Labor Employment Research Articles

Reforms in the Oil and Gas Sector in Nigeria from 1999 – 2021: A Critical Appraisal

The Nigerian oil and gas sector has suffered a lot of setbacks since the commencement of the production of oil in large quantities. This situation becomes more worrisome for the fact that the oil and gas sector produces petroleum resources which represent the economic mainstay of the country and until recently, was a major employer of labour. This paper examined some factors responsible for the state of decay and dwindling fortunes in the sector and noted that these issues have been pervasive for a long time. The oil and gas sector has been beset by the challenge of non-implementation of or the implementation of ineffective reforms and regulations, the high level of oil theft and pipeline vandalism, systemic corruption and unethical practices by both the local and international players, lack of effective legal and institutional frameworks which should enhance regulatory functions, ineffective leadership, etc. The information used for this paper were gathered from secondary sources. A critical appraisal of the activities of the sector showed that a lot needs to be done by the present Government, especially with the passing of the Petroleum Industry Bill (PIB). The paper adopted the concept of Pockets of Effectiveness to posit that even in the midst of such decay, Government agencies and public organizations can achieve effectiveness but must eschew the mentality of rent-seeking, patronage and clientelism which characterize the oil and gas sector in Nigeria.

What sort of collective bargaining is emerging in Nigeria?

PurposeNigeria is experiencing an expanding variety of what is termed collective bargaining, which is being propelled by socio-economic challenges and the emerging political dispensation that had long eluded the country, albeit the numerous contours needing some pragmatic approaches from the state, employers of labour and the trade unions at the local and national levels. Therefore, this study represents an attempt to illustrate the rising collective bargaining pattern in Nigeria.Design/methodology/approach This study drew on employee and employer sectoral associations examples together with labour union structures of the state to assess what underlined collective bargaining developments from the broad context of collective bargaining and the industrial relations implications. Content analysis was employed to analyse the secondary data (found in relevant company handbooks, policies, collective agreements, etc.) and primary data obtained through unstructured interviews.FindingsA form of collective bargaining is emerging where the trade unions are embracing symbiotic agreements at plant levels to improve conditions of employment and thus weakening the hold of the national union from collective bargaining – a move that may challenge the conceptual framework of collective bargaining as conceived by many states in developing economies.Originality/valueThis is an investigative paper, carefully trailing the framework of collective bargaining from direct contacts with all stakeholders in the labour corridors of Nigeria – such as the Nigeria Labour Congress, Nigeria Employers’ Consultative Association, Chemical and Non-Metallic Products Employer's Federation, Metal Products Workers Union of Nigeria and Personnel Practitioners, cutting across all the segments of the political and economic development of the country.

Application of Heterogeneous Network Oriented to NoSQL Database in Optimal Postevaluation Indexes of Construction Projects

With the advent of the Internet Web 2.0 era, storage devices used to store website data are developing at an ever-increasing high-growth rate and a diversified trend. The focus on the structured data storage model has reduced the responsiveness of traditional relational databases to data changes. NoSQL database is scalable, has a powerful and flexible data model and a large amount of data, and has an increasing application potential in the memory field. Heterogeneous networks are composed of third-party computers, network equipment, and systems. Network types are usually used for other protocols to support other functions and applications. The research on heterogeneous networks can be traced back to the BARWAN project that started in 1995 at the University of California, Berkeley. The project leader RHKatz merged multiple types of nested networks for the first time to form heterogeneous network requirements for various future terminal services. Construction engineering refers to an engineering entity formed by installing pipelines and equipment that support the construction of various houses and ancillary facilities. “House construction” refers to projects with roofs, beams, columns, walls, and foundations that can form internal spaces to meet people’s needs in production, living, learning, and public activities. Among them, the engineering evaluation index is a statistical index used to evaluate and compare the quality and effects of social and economic activities through the use of equipment, such as capital turnover rate and employee labor efficiency. It is the exchange of corporate performance evaluation content and the expression of corporate performance evaluation content.

Assessing the Employee Well-Being and Performance in Small-Sized Construction Organization

Performance in paid work has for many years been studied as an important form of individual and group behavior, with researchers and practitioners often aiming for its enhancement through job design, staff selection and development, or shaping managerial style and organizational culture. In parallel with this interest in performance, psychologists in employment settings have also worked to understand the sources and consequences of well-being, motivation and performance. These three variables are examined together in the assessing the employee well-being in small-sized construction organization in Ekiti State. Employee well-being is considered as an important tool for enhancing worker’s performance and construction sector is not an exception. It has been empirically established that well-being has positive impact on construction worker’s performance. Moreover, empirical studies have shown that performance in the sector has been decreasing globally. This study therefore aims at understand the demanding working environment of the construction industry and the factors which lead to employees being troubled. The researcher was of the opinion that an improved well-being of employees can significantly improve the organization productivity. Quantitative research design was employed with same questionnaire administered on the population covered. Random sampling techniques were used to select small-sized construction organization sampled from a selected population in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Purposive sampling was used to administer questionnaires to various employees. 75questionnaires were administered to employee collectively and 70 was filled and returned which constitute 93.3% success rate. Questionnaire was designed in Likert scale of 1-5. Analysis was done by statistical packages for social sciences version 17. Descriptive statistics which include mean percentile and tables were used to present the data. One Way Analysis of Variance was used to determine whether there is relationship between well-being and organization performance. Data analysis and results on the factors affecting small-sized construction organization employee well-being indicates that there is a statistically significant linear relationship between well-being and performance. The result also revealed that there is a positive and significant relationship between well-being and employee’s performance which reinforces the reinforcement and expectancy theory of remuneration especially the concept of Thorndike’s Law of Effect meaning a response followed by a reward is more likely to recur in the future. The study concluded that well-being has impact on employees and organization performance and recommend that the employers of labor both private and government must not take the well-being of their employees for granted because it will result in low productivity.

Social security as a panacea to kidnapping in South-West Nigeria: A theoretical review

There are various security challenges facing societies around the world. Kidnapping is one challenge that undermines peace and stability in the globe. Kidnapping leads to death of victims, bodily harm, loss of properties and worsening economic conditions. To tackle kidnapping, social security is one valuable measure put in place. However, social security is bedeviled with challenges like corruption, mismanagement, lack of political will, ethnicity, bad policy and programmes. Therefore, this paper addresses the challenges of social security and kidnapping in South-West, Nigeria. The study intends to fill the gap created by shortage of scholarly materials to explore challenges of social security and kidnapping in South-West Nigeria. The data were obtained secondarily through the content analysis of peer reviewed journals, edited textbooks, and credible online resources. It anchors on social control theory by Travis Hirsch. Findings revealed that corruption, lack of political will, ethnicity, religiosity and other challenges are working against social security drives to combat kidnapping in Nigeria. The paper recommends effective youth empowerment schemes to bring to the shore the potentials among the youths. This paper will be useful by improving knowledge on the social security and kidnapping, improve the extant literature on social security and kidnapping, the policy-makers, employment of labour, organized private sectors and researchers in the field of social and management sciences will find it beneficial.

Corporate governance of controlling shareholders and labor employment decisions: Evidence from a parent board reform in China

Controlling shareholders commonly expropriate minority shareholders in state-owned enterprises (SOEs) with concentrated ownership. To curb such behavior, studies have focused on the role of internal corporate governance structures and largely ignored the governance structure in relation to the controlling shareholders. Using a board reform that altered the governance of controlling shareholders in Chinese central SOEs between 2003 and 2019, we show that enhancing the controlling shareholders' corporate governance significantly reduces firms’ overinvestment in employees. We demonstrate that strengthening the monitoring of management is the most likely underlying channel for this association. Our findings indicate that governance enhancement of controlling shareholders mitigates human capital misallocation in SOEs, suggesting that reforming the governance structure of controlling shareholders is effective in enhancing SOE efficiency.

Мастерские им. В.П. Шмитца: система комплексной поддержки взрослых людей с ментальной инвалидностью

The organization of a social and labor employment on a permanent basis for people with mental disabilities is the multidimensional and lengthy process that requires elaboration at the state level. The technology of inpatient substitution and a description of new implemented practices for the comprehensive support of adults with mental disabilities in the Pskov region are presented. Provided analysis of results of the work of the resource center for social services and the current system of comprehensive support for the period 2018-2021 in the following areas: vocational training, social and labor employment at work, social day employment, socio-cultural rehabilitation; supported accommodation and post-residential house support. 164 people visit the institution on an ongoing basis, 16 of them are people with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Training programs have been written and are being used to acquire working professions. In 2019, an assisted living house was opened and a post-residential house support system was introduced. The existing problems are analyzed, questions for the further development in the field of socialization of people with mental disabilities are proposed.

НОВЫЕ ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ ОБЛЕГЧЕНИЯ НАЛОГОВОЙ НАГРУЗКИ СУБЪЕКТОВ МАЛОГО ПРЕДПРИНИМАТЕЛЬСТВА

The article explores new opportunities to ease the tax burden of citizens registered as an individual entrepreneur and not using the labor of employees, and citizens who are not registered as such and do not pay tax on their income. These opportunities are realized thanks to the introduction on a pilot basis of a new special regime “Tax on professional income”, calculated for the period until December 31, 2028. For three and a half years (2019–06/30/2022). The number of self-employed citizens exceeded 5.2 million people.

COMMERCIAL BANK FINANCING AND DEVELOPMENT OF CROP PRODUCTION IN NIGERIA

This study evaluates both short-run and long-run impacts of credit financing facilities provided by commercial banks on crop production development in Nigeria from 1981 to 2020. The study adopts ex post-facto research design and obtains data on the study variables from Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin and World Bank Development Indicators. Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model approach was employed as an estimation technique. The outcome of the analysis produces significant negative effect of commercial banks loans and advances on crop production development in the short run. In the long run, however, commercial banks loans and advances and labour employment in agriculture sector exert significant positive impact on crop production development in Nigeria. The researchers conclude that commercial banks credit financing significantly increase contribution of agriculture to Nigeria gross domestic product in the long-run while it reduces crop productivity in the short-run.

The Effects of Microcredit on Agricultural Production among Small-Scale Farmers in Kori Chiefdom, Moyamba District, Southern Province, Sierra Leone

- Lack of capital has been identified as one of the constraints faced by small-scale farmers. The aim of the research was to assess the impact of credit on agricultural production with specific objectives to determine its effect on farm size, labour employment and quantity of inputs as well as output among small-scale farmers in Kori Chiefdom Moyamba District and to determine any significant difference, if any between borrowers and nonborrowers. Structured questionnaires were administered to respondents. Seven respondents were targeted from each of the fifteen (15) villages, which give a sample size of one hundred and five (105) respondents from the chiefdom. The sample consisted of age (youth and elderly), sex (male and female) and rice farmers using the stratified random sampling technique, and the data obtained were summarized into tables, pie and bar charts with percentages and frequency. Secondary data were obtained from both published and unpublished literatures. Results showed a significant difference between borrowers and non-borrowers in farm size, farm output, income status and quantity of all inputs used (except family labour, fertilizer, hoes/cutlasses and animal traction). According to the research, farmers in rural areas had difficult access to agricultural credit and loans. In the research area, only 38 out of 105 farmers (36%) received microcredit for farming, compared to the majority (64%) who did not. Based on the analysis' results, borrowers had farms that were significantly larger than those of non-borrowers; the majority of them (86.6%) had between 6 and 10 acres, while just 13.40% had between 1 and 5 acres. Neither borrowers nor non-borrowers had farms with a size between 11 and 16 acres and above (0%), while the majority of non-borrowers (91.40%) had farms with a size between 1 and 5 acres, 5.60% had farms with a size between 6 and 10. This suggests that the rise in farm size that borrowers experience is more significant when financing to small-scale farmers. The study shows therefore that, access to microcredit over a long period of time impacts positively on agricultural production. Government and the organized private sector should provide credit regularly and timely to farmers.

Процедурно-процессуальный правовой механизм охраны и защиты трудовых прав в Российской Федерации

Introduction. In the article, the protection of labor rights is considered as fundamental categorie of legal science. The most appropriate labor-legal procedural legal mechanism is proposed. Purpose. Develop a concept for the protection of the labor rights of subjects in modern conditions of differentiation of the labor sphere, the introduction of new forms of employment and organization of labor using digital and online technologies. Methodology. Methods of analysis, synthesis, formal-legal, comparative-historical and comparative-legal, method of interpretation of legal acts are used. Results. Based on the study of the regulatory framework and the works of lawyers, it was concluded that labor protection form independent institution of the branch of labor law, which in itself is law enforcement and human rights. The judicial procedure for the protection of labor rights is established only for individual labor disputes on the application of existing legal norms (disputes about the law). For collective labor disputes, which are disputes on the establishment of new working conditions (disputes of interest), the legislation provides for an exclusively out-of-court settlement procedure. Differentiation of the legal regulation of labor relations is fully characteristic of the protection of labor rights. The sectoral system of protection of labor rights created in Russia is procedural and Judicial procedural which was noted by Professor V.N. Skobelkin, whose theory of the plurality of labor relations allows the withdrawal of procedural and Judicial procedural norms and the formation of a new branch of them - labor procedural law. Conclusion. The growth in the number of norms of labor law and employment law and their deep differentiation allows in modern conditions to return to the discussion about the formation of an independent branch of labor procedural law.

Theoretical basis of employment of population in Uzbekistan

In this article, the author tried to shed light on the theoretical foundations of employment of the population of Uzbekistan. Also tried to reveal the concept of employment and its forms and the essence of the legislative framework in this regard. The employment of the population in labor and its level is one of the indicators that characterize the development of any state economy. Many years of experience in the study of employment and unemployment in labour in developed countries shows that 94–95% of the working population is considered to be developing in the standard of economy when they are employed in labour. According to official data, 73.8% of the working population of Uzbekistan is engaged in labor and carries out economic activity.

The successes and failures of the Joe Biden administration in the efforts to implement the anti-crisis social package

The article highlights the first steps of US President Joe Biden, including emergency measures intended to offset the negative effects of the pandemic on the labor market and employment. A special section is devoted to conceived for the future infrastructure and social plans of the White House under the slogan “Build back better”; in addition to updating the road transport network, the plan provides the restoration and construction of housing, the provision of paid sick leave and child care, financial ensuring of universal preschool education, increasing student grants, expanded health care programs and creating millions of jobs by increasing the tax burden on medium and large businesses and highly paid Americans. A separate section is devoted to factors influencing the spread of freelancing – free and not tied to a location form of employment in the context of the formation of a new economic model. Biden's social and economic policy in general can be described as a change of eras: from Reaganomics, with its perception of the state power system as "part of the problem, not the solution," back to the Keynesian model, the strengthening of the role of state regulation and budget financing. The author maintains that Franklin Delano Roosevelt serves as a role model for the current US president. The question that naturally arises in this connection – whether Biden can align with F.D.Roosevelt – involves an analysis of the balance of power in the US Congress, given the unforeseen obstacles that the White House has faced in trying to get approval of social plans in the Senate even before the midterm elections this year to the US legislature.

От неудовлетворенности трудом к демотивации: как избежать потери кадров

Abstract. The article presents an overview of modern theoretical and practical approaches to the study of dissatisfaction with work and demotivation of staff, taking into account the increase in social pollution caused by the pandemic in unstable socio-economic conditions. Factors of dissatisfaction with the work of personnel and demotivation are differentiated, and it is shown that dissatisfaction can be associated with both a high level of motivation and demotivation. The interdependence of the factors of dissatisfaction with labor and demotivation is highlighted, which consists in the fact that the features of social pollution cause a stable state of dissatisfaction with labor and lead to psychological disadvantage, the development of the process of conscious demotivation by the employee, the loss of cooperation with colleagues and the tendency to change jobs. It has been established that the consequence of the pandemic, as well as the untimely or destructive actions of managers, is a sharp increase in the dissatisfaction of workers in various fields of activity with basic factors: pay and demand for the potential of the employee. The identification of similarities and differences in the factors of dissatisfaction with labor of employees of the general secondary education system, hotel business and management bodies of public associations of university students allowed the authors to attribute similar basic factors of dissatisfaction with labor to general factors of social pollution in pandemic conditions, and differences in factors of dissatisfaction with labor to destructive actions of the head, specifics of the sphere of activity, age characteristics of staff. At the same time, the analysis of the results of the study allowed the authors to conclude that dissatisfaction with labor, supported by cumulative factors of social pollution, can lead to a loss of the employee’s interest in the organization, a decrease in quality, labor performance and, as a result, a decrease in the quality of service for the consumer, especially in the studied areas of education, hotel business, public organizations and associations. Questionnaire, correlation analysis, content analysis, comparative data analysis was used as methods of investigation and analysis of the obtained results. The systematization and synthesis of the results of the comparative analysis of dissatisfaction with factors in various areas of work allowed the authors to identify technologies for preventing demotivation of labor that should be mastered by managers in conditions of socio-economic instability, and to develop recommendations for their application at the micro and macro levels in order to preserve personnel.

Study on the Development of Health Care Industry in Liaoning Province under the Background of Population Aging

At present, the problem of population aging in China has become increasingly prominent. The aging of the population will not only bring certain pressure to social security and public services, but also continuously affect the vitality of social development, innovation and potential economic growth efficiency. Under this background, the old-age service model must be constantly innovated. As a health care industry model relying on the primary, secondary and tertiary industries and integrating medical care, health, tourism and culture, it has gradually become a new social pension service supply model. As a new business model, the health care industry model can not only provide high-quality old-age services to alleviate the shortage of social old-age services, but also play an important role in stimulating economic growth, adjusting industrial structure and solving labor employment. At present, the development opportunities and challenges of health care industry in Liaoning Province coexist. In view of the current development problems of health care industry in Liaoning Province, this paper puts forward specific countermeasures to promote the high-quality development of health care industry in Liaoning Province.

Feministyczne górnictwo: krok w kierunku zrównoważonego górnictwa w Indiach

Economic growth and development with least harm to the environment is one of the biggest challenges for the human. Mining which is considered to be the most inherently unsustainable industry, is at the same time, plays key role in the development process in India and across Globe. It occupy primary position in the supply chain, contributing to the foreign direct investment, exports, government taxes, GDP (National Income) and provide huge labour employment. This paper studies industrial elimination of women, prolong industrial patriarchy, impetuous production, rising demand pressure has added to the quadrupling problems of land degradation, disposal of over burden/waste discharge, deforestation, pollution(air, water, and noise), and damage to forest flora and fauna, occupational health hazards and extreme global environmental damage in a rapid, continuous manner. These continuous and multi-layered problems are giving us reason to re-visioning steps, where we went wrong. Theoretical foundation of eco-feminism traces that negligence and suppression of women in general and in the mining industry, is one of the probable cause that hit environment fiercely. With this in mind, this paper suggests theory of eco-feminism into male centric mining industry as a perspective which is more likely to lead to industrial sustainability, making it more responsible and may provide pro-environmental solutions to the industry. This feminist concept extending it from individualistic level into mining organisations proposes as one of the alternative to combine ecology and commerce to envision sustainability.

Особенности дистанционного труда: сетевая и платформенная занятость

The article offers the interpretation of the phenomenon of "network and platform labor employment", clarifies the legal nature, as well as general and special signs. The analysis of the norms of labor legislation in order to ensure the social and labor rights of the "network" worker and the review of the rights protection practice show the collisions and gaps of the local legal regulation due to insufficient legal succession. The problems of ambiguous understanding in differentiation of platform and network employment, non-systemic approach of public regulation connected with increase of employee's load when using hybrid form of labor, and also legal indifference of "platform employers" are disclosed. The specifics of law enforcement for the protection of workers' rights allow us to argue about the imperative of compliance and enforcement of labor law norms in the use of information and communication and digital technologies in the implementation of distance employment.

Translocal Precarity: Labor and Social Reproduction in Cambodia

Many people in the Global South have left behind rural homes in search of employment in urban and transnational labor markets often defined by precarious work. Employment is insecure, uncertain, and temporary, and for transnational migrants, there is the constant risk of deportation. Although geographers have studied such migrant precarity, there is an increasing interest in its translocal dimensions, particularly related to how precarious work travels home and affects left-behind family members. This scholarship, however, tends to assume that precarity arises primarily in the spaces of production. Drawing on twenty months of ethnographic fieldwork in rural Cambodia, we argue that precarity simultaneously emerges from the challenges of social reproduction faced by kin in rural communities. As such, we further develop the concept of translocal precarity to capture the fragility of social reproduction strategies that migrant households employ across space. Translocal precarity is the looming threat that family members’ efforts to support one another might fall apart due to the instability of urban labor markets in tandem with a lack of sustaining infrastructures in rural areas. Our argument advances geographic scholarship on precarity by explaining how it is experienced across the translocal relations that connect the productive and reproductive labor of household members living in different locations.

Implementation of the National Project «Labor Productivity and Employment Support» in the Perm Region: Facts, Problems, Prospects

In the context of the reorientation of the Russian economy towards an innovative development path, the issue of increasing labor productivity has become an important part of state policy.Currently, the country is implementing a large-scale national project «Labor productivity and employment support». The implementation of the project approach to managing labor productivity for the Russian economy is of strategic priority, since its application helps to increase the efficiency of resource use, realize the goals of modernizing production, and stimulate innovation and export activities of domestic enterprises.The aim of the study is to consider the regional aspect of the implementation of the priority national project «Labor productivity and employment support» on the example of the Perm region. The methodological basis of the study are comparative, statistical and expert methods.The paper analyzes the implementation of the national project «Labor productivity and employment support» in the Perm region; presents the actual results of the project; formulates problems in the implementation of project activities; identifies the prospects of the Perm region in the context of setting higher targets for the regional project «Labor productivity and employment support» in comparison with the figures for Russia as a whole.The materials outlined in this article can deepen knowledge about the specifics of the implementation of the priority national project «Labor productivity and employment support» at the regional level, as well as be used to adjust the course implementation of a regional project aimed at improving productivity in the Perm region.

Emotional labor and employee outcomes: A meta‐analysis

AbstractWhile there is agreement among scholars that people‐work requires emotional labor, there is still some uncertainty about the consequences of emotional labor for employees. This article conducts a random‐effects meta‐analysis including 545 correlations across 175 primary studies to explore the relationship between emotional labor, burnout, and job satisfaction. The meta‐analysis suggests that emotional labor can be both harmful and beneficial to employees, depending on the emotional labor strategy used, that is, surface acting or deep acting. In addition, the meta‐regression shows that effect sizes between emotional labor and employee outcomes (i.e., burnout and job satisfaction) differ in collectivist and individualist cultures. The article concludes by discussing the implications of these findings for research and practice.