

Does Information Technology Substitute for or Complement Human Labor? A Dynamic Stratified Analysis on European Countries

ABSTRACTThe interaction between information technology (IT) and human labor in manufacturing and service provision has always been a topic of much debate. Anchored from the skill‐biased technological change theory and the organizational complementarity theory, this study proposes a dynamic stratified analysis and argues that the relationship between IT and labor is more nuanced than what has been conceptualized in prior literature. We find that IT can not only substitute for human labor but also can complement it—the exact nature depends on the skill levels of the labor. In addition, as the capability of IT continues to grow, the substitution/complementarity relationship between IT and labor evolves over time. We test our hypotheses using the EU KLEMS dataset covering 31 industries from 13 EU countries from year 1970 to 2005. The findings shed light on the nature of interaction between IT and human labor and contribute to both the information systems literature and the operations management literature by providing a deeper understanding on how IT can influence labor input, tasks, jobs, and productivity.

Blame the Parents? How Parental Unemployment Affects Labor Supply and Job Quality for Young Adults

We study the role of shocks to parental income in determining the labor market outcomes of children entering the labor market. We find that a child whose parent loses a job prior to the child’s lab...

Should Place-Based Jobs Policies Be Used to Help Distressed Communities?

Should policymakers seek to increase jobs in particular local labor markets? Yes, but only if these policies are well targeted and designed. Encouraging job growth in distressed places can cause persistent gains in employment-to-population ratios. But our current place-based jobs policies, under which state and local governments provide long-term tax incentives to megacorporations, are poorly targeted and designed. Such incentives are as large in nondistressed areas as in distressed areas, and they are excessively costly. What reforms are needed? First, job growth policies should target distressed areas. Second, tax incentives should be focused on high-multiplier businesses, such as high-tech firms. Third, officials can more effectively promote local job creation by relying less on tax incentives and more on public services. These include customized business services, infrastructure, land development policies, local education, and job training. The federal government can use taxes and intergovernmental grants to discourage city or state officials from giving excessive state and local incentives to the largest firms. The federal government can also provide block grants to state and local governments to provide services that promote job growth in distressed places.

Management Practices of Rural Enterprises versus Markets of Urban Areas

Rural and urban areas have very different distributions of jobs. Professionals, skilled workers, semiskilled employees, and unskilled laborers all coexist in metropolitan areas. Education, experience, and practice are the means through which specialists acquire their expertise. People in rural areas traditionally work in agriculture, but many are leaving the industry for more lucrative but less physically demanding alternatives including retail, specialized labor, and wage jobs. As technology spreads to more outlying locations, educational standards in rural areas are rising quickly. Both agricultural production and agricultural employment are declining at a rapid rate. The service industry is where much of the growth has been seen. While at a far slower rate, the industrial sector has also grown. Rural communities are seeing a far quicker pace of growth in blue-collar employment (mainly manufacturing and service employees) than their urban counterparts. As a person's work is often indicative of their family's disposable income, it plays a part in destination marketing efforts. This has repercussions for how much various products and services cost in various regions. Companies may have trouble charging different customers various prices. The improved financial situation of rural customers, reflected in the increasing number of skilled employment and salary positions in rural India, means that businesses may get a strong foothold in the rural sector and even explore previously unexplored regions.

Effects of Argentine Students’ Support Program on Labor Transitions and Job Quality of Young People

The deficits in the quality of employment in Argentina are particularly high among young people. To address this problem, the program PROGRESAR was created in January 2014 to encourage the educational completion of this group in order to improve their employability. The purpose of this document is to analyze the impact of this program on the transition to decent work. The effect of the program is estimated using a panel model with fixed effects. The program increases the probability of transition to quality jobs among young people. Specifically, the eligible group have 4.1 percentage point more chances of accessing formal, salaried employment mainly when they come from inactivity. Women, on the other hand, are more likely to enter a formal employment without other quality deficits —6.2 percentage point—.

Organizational injustice and emotional labor of hotel front-line employees

Using equity and appraisal theories to integrate four dimensions of organizational justice and emotional labor, this study examines effects of organizational injustice and emotional labor. Perceptions of front-line hotel employees of customer injustice (interpersonal and informational), procedural and distributive injustice and their perceived effect on employees’ emotional labor and subsequent job satisfaction were examined. Our finding suggests the distributive injustice had an effect on hotel employees’ emotional labor, while effects of informational and procedural injustice on emotional labor were moderated by gender.

Enforcement of labor regulations and job flows: evidence from Brazilian cities

The frequency of labor inspections in Brazil increased in the late 1990s. In the years that followed, between 2003 and 2007, formal employment expanded significantly in the country. This paper examines whether these city-level changes in labor inspections could be a significant factor contributing to the increase in the number of formal labor contracts at the city level. We exploit unique administrative data on formal employment on different indicators for job and worker flows—including job creation, destruction, reallocation, accessions, and separations—between 1996 and 2006, and on the intensity of labor inspections, both at the city level. The results show that increases in the enforcement of labor market regulations at the subnational level led to an increase in gross and net formal job creation rates and accession rates in a period when the Brazilian GDP and formal employment were growing and informality rates were declining. In contrast, increases in enforcement of regulations are not significantly correlated with changes in the rate of job destruction. This finding is robust to different specifications and is consistent with a model where formal jobs become more attractive to workers when enforcement of different types of labor regulations increases.JEL ClassificationJ21, J63, E24, H80, C23

Long-term Patient-Reported Outcomes After Surgery for Hypothenar Hammer Syndrome.

Background: This study aims to describe the long-term patient-reported outcomes after surgery for hypothenar hammer syndrome (HTHS) and to identify factors associated with inferior outcomes. Methods: We retrospectively identified 27 patients who underwent surgical intervention for HTHS from 2002 to 2016. Fifteen patients (56%) completed outcome questionnaires: Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand, Cold Intolerance Symptom Severity (CISS) survey, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Upper Extremity Computer Adaptive Test, and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Pain Interference Computer Adaptive Test. The median questionnaire follow-up was 7.2 years (interquartile range, 3.1-9.9). Outcomes were compared across different surgical techniques, and the influence of patient-related factors on outcomes was also evaluated. Results: Six (40%) patients experienced complete symptom resolution, 6 (40%) had improvement without complete resolution, 1 (7%) had resolution followed by recurrence, and 2 (13%) reported no improvement. The most common symptom after surgical intervention was cold intolerance. Questionnaire scores were similar across ligation, direct repair, and vein graft vascular reconstruction. Patients had better CISS scores if they had surgery on their nondominant hand (13.2 vs 38.6) and did not have a manual labor job (18.1 vs 40.5). Conclusions: Surgery for HTHS leads to moderate long-term improvement in patient-reported outcomes. Different surgical techniques yield similar symptomatic relief. Manual labor and surgery of the dominant hand are associated with worse CISS scores.

A Workplace-Based Intervention to Improve Awareness, Knowledge, and Utilization of Breast, Cervical, and Colorectal Cancer Screenings Among Latino Service and Manual Labor Employees in Utah.

In the United States, Latinos are more likely to be uninsured and diagnosed with later stage cancer than non-Hispanic whites. Promotoras (lay health educators) help improve cancer knowledge and facilitate access to cancer screenings. We tested a promotora led workplace-based intervention to improve knowledge of and adherence to breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening among Latino employees in service or manual labor jobs. Latinos 18 and older from Salt Lake County, Utah were enrolled from January 2015 to February 2016. N = 265 completed pre- and post-intervention surveys that measured knowledge of and adherence to breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screenings. Demographic, economic, and cancer factors of participants who completed the intervention were compared to those who were incomplete. Changes in knowledge and adherence were calculated using McNemar's tests. Logistic regression compared outcomes by select demographic, economic and cancer factors. More participants were older, spoke Non-English languages, were single/widow(er)s, worked part-time, and had an immediate family member with cancer compared to those who did not complete the study (all p < 0.05). Knowledge of the age to begin cancer screenings increased significantly from baseline to follow-up for cervical (65.1-77.7%), breast (67.2-81.7%), and colorectal cancer (49.8-80.7%), all p ≤ 0.001. Knowledge of the frequency of cervical (34.0-46.5%) and colorectal (72.1-84.5%) screening increased from baseline to follow-up, both p < 0.001. Adherence to fecal immunochemical tests (FIT) for colorectal cancer increased from baseline to follow-up (13.8-56.9%, p < 0.001). Promotora led workplace-based interventions can strengthen community capacity for educating and supporting Latino employees in preventing breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer.

Youth labor market expectations and job matching in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from school-to-work transition surveys

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we investigate the factors that influence youth labour market expectations and outcomes. We also perform a job matching exercise to understand youth labour market dynamics in Sub-Saharan Africa. Our results show that youth education is an influential factor of youth employment expectations and employment, ceteris paribus. Higher educational attainments have a great impact on expecting and securing better jobs, particularly in the technical and professional fields. Youth with low educational attainments, particularly primary education and lower, have a higher tendency to expect to be employed in occupations with low job complexity. Our results indicate a severe job-skill mismatch in all occupational categories, both before and after the youth’s transition into the labour market. Using education as the only selection criterion, we found that less than 10 per cent of employment expectations match with skills required while 55 per cent and 34 per cent are under or over-educated for the jobs expected, respectively. Over and under education is a notable feature in youth labour markets in Sub-Saharan Africa. About 47 per cent of employed youth in the sample are overqualified for their respective jobs while 28 per cent are under qualified.

Polarization and the growth of low‐skill service jobs in Spanish local labor markets

AbstractThis paper analyzes the long‐term transformations of the occupational structure in 50 provinces of Spain with a view to ascertain the existence and assess the extent of employment polarization. The peculiar characteristics of this country, namely rigid labor markets and the relatively recent transition to democracy, make for an interesting addition to existing studies on this topic. In line with previous literature on other countries, we find a strong association between the decline of “routine” mid‐skill jobs and the expansion of low‐skill service employment as well as differential labor market outcomes by levels of formal education. Results are robust to various controls and instrumental variables that account for long‐term industry specialization. We also find a positive local multiplier effect of high‐skilled workers on the demand for nontradable service jobs.

一線服務人員的情緒, 情緒勞動策略及工作满意度間的結構關係研究

一線服務人員的情緒, 情緒勞動策略及工作满意度間的結構關係研究

Local Labor Markets and Job Match Quality: Teachers

This paper examines how the quality of a potential teacher’s outside option affects who chooses to teach. I use variation in state level unemployment rates as a source of plausibly exogenous variation in the outside option available to first-year teachers in the NCES-SASS. I find that higher quality workers–as measured by college selectivity–become teachers when the local labor market is weak. I also find that individuals who become teachers during times of higher local unemployment are more likely to express dissatisfaction with their jobs. Other observable demographic, educational, and certification characteristics of newly hired teachers are not affected. Teachers who enter during weaker labor markets are also no less likely to remain in teaching. Economic downturns provide a potential opportunity for schools to attract and retain higher quality workers, but job satisfaction may suffer.

Marzenia a rzeczywistość – kariery współczesnych muzyków

The article discusses the issue of employment, analysis of the labor market, statistical data and job opportunities for professional musicians in Poland. The challenges, problems, and requirements set for artists musicians in the modern labor market will be presented. We will also analyze the types of possible careers of modern musicians, necessary/required skills and qualifications to stay on the market and problems with education in art schools. The work will use the results of research and analysis of the latest reports on the employment (moving on the labor market) of graduates, as well as artists and creators both in Poland and abroad.

Employability Appraisal Scale (EAS): Development and Validation in a Spanish Sample.

Employability is an important issue in the labor context. Currently, the European Union presents employability as the path to full employment and active citizenship, and a strategy to reduce unemployment and poverty. This study develops and validates an Employability Appraisal Scale. Specifically, we propose a multidimensional employability scale that analyzes both individual indicators and personal circumstances from the Bioecological Model of Employability. The Employability Appraisal Scale (EAS) assesses personal and social dimensions of employability. It was developed and tested using data from 489 people from a very heterogeneous sample (precarious workers, professionals, prisoners, long-term unemployed, socially excluded, etc.). Results provide evidence for the multi-dimensional structure and validity of the EAS. This scale is a valid and reliable instrument to measure employability, and it provides criteria for interpreting scores. Finally, we present theoretical and practical implications of the EAS for social and labor integration, job transition, and career development. Our findings have positive implications for identifying effectiveness indicators in training programs, and they contribute to designing intervention policies to increase employability.

감정노동자들이 제공하고 있는 직업 이미지 및 직업선호도가 직업선택에 미치는 영향

In these days, emotional labor's problem is well known over the society. Emotional labors are couldn't protected by labor industry and it is cause from low-customer recognition and manpower shortage. As a result, emotional labors are often change there jobs and company can not hire well-mastered employees. In this study, researcher try to find out relationship among emotional labor's job image, job preference and job choice for help company to stabilizing there employment. To figure out casual relationship, 192 data are collected from related major students and job applicants for empirical analysis. Result of empirical study is that emotional labor's job image has positive effect on job preference and job preference has positive effect on job choice. And also result show us that job image which is 'service providing' has more possitive effect on job preference. Base on this results, researcher provide a managerial implications for labor stabilizing of company.

Worker cooperatives: alternative governance for caring and precarious work

PurposePrecarious work, characterized by low wages, unpredictable schedules and hours, physical hazards, and stressful psychosocial conditions, is a significant problem in the twenty-first century US economy. It most harshly affects women, racial/ethnic minorities, and immigrants. Caring labor jobs often involve precarious work and home health aide jobs are among the most precarious of these. With an ageing population creating high demand and a decline in the number of available workers, a societal crisis looms. The purpose of this paper is to discuss a business form that could positively impact the home care work environment.Design/methodology/approachThis paper reviews previous research to call for closer examination of worker cooperatives as a means to reduce precarious work among home health care workers.FindingsWorker cooperatives provide opportunities for economic empowerment for impoverished and marginalized workers. Cooperative Home Care Associates, a worker cooperative in the home care industry, reports better outcomes to workers than similar conventionally governed businesses.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper reviews results of a study comparing three organizational forms in the home health industry. Although there are relatively few worker cooperatives in the USA, future research should investigate this structure both where there is a low-wage labor force, and in general.Practical implicationsBetter outcomes for employees in the worker cooperative suggest that this is a viable business form for workers in precarious work environments.Social implicationsThe paper highlights the features of an organizational form that could help alleviate social ills caused by precarious work.Originality/valueThis paper considers the structure and function of a business form little studied in the management discipline. Based on their unique features and possibilities, worker cooperatives should be of interest to equality, diversity, and inclusion scholars; and to strategy, organizational behavior, and entrepreneurship scholars.