Composition Of Labor Force Research Articles

Does the Adjustment of Industrial Structure Restrain the Income Gap between Urban and Rural Areas

Abstract Industrial structure adjustment is a process that involves reconfiguring input factors to enhance productivity and efficiency. A crucial aspect of this adjustment is the transformation of the labor force composition, which subsequently affects the employment structure. Consequently, variations in productivity levels lead to the cross-departmental migration of workers, resulting in changes to the income disparities among employees. This article examines the impact of China’s industrial structure adjustment and labor mobility on the urban–rural income gap between 1990 and 2019. Employing an empirical approach, the study investigates the influence of industrial structure adjustment and the direction of labor mobility on the urban–rural income gap. The findings indicate that the quality of industrial structure adjustment contributes to the widening of the urban–rural income gap, whereas labor mobility helps to narrow it. In regions experiencing a net influx of labor, superior industrial structure adjustment amplifies the urban–rural income gap, whereas labor migration diminishes it. Conversely, in regions witnessing a net outflow of labor, superior industrial structure adjustment reduces the income gap, while labor mobility widens the urban–rural income disparity. Notably, in more developed areas of China, the quality of industrial structure adjustment has widened the income gap, whereas labor mobility has narrowed the urban–rural income gap. However, in less developed regions, labor mobility exacerbates the urban–rural income gap.

Research on the influence of AI on social labor force composition

This paper focuses on the impact of AI technology on the workforce structure. As AI technology permeates our lives, one of the most important questions is whether it revolutionizes the composition of the workforce. Deep learning technology, combined with AI's increasingly powerful arithmetic chip, has significant advantages over the human brain and other mechanical devices in terms of logical operations and information capture. The change of labor force structure not only involves the problem of technology replacing human resources, but also is related to the long-term development of social economy. Although the popularization of AI provides opportunities for many people to improve themselves, how to balance technology and manpower to ensure the smooth transition and sustainable development of the economy is an urgent problem to be solved. Especially in terms of economic equality, how to ensure that the popularization and application of AI technology will not aggravate social inequality is also a question for us to think deeply. Therefore, it is of great practical significance for the research and discussion of labor force structure.

Looking Back and Moving Forward: COVID-19’s Impact on the Teacher Labor Market and Implications for the Future

Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic teachers reported high levels of stress and burnout, raising concerns about a potential increase in teacher turnover and future teacher shortages. We use administrative data from the 2018 to 2019 through 2022 to 2023 school years to examine how the pandemic affected teacher turnover in Arkansas. We find relatively stable turnover entering the 2020 to 2021 and 2021 to 2022 school years but an increase of 5 percentage points (20%) over pre-pandemic levels entering the 2022 to 2023 school year, representing both higher rates of transitions out of the education sector but also more likely movements to other positions outside regular teaching within the education sector. Importantly, we also find significant heterogeneity in turnover by teacher and school characteristics suggesting a decline in aggregate teacher quality, diversity, and experience. These results suggest potential lasting effects on the composition and quality of the teacher labor force.

The Effects of Trade Participation on Labor Productivity, Wages and Female Employment: Evidence from Egyptian Manufacturing Firms

The study examines the effects of firm trade participation on labor productivity, wages, and female employment using recent manufacturing enterprise survey data for Egypt. It finds positive labor productivity premium for both exporting and importing firms, being the highest for small-sized exporting firms reflecting their greater benefits from learning-by-exporting. Importing intermediate inputs enhances productivity the most for firms in medium-high and high technology intensive sectors. Moreover, both exporting and importing firms pay higher average wages than non-exporters and non-importers, where economies of scale and higher productivity of trading firms-rather than the skill characteristics or composition of labor force- work as the explanatory channels. Also, firm trade participation enhances gender labor outcomes through reducing the gender wage gap and employing a higher share of female workers especially in low technology export sectors. To translate these favorable impacts into an economywide labor market improvements in Egypt, more efforts should be done in reforming the business environment to enable a greater participation of small firms into export markets and an easier access of firms-especially those operating in technologically advanced sectors- to essential imported inputs that embody advanced foreign knowledge and/or are of higher quality than domestic alternatives.

The Formation of Rural’s Labor Migration in Rural-Coastal of Aceh, Indonesia: Do Land-Factor or Other Household Characteristics Matters

As in other Indonesian provinces, Aceh is also experiencing demographic changes due to migration patterns. However, the migration rate in Aceh is not much significant in number compared to other provinces in Indonesia. As shown in the findings of this study. In the post-conflict and post-tsunami period, migration patterns in Aceh more influenced by economic factors. Moreover, the agricultural sector that dominates the structure of the regional GDP of Aceh unfortunately tends to decline every year in percentage and not so promising for rural household income and prompted the agricultural labour force to move to the non-agricultural sector and induces rural-urban migration. The study aims to assess the effects of land factors (agriculture) on individual migration decisions in households in four coastal villages in Bireuen district of Aceh. The research approach is the theory of economic migration. The method of analysis used in this study is statistically-descriptive and multiple linear regression analysis, to assess whether land ownership has a significant impact on the labour’s migration behaviour. In the findings of study, we found the relationship of land factor to migration pattern are both induce the “cost of opportunity” and the “hinder factor”. While land ownership does not significantly affect the likelihood of migration, other factors do. These include age, household size, composition of the household labour force, and poverty levels. This study are expected to cover the gaps in the literature on the migration and rural development studies in both Aceh and Indonesia.

SECTOR-WISE CHANGES IN THE INDIAN LABOUR MARKET: DURING PRE AND POST WTO REGIME

SECTOR-WISE CHANGES IN THE INDIAN LABOUR MARKET: DURING PRE AND POST WTO REGIME

Labour Force Composition and Labour Shortage in North-Western Romania: A Cross-County Comparison1

Abstract The paper analyses the labour force composition of two adjacent counties in north-west Romania: Maramureș and Sălaj. Regionally, employers stress the lack of available labour force and resort to commuter networks from nearby rural areas and immigrant labour. Why labour shortage? It is argued that Romania’s FDI-reliant export-led growth model factors in. Namely, the growth model’s reliance on low-cost labour that reduces employment incentives to a minimum (often minimum wage) and employment in repetitive labour-intensive activities make the prospect less attractive. If technological upgrading – requiring skilled employees – is absent, regional labour availability tends to be an issue. Alternative subsistence methods are favoured: seasonal transnational migration, household agricultural subsistence and remittances from relatives. Tying livelihood to families and households, these methods pool resources to replace (even if in part) wage labour under global market-dependency conditions.

Structural gender imbalances in ballet collaboration networks

Ballet, a mainstream performing art predominantly associated with women, exhibits significant gender imbalances in leading positions. However, the collaboration’s structural composition vis-à-vis gender representation in the field remains unexplored. Our study investigates the gendered labor force composition and collaboration patterns in ballet creations. Our findings reveal gender disparities in ballet creations aligned with gendered collaboration patterns and women’s occupation of more peripheral network positions than men. Productivity disparities show women accessing 20–25% of ballet creations compared to men. Mathematically derived perception errors show the underestimation of women artists’ representation within ballet collaboration networks, potentially impacting women’s careers in the field. Our study highlights the structural imbalances that women face in ballet creations and emphasizes the need for a more inclusive and equal professional environment in the ballet industry. These insights contribute to a broader understanding of structural gender imbalances in artistic domains and can inform cultural organizations about potential affirmative actions toward a better representation of women leaders in ballet.

Disruption of the Ghent effect: Disentangling structural and institutional determinants of union membership decline in Sweden, 2005–2010

AbstractIn 2007–2008, Sweden implemented changes to the Ghent system of unemployment insurance, leading to union density decline. We study the interaction of labour force composition and institutional changes, finding that the structural tendencies of the decline strongly interacts with these changes, exposing previous precarious categories even further.

Influence of Agricultural Marketing on Indian Agribusiness – A Marketing Personnels' POV

India's agriculture industry is crucial to the overall growth of the country's economy. As a consequence of this, boosting the output of agriculture is strongly encouraged. In order for the marketing infrastructure to keep up with rising agricultural output, it will need to undergo development. For this reason, a robust agricultural marketing system is of the utmost significance for a nation that relies so heavily on farming as the primary economic activity. At the current time, the agricultural industry is confronted with a substantial number of dangers and obstacles. Farmers suffer from extreme poverty and have significant amounts of debt. As a consequence of this, the number of farmers who take their own lives is quickly increasing. Over the course of the last several years, the percentage of GDP that is contributed by agriculture has been continuously decreasing. Changes are being made in the composition of the agricultural labour force. There is a rising lack of labour due to the fact that individuals are departing from the agricultural sector and moving into the construction, textile, and other unorganized sectors. The over-application of fertilizer and pesticides is another factor that reduces production.
 Agricultural marketing is comprised of a number of different procedures and activities that work together to ensure that food and raw materials make it from the land of production to the end users. Not only are there local markets for the products of agriculture, but there are also international and industrial markets. The most effective method of marketing is one that allows the farmer to make a satisfactory quantity of profit from their labour. In this study, the researcher has used both primary and secondary sources for gathering the data, also respondents are chosen based on the convenience sampling method. From the overall analysis it, is noted that the application of agriculture marketing enables in enhancing the income of the individuals, effectively supports in increasing the GDP and creating employment.

General Equilibrium Effects of Investments in Education and Changes in the Labor Force Composition

In this paper, a novel approach to modelling education and human capital formation in a computable general equilibrium model is proposed. Rather than adopting microeconomic-based assumptions of human capital formation, the method is based on an empirical relationship between labor force composition and expenditure on education services. It is found some robust correlation between workers’ shares in the labor force and educational expenditure, in real terms and per capita. To assess the implications of these findings, the impact of an increase in public expenditure devoted to education is simulated in a conventional CGE model for Ethiopia. The simulation results highlight the existence of a multiplicative effect, such that the overall increase in the supply of education services, in the final equilibrium state, is more than three times larger than the initial demand push. This comes associated with a positive supply shock, entailing gains in productivity, income, and welfare, as well as changes in the structure of the economy.

Modernization in Progress: Part-Year Operation, Mechanization, and Labor Force Composition in Late Imperial Russia

This paper investigates part-year factory operation, a common but understudied dimension of industrializing economies, in a prototypical late-industrializing setting that offers rich factory-level data: Imperial Russia. Newly compiled data provides detailed descriptions of all Russian manufacturing firms operating in 1894 and shows that factories operating a greater number of annual working days were more mechanized, more urban, more likely to employ women and children, more productive, and more likely to survive. Rather than arguing that part-year operation demonstrated Russia’s uniquely inexorable backwardness, we stress operating time’s relationship to fundamental drivers of growth, including urbanization, geography, and institutions.

AN ASSESSMENT OF LABOUR FORCE DISTRIBUTION ACROSS MAJOR CITIES IN PAKISTAN

In Pakistan, studies mainly explored the determinants of migration ignoring its effect on the local labor market which may vary depending on the characteristics of the native vs. migrant workforce. The paper is, therefore, an attempt to examine the composition of labor force (migrant vs. native) in fourteen major cities of Pakistan by time and education attainment, specifically, the demographic and educational structure of the native and migrant workforce. The paper also estimates the growth in the workforce - native vs. migrant. The current study has examined the changes that occurred in educational attainment by using a demographic framework. The study has analyzed the net changes that occurred over the period on the basis of specific characteristics and decomposed it into the contribution of different age groups, for instance, young labor, workers who recently immigrated, prime-age workers and also the workers with old age. Here the components based on age have been estimated and compared to the situation of so-called “pseudo age cohorts” for 2007-08 and 2012-13, respectively. The study's finding reveals that migration of unskilled labor was higher in Bahawalpur, Faisalabad, Hyderabad, Multan, Peshawar and Quetta. However, the skilled migrant is higher in cities like Karachi, Islamabad and Lahore. Further, the growth in young workers (new entrants) is highest in Quetta (24%) and is lowest in Rawalpindi (4%). It is concluded that the natives who live in the host city can be benefited as long as there exists a difference in their educational attainment. However, the residents (natives) gain if their educational level matches with the immigrants while the residents or natives lose if they attain a similar educational level to the immigrants.

Korean Skilled Workers: Toward a Labor Aristocracy by Hyung-A Kim

Reviewed by: Korean Skilled Workers: Toward a Labor Aristocracy by Hyung-A Kim Carter J. Eckert Korean Skilled Workers: Toward a Labor Aristocracy by Hyung-A Kim. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2020. Pp. xvii + 212. $99.00 hardcover, $30.00 paper. "Nothing prospers," Sophocles writes, "without pain and toil."1 While South Korea's spectacular rise to economic world prominence in the late twentieth century owes much to its strong developmental state headed by former army general Park Chung Hee 朴正熙, who seized political power in a military coup d'état in May 1961, neither the state's aggressive export regime that drove the economy during those years nor its astonishing statistical achievements can be comprehended without reference to the composition and competitiveness of the country's labor force. In an earlier book, Hyung-A Kim examines the dynamic triumvirate in the presidential Blue House consisting of Park, his chief-of-staff Kim Chŏngnyŏm 金正濂, and second economic secretary O Wŏnch'ŏl 吳源哲, who together under Park's leadership presided over the state's vast Heavy and Chemical Industry (HCI) project in the 1970s.2 Now in a new book based on a trove of archival and unpublished materials, extensive interviews with many key figures, and an impressive utilization of Korean and other secondary sources, Kim focuses on another crucial part of the development story, the rise of a skilled labor force, taking the narrative beyond the Park years to explore its many twists, turns, and implications. Chapter 1 opens the story in the 1970s with the creation of what Park calls "industrial warriors" (sanŏp chŏnsa 産業戰士), a technically trained and skilled workforce, without whom the move from light industry, based largely on cheap, unskilled labor, to capital- and technology-intensive HCI could not be accomplished. From the onset of Park's rule, HCI had always been an ultimate vision. But it was not until the early 1970s that the practical economic and financial foundations were in place to pursue this vision. By then the HCI idea had become intertwined in Park's mind with a massive upgrading of the [End Page 169] state's export regime and an equally ambitious development of an independent national defense industry. As with all major development projects during Park's eighteen-year tenure, every stop was pulled out to implement HCI plans. These plans were drawn up within the presidential Blue House and implemented in a military style throughout the bureaucracy and society, including through the New Community movement (Saemaŭl undong 새마을운동), the state's octopus-like ideological and mobilization apparatus. As a crucial part of the HCI project, the development of skilled labor was implemented with the same totalizing approach, through state-sponsored enhancement of science and technology, competitive public and private mass technical and vocational training, and adjustment of the three-year military conscription system to permit young men with sufficient technical training to fulfill their army service as "special soldiers" (t'ŭngnyebyŏng 特例兵) within some area of the sprawling HCI landscape. By the time of Park's assassination in 1979, South Korea had produced a whole new labor force of skilled workers. In contrast to the more mixed labor force that led the 1960s export push in light industry, HCI labor was highly gendered: the new workers were almost entirely young men. HCI labor also tended to be inherently more politically conservative, as these young men were largely from poor, rural backgrounds. They eagerly embraced the opportunities for educational advancement and economic rewards afforded by the state—opportunities that they would otherwise never have had. In effect, Kim suggests that HCI workers and the state during the Park years came to a mutual understanding: a tacit "reciprocal social contract" (p. 7) by which the former largely eschewed labor activism for secure jobs and upward social mobility. The subsequent four chapters trace the evolution of HCI workers as an increasingly separate and self-conscious segment of the South Korean labor force. As Kim writes in chapter 2, this self-segmentation was already becoming clear in the decade after Park's death, even as HCI workers broke their unwritten social contract with the state in the wake of Park's...

Balancing Gender Bias in Job Advertisements With Text-Level Bias Mitigation.

Despite progress toward gender equality in the labor market over the past few decades, gender segregation in labor force composition and labor market outcomes persists. Evidence has shown that job advertisements may express gender preferences, which may selectively attract potential job candidates to apply for a given post and thus reinforce gendered labor force composition and outcomes. Removing gender-explicit words from job advertisements does not fully solve the problem as certain implicit traits are more closely associated with men, such as ambitiousness, while others are more closely associated with women, such as considerateness. However, it is not always possible to find neutral alternatives for these traits, making it hard to search for candidates with desired characteristics without entailing gender discrimination. Existing algorithms mainly focus on the detection of the presence of gender biases in job advertisements without providing a solution to how the text should be (re)worded. To address this problem, we propose an algorithm that evaluates gender bias in the input text and provides guidance on how the text should be debiased by offering alternative wording that is closely related to the original input. Our proposed method promises broad application in the human resources process, ranging from the development of job advertisements to algorithm-assisted screening of job applications.

Education, Labor Force Composition, and Growth A General Equilibrium Analysis

Education, Labor Force Composition, and Growth A General Equilibrium Analysis

The US population and the Labor Force: major characteristics

The article represents the dynamics and composition of the US population in the 21st Century, as well as major characteristics of the American labor force. It is shown how the demographic composition of population has been changing since 2017 until 2060, the conclusion is made that the US population is aging. The labor force composition mostly represents the changing structure of the US population. The industrial structure of the labor force is continuing changes in favor of service sector and in favor of highly technological industries. As for occupational structure one can see the growth of share of brainwork in contrast to manual labor. In racial and ethnic composition of labor force the data demonstrate the dominance of white Americans (77%), followed by Hispanics (18%), Blacks (12%) and Asians (6%). Women play the more significant role in the labor force primarily because of their growing labor participation. The current share of women in the labor force is close to 50%.

Exploring Extrinsic and Intrinsic Work Values of British Ethnic Minorities: The Roles of Demographic Background, Job Characteristics and Immigrant Generation

Despite the increasingly diverse ethnic composition of the British labor force, there is no research investigating whether ethnic minorities have different work values from the White British demographic (White British). Using nationally representative data (2012–2013), this article fills this gap by comparing extrinsic and intrinsic work values between White British and five ethnic minorities, while distinguishing between first and second generations. The results show that both first- and second- generation minorities have stronger extrinsic work values than White British, but the ethnic differences are more pronounced for the second generations. Compared to White British, while first-generation minorities have weaker intrinsic work values, the second generations have stronger intrinsic work values. Differences in extrinsic work values are partly explained by differences in age, education and income, while differences in intrinsic work values are largely explained by age, education and job autonomy. These results hold significant implications for understanding the career choices of ethnic minorities and labor market outcomes.

The Globalization of Production, Industrial Upgrading, and Collective Labor Rights in the Global South

The impact of globalization on the enactment and practice of collective labor rights (CLR) in the global South remains a contested issue in the global political economy literature. Some scholars suggest southern firms and states suppress CLR to maintain global competitiveness in labor-intensive manufacturing. Other scholars contend that globalization improves CLR as globally integrated firms increasingly “upgrade” to more capital- and skill-intensive manufacturing. This study empirically adjudicates these claims by examining whether the integration of southern firms into global production networks indirectly affects CLR through the skill upgrading of the industrial labor force. I test this proposition using unbalanced panel data on collective labor laws and practices in 55 low- and middle-income countries from 1985 to 2002. Estimates from generalized path models show that greater manufacturing exports to northern countries and inward foreign direct investment stock are directly associated with a decrease in collective labor practices net of institutional, political, and macroeconomic conditions. Most importantly, I find that manufacturing exports indirectly reduce collective labor practices by decreasing the skill composition of the industrial labor force. Overall, this study provides novel evidence that the globalization of production directly reduces collective labor practices in the global South and indirectly reduces these practices through hindering skill development in industrial labor.

Servitization, Inequality, and Wages

This paper studies the effect of servitization, i.e., within-establishment changes in the labor force composition towards higher shares of workers with service occupations, on within-establishment wage inequality. We identify servitization as being a main driver of increasing within-establishment wage inequality. Servitization accounts for roughly 7% of the observed increase in the within-establishment wage inequality in manufacturing industries between 1994 and 2017. Higher servitization of an establishment’s labor force is associated with, on average, a lower wage level for otherwise equal workers across the majority of occupations. The wage decrease is particularly pronounced for workers in low-skilled manufacturing occupations and workers at the lower end of the wage distribution. These heterogeneous wage effects explain the increase in within-establishment wage inequality.