Labor Assignment Research Articles

ОСВОБОЖДЕНИЕ В СВЯЗИ С УСТАНОВЛЕНИЕМ ИНВАЛИДНОСТИ ОСУЖДЕННЫХ К ПРИНУДИТЕЛЬНЫМ РАБОТАМ

When considering various aspects of the release of convicts from serving forced labor in connection with the recognition of the latter as disabled persons of groups I and II, insufficient legal regulation was revealed. The author focuses on such areas for improving legislation as securing the substantive right to the type of early release under study and the procedural basis for considering the issue by the court; the rights of a legal representative of a disabled person to file a petition and the powers (duties) of the administration of the correctional center to send a submission to the court for release; the possibility of bringing a released disabled person to criminal responsibility and punishment in case of failure to undergo a re-examination. The article determines the expediency of prohibiting the assignment of forced labor to persons with disabilities.

Duration and Labor Resource Optimization for Construction Projects—A Conditional-Value-at-Risk-Based Analysis

The complexity and uncertainty of construction projects contribute to low efficiency in the construction industry. This research applied the Takt-time planning method to optimize the construction working process, and proposed a risk control framework based on Value at Risk (VaR) and Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) approaches to explore and predict a project schedule and cost performance under different scenarios. This research selected a high-rise residential building project for a case study and collected 1672 productivity data samples. Arena Simulation models were established based on 90 combinations of labor assignments to assess Takt-time planning strategies’ impact on project performance in four scenarios. The VaR and CVaR evaluations at 75% and 90% confidence levels were compared to balance project benefits and risks. Without any overtime or additional workers, this research found a Takt-time planning method that can reduce the project duration by 20.2% and labor costs by 2.1% at the same time, using a labor assignment of 12 bar placers, 12 carpenters, and 5 pipefitters. The findings can assist construction managers to achieve a shorter duration, reduced cost, and safer work environment, which will be very effective and beneficial to improve project overall performance.

Men's household water fetching in India: Gender inequity is associated with greater responsibility and related risks.

Household water fetching elevates physical and emotional harms, and these are generally assumed to accrue to women due to gendered labor assignments. But even in cases like India where fetching remains a highly feminized task, there are households where the primary responsibility is assumed by men. We test the proposition that men's responsibility for water fetching is predicted by greater gender equity, reflected in measures of wives' empowerment. We used an extremely large, nationally representative Demographic and Health Survey dataset from India (2019-2020), narrowed to only households in which spouses co-reside with off-plot water sources (N = 10 616), and applying a multinomial regression approach. In >20% of households, men are the primary fetchers. They are more likely to have primary responsibility when water is more distant, privately purchased, or transported by vehicle. Contrary to predictions, men assume greater responsibility for household water fetching as their wives' empowerment measures decrease and when they want to control their movement. Married men in India sometimes assume responsibility for water fetching, but this is not explained by greater household gender equity. The findings also suggest that when men are responsible for fetching they have heightened risk of some forms of physical trauma but less relative psychological harm. Detailing why men fetch water matters for identifying and mitigating the physical and emotion harms of bearing responsibility for water labor, with implications for how gender should be conceptualized in water interventions intending to improve health and well-being.

From Criticism to Collaboration: Politics of Naturalist Mothering in Turkey

Abstract Naturalist mothering has become a remarkably influential trend in the last decade, transforming the popular discourse of good motherhood in Turkey, especially among urban, highly educated, middle-class, and mostly upper-middle-class mothers. In this article, I examine the perception and presentation of naturalist mothering as a safe and ideal method of protection from health and environment risks by these affluent mothers. Foregrounding their narratives in the ongoing context of neoliberal conservatization in Turkey, and by bringing together debates on the social determinants of risk, neoliberal governmentality, and feminist political ecology, I argue that invoking naturalism as a safe alternative to perceived environmental threats reinforces the assignment of care labor to women. Despite originating in discontent and critique of the policies and regulations of the current conservative neoliberal government, the propagation of naturalist methods as a safer ideal in fact perpetuates gender inequalities already in play.

Improving Software Development Effort Estimation with a Novel Design Pattern Model

A U.S. Midwestern Fortune 500 financial services firm develops software capabilities in-house and requires predictions of project needs for efficient resource allocation decisions across the many projects operating simultaneously. The company develops a novel prediction tool based on the projects’ required software development tasks as described by firm-specific design patterns. The firm provides these predictions within a set of estimates based on industry standard function count methods as well as firm-specific predictive models based on function points and on initial labor assignments. Company management is thus equipped with predictions from multiple methodologies and multiple information sources, enhancing the firm’s ability to predict project needs. Managers aggregate the forecasts, with prediction performance estimated to improve by 35%–49%, measured relative to estimates of the absolute percentage error of the prior method. The improved predictions provide a significant advantage to planning decisions and efficient internal operations. Insights to how managers aggregate the set of forecasts and insights to how the models contribute to the scaled value of information are discussed and further illustrate the benefits of the approach.

Condición y posición de génerode personas adultas mayores durante procesos migratorios en Chiautzingo, Puebla, México

Differential analysis of gender status and position was carried out among men returning from the Bracero program and their wives, who remained in the localities of origin in the municipality of Chiautzingo, Puebla. From an ethnographic approach and with participant observation, in-depth interviews were conducted with a sample of nine adults: five men and four women. In fulfilling their labor assignments, migrants experienced violations of their human rights that negatively affected their gender status and position, which improved upon their return due to access to resources and prestige. Intergenerational migration networks were created, covering up to third generations. Women were affected in their status and position by reproducing gender subordination in the domestic group and the community. The contribution of the women who remained in their locality during the migratory process and the continuity of unequal relationships were made visible.

Design and Implementation of Cloud Platform for Vegetable Planting Field Operation Management

Aiming at the problems of simple, extensive, inefficient and high consumption of traditional agricultural production management in China, this paper takes the field management of vegetable industry as the starting point, and adopts intelligent, flat and interactive field production and management micro services by building a mobile "Internet+small programs". The system is based on microservice technology, which solves the problems of PaaS platform in dealing with high logic complexity of business system and low system performance, realizes application splitting and decoupling, and improves the ability of agile development and rapid deployment; For the needs of agricultural production materials and tasks, production status management, etc., production materials, tasks and labor assignments, work time limits, task prompts, etc. can be realized. Through hierarchical authorization, enterprise administrators, warehouse keepers, and workers can view relevant basic information and data online at any time, accurately understand the distribution of field management resources, and make field management traceable and refined.

Specifics of the Praxeological Component of the Social and Living Skills of Senior Preschool Children with Cerebral Palsy

Results of theoretical and experimental study of the praxeological component of the social and living skills of preschool children with cerebral palsy are represented. For the purpose of determination of the state of formation of the praxeological component of the social and living skills of preschool children with cerebral palsy (CP) a series of researches have been performed. Set 1 of researches according to experimental methodology of Individual Labor Assignments by G. Uruntaeva (Children were offered to do 18 individual labor assignments, which were classified according to types of labor); Set 2 of researches of Series 1 was carried out with help of diagnostic game tasks, wherein manipulation boards were used, special didactic aids. Experiment covered 128 children of preschool age. Preliminary examination and analysis of questions concerning formation of the social and living skills by preschool children with CP, data collection with methods of questionnaire survey and interview, analysis and generalization of data concerning number of children with different forms of CP enabled to engage 89 children with different forms of CP (with preserved intelligence) to experiment. Of them 46 children are 5-6 years old, 43 children are 6-7 years old with diagnosis “infantile cerebral palsy” (medium and light form of severity). As well summative experiment covered 39 children with typical development (20 children of 5-6 years and 19 children of 6-7 years). Criteria for engagement into experiment were lack of mental retardation, progressive degenerative and hereditary diseases, consequences of traumatic brain injuries and neuroinfections and cramps indications in anamnesis less than within 3 years. Statistical analysis to find links according to skills groups was made with use of Statistica v.6.1 application (Statsoft Inc., USA). All quantitative parameters were verified for distribution normality with application of Kolmogorov-Smirnov criterion. Influence of age factor on the state of development of orientation, instrumental, organizational-and-regulatory social and living skills was studied. In order to compare two independent quantitative data Student’s t-test was applied. As well calculation and Pearson's r correlation coefficient were applied to determine the direct and inverse relation between the state of social-and-living skills formation and children’s age; dynamics coefficient (K_d) was calculated to determinate the rate of change in levels of development according to age and deviation coefficient (Т_vd) was calculated to to determine absolute value of the skills development level.

Exploring the Creative Geographies of Work with Pre-Service Social Studies Teachers: Exposing intersections of time and labour in New Brunswick, Canada

What creative approaches might be harnessed to encourage social critique and action in pre-service Geography teacher education? By reflecting on an assignment in Casey’s Introduction to Teaching Geography class where pre-service teachers (including Allen) visually mapped a worker’s labour for a day on unceded and unsurrendered Wolastoqiyik territory (Fredericton, New Brunswick), we ask: What can we learn about work, labour, space, capitalism, and intersectionality by visually mapping a worker’s day and analyzing their labour? We argue that by confronting the apolitical teaching of Geography education through the example of the Mapping Labour assignment, we might attempt to disrupt the ways that European Canadian settler geographies permeate the existing curriculum and work to disrupt neoliberal assumptions about schooling, creativity, and work.

Correctional labor as an alternative to imprisonment in modern problems of punishment assignment

The global practice has shown many times that the primary means of struggling with criminality over the entire history of the civilized society is punishment. The modern legislator is constantly striving to improve its types by following global trends in its regulation, assignment and use. Efficiency of labor influence over the convict makes us pay a special attention to punishments suggesting mandatory labor nurturing. One of such punishments is correctional labor whose relevance of research is caused by the interest of the international society to use measures alternative to imprisonment. Despite the fact that legal systems of some foreign countries envisage and widely use punishments whose various characteristics are similar to domestic correctional labor, the Russian experience of their regulation and use can be useful, due to their specific nature, and interesting to any modern state, because the issue of implementing a rich potential of penology is especially relevant these days. At the same time there are significant issues in assignment of correctional labor, which area caused by imperfect construction of law. Research purpose is to study urgent issues of assigning correctional labor as an alternative to imprisonment in the Russian legal system. Methods: the analysis method allowed for characterization of specific features of assigning criminal punishment in the form of correctional labor and revealing primary problems in this area. The comparative method was used to collate specifics of correctional labor and probation. The prediction method helped defining perspectives to eliminate the identified disadvantages. An alternative mode of correctional labor has been criticized; measures have been offered to improve the legislative regulation of correctional labor within Article 53.1 of the Russian Federation Criminal Code.

Integrated data envelopment analysis and multicriteria decision-making ranking approach based on peer-evaluations and subjective preferences: case study in banking sector

PurposeThis paper is focused on developing an integrated algorithmic approach named as data envelopment analysis and multicriteria decision-making (DEA-MCDM) for ranking decision-making units (DMUs) based on cross-efficiency technique and subjective preference(s) of the decision maker.Design/methodology/approachSelf-evaluation in data envelopment analysis (DEA) lacks in discrimination power among DMUs. To fix this, a cross-efficiency technique has been introduced that ranks DMUs based on peer-evaluation. Different cross-efficiency formulations such as aggressive and benevolent and neutral are available in the literature. The existing ranking approaches fail to incorporate subjective preference of “one” or “some” or “all” or “most” of the cross-efficiency evaluation formulations. Therefore, the integrated framework in this paper, based on DEA and multicriteria decision-making (MCDM), aims to present a ranking approach to incorporate different cross-efficiency formulations as well as subjective preference(s) of decision maker.FindingsThe proposed approach has an advantage that each of the aggressive, benevolent and neutral cross-efficiency formulations contribute to select the best alternative among the DMUs in a MCDM problem. Ordered weighted averaging (OWA) aggregation is applied to aggregate final cross-efficiencies and to achieve complete ranking of the DMUs. This new approach is further illustrated and compared with existing MCDM approaches like simple additive weighting (SAW) and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) to prove its validity in real situations.Research limitations/implicationsThe choice of cross-efficiency formulation(s) as per subjective preference of the decision maker and different orness levels lead to different aggregated scores and thus ranking of the DMUs accordingly. The proposed ranking approach is highly useful in real applications like R and D projects, flexible manufacturing systems, electricity distribution sector, banking industry, labor assignment and the economic environmental performances for ranking and benchmarking.Practical implicationsTo prove the practical applicability and robustness of the proposed integrated DEA-MCDM approach, it is applied to top twelve Indian banks in terms of three inputs and two outputs for the period 2018–2019. The findings of the study (1) ensure the impact of non-performing assets (NPAs) on the ranking of the selected banks and (2) are enormously valuable for the bank experts and policy makers to consider the impact of peer-evaluation and subjective preference(s) in formulating appropriate policies to improve performance and ranks of underperformed banks in competitive scenario.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that has integrated both DEA and MCDM via OWA aggregation to present a ranking approach that can incorporate different cross-efficiency formulations and subjective preference(s) of the decision maker for ranking DMUs.

Association between sexual dysfunction and avulsion of the levator ani muscle after instrumental vaginal delivery.

The effects of levator ani muscle (LAM) avulsion after instrumental delivery on the sexual function of patients are currently unknown. Therefore, the objective of our study was to use a validated questionnaire, namely, the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), to compare the sexual function in patients with and without LAM avulsion after instrumental vaginal delivery. This was a prospective observational study of 112 primiparous women after instrumental (vacuum or forceps) vaginal delivery. The obstetric and general characteristics of the population were studied. At 6 months postpartum, the contraceptive method used and the occurrence of LAM avulsion (using four-dimensional transperineal ultrasound) were determined, and the FSFI was administered. A total of 100 patients (62 without avulsion and 38 with avulsion) completed the study. Thirty-eight (38%) were diagnosed with avulsion (42.1% after Kielland forceps delivery, 57.9% after Malmström vacuum delivery; P = .837). Women with LAM avulsion had significantly lower scores for desire (2.9 ± 1.2 vs 3.4 ± 1.1; P = .049), arousal (2.8 ± 1.7 vs 3.6 ± 1.4; P = .014), lubrication (2.3 ± 1.4 vs 3.0 ± 1.2; P = .011), orgasm (2.6 ± 1.6 vs 3.3 ± 1.2; P = .006) and satisfaction (3.1 ± 1.8 vs 3.9 ± 1.5; P = .051) than did women without LAM avulsion. The overall FSFI score was lower in patients with avulsion (16.7 ± 8.9 vs 20.7 ± 6.9, P = .033). These results were obtained after controlling for confounders (delivery mode, induced labor, birthweight, perineal tears, avulsion degree, contraceptive method and group assignment for the parent study) in the multivariate analysis (F = 4.974, P = .001). Patients with LAM avulsion present a higher degree of sexual dysfunction compared wiith patients without avulsion at 6 months after instrumental vaginal delivery.

Workload control in dual-resource constrained high-variety shops: an assessment by simulation

Workload Control (WLC) seeks to align capacity with demand, where capacity is typically assumed to be restricted by a single constraint – machine capacity. In practice, however, shops are often restricted by dual resource constraints: labour and machines. This study, therefore, uses simulation to investigate the performance of WLC in Dual Resource Constrained (DRC) high-variety shops with fully interchangeable labour. By considering several environmental factors and different labour assignment and dispatching rules, it is demonstrated that the order release function of WLC maintains its positive impact on performance in a DRC shop under different staffing levels. The positive effect of considering labour availability at release, as proposed in previous research, could not, however, be confirmed. Thus, the original release method can be applied if labour is fully interchangeable. In terms of labour assignment, we show that a distinct assignment pattern that differs between upstream and downstream stations improves performance if the routing is directed. Meanwhile, dispatching plays a less important role but creates important interaction effects with the assignment rule. Finally, the results suggest that increasing the service rate is a better response to the reduction in capacity that results from labour absenteeism than lowering the input frequency of work.

Analysis of labor employment assessment on production machine to minimize time production

Every company both in the field of service and manufacturing always trying to pass efficiency of it’s resource use. One resource that has an important role is labor. Labor has different efficiency levels for different jobs anyway. Problems related to the optimal allocation of labor that has different levels of efficiency for different jobs are called assignment problems, which is a special case of linear programming. In this research, Analysis of Labor Employment Assesment on Production Machine to Minimize Time Production, in PT PDM is done by using Hungarian algorithm. The aim of the research is to get the assignment of optimal labor on production machine to minimize time production. The results showed that the assignment of existing labor is not suitable because the time of completion of the assignment is longer than the assignment by using the Hungarian algorithm. By applying the Hungarian algorithm obtained time savings of 16%.

The optimal assignment of spontaneous volunteers

Spontaneous volunteers are ordinary citizens who assist in disaster relief efforts, while they are a great resource they also pose a difficult logistical challenge. Unlike classical labor assignment problems, the management of these volunteers is characterized by uncertainty regarding the size, availability, and commitment of the labor pool. We model this problem as a multi-server queueing system with both stochastic server arrival and abandonment. This model is intended to be applied to the relatively stable work associated with recovery efforts, e.g., debris clearing. We model this system as a continuous time Markov decision process and compare the optimal policy to several common-sense heuristics; one of which performs close to optimal and makes a practical alternative. We conduct extensive sensitivity analysis around model parameters and assumptions.

Convict Leasing: Justifications, Critiques, and the Case for Reparations

The first prisoner received by State of Florida into convict leasing system was an African-American man named Cy Williams. He was officially entered into prison records as No. 1. rather than by his name. Williams did not know his own age upon arrival, but one prison official's memoir states that boy had been convicted when he was a mere pickaninny. Though not large enough to mount a horse, Williams nevertheless attempted to steal one and authorities caught him while he was trying to lead it off by halter. For his crime, a judge duly sentenced Williams to twenty years imprisonment. Malachi Martin, warden of work camp at time, unsure at first how to put such a small prisoner to work, eventually came up with an idea. He placed a pile of two bricks at each of end of prison yard while giving the black baby two more. The warden then ordered Williams to carry his two bricks to one of piles at either end of yard, place them on ground, pick up other two bricks, and carry them to pile at opposite end. He continued this process for entire day, always carrying two bricks at a time. Martin instructed Williams to keep piles of bricks neat and warned him not to break any of them. If he failed to keep his stack orderly, or if he damaged bricks, he would be whipped. He continued this activity throughout his sentence and grew up at task until given other labor assignments years later. Through abrasion from simply picking bricks up and setting them down, Williams managed to wear out four sets of bricks while carrying out his sentence. The state never considered commuting Williams' sentence, even after ten years of service as protocol dictated; proper avenues for commutation were not in place at camp because of inefficient leadership and poor organizational structures within prison system. Eventually, however, Williams received gain time and only served seventeen years out of his twenty-year sentence.

Team based labour assignment methodology for new product development projects

This study explores the organizational aspects of new product development projects and proposes a new team-based labour assignment methodology. The proposed hierarchical methodology focusses on the project value stream and aims to shorten lead time through waste reduction. Lean product development tools, such as clustering and design structure matrix tools, are integrated with the methodology. A detailed real-life case study is presented and the proposed methodology is evaluated using discrete event simulation. Experiment results show that the proposed methodology and team-based structure provide superior lead time performance when compared to conventional organizational setting. This study contributes to existing literature by presenting evidence of the effect of teams on NPD lead time performance.

A robust optimization model for cellular manufacturing system into supply chain management

In this paper, a new mathematical model is presented for a cellular manufacturing system into supply chain design with labor assignment. This paper considers important manufacturing features thoroughly such as multiple plant locations, multi-market allocations with production planning and various part mix. The proposed model aims at minimizing the total cost of holding, inter-cell material handling, external transportation, fixed cost for producing each part in each plant, machine and labor salaries. It is assumed that the demands of products are uncertainty in three scenarios: optimistic, pessimistic and normal. Also, a robust optimization approach is then developed to solve the proposed model and find the best solution. The robustness and performance of the proposed model are explained in terms of an industrial case from a typical equipment manufacturer. This case study provides the researchers and practitioners to better understand the importance of designing robust optimization and cell formation in the supply chain management from a practical point of view.

PENUGASAN TENAGA KERJA BAGIAN PRODUKSI PADA PT. SAMARINDA CENDANA COLD STORAGE DAN INDUSTRI DI ANGGANA

The study was conducted at PT. Samarinda Sandalwood Cold Storage dan Industry in Anggana during the month of February-March 2014, the data obtained from this study that there has been a decay of black shrimp ranged 20-30kg produced. This decay occurs because the black shrimp raw material processing completed different times that the processing starts at 07.30 am and finishes approximately at 9:30 to 10:00 am. Analysis using the Hungarian method of calculation results show after organized labor assignments on the production of sub-section 5 in particular processing variations working group (Task: Cleaning, Proofreading, washing, weighing and preparation) obtained with the Hungarian method of processing completion time of 110 minutes more lower than the standard completion time of the company to task 5 variations of the working group that is equal to 150 minute. Thus assignments to 5 working group of optimal variation can be achieved by the company as follows: 1. Cleaning job is assigned to the working group III obtained sebsar 45 minute turnaround time for the production activities. 2. The work assigned to the correction of the working group II obtained completion time by 15 minutes for the production activities. 3. Washing job is assigned to the working group IV obtained completion time is 30 minutes for the production activities. 4. Weighing job assigned to working groups I obtained completion time is 30 minutes for the production activities. 5. Job assigned to the working group drafting the V obtained completion time is 30 minutes for the production activities. Processing is done for 150 minutes (finished at 10:00) resulted in the decay of black shrimp occur as much as 30 kg mean damage costs of raw materials amounting to Rp. 4.35 million, - if the processing is done for 150 minutes (finished at 09.30) decay can be pressed into a 20 kg + constant, meaning the cost of raw material damage amounting to Rp. 2.900.000.- it can save the cost of raw material damage amounting to Rp. 1.450.000, -

Before Auschwitz: Jewish prisoners in the prewar concentration camps

Auschwitz—the largest and most notorious of Hitler’s concentration camps—was founded in 1940, but the Nazis had been detaining Jews in camps ever since they came to power in 1933. Before Auschwitz unearths the little-known origins of the concentration camp system in the years before World War II and reveals the instrumental role of these extralegal detention sites in the development of Nazi policies toward Jews and in plans to create a racially pure Third Reich. Investigating more than a dozen camps, from the infamous Dachau, Buchenwald, and Sachsenhausen to less familiar sites, Kim Wunschmann uncovers a process of terror meant to identify and isolate German Jews in the period from 1933 to 1939. The concentration camp system was essential to a regime then testing the limits of its power and seeking to capture the hearts and minds of the German public. Propagandized by the Nazis as enemies of the state, Jews were often targeted for arbitrary arrest and then routinely subjected to the harshest treatment and most punishing labor assignments in the camps. Some of them were murdered. Over time, shocking accounts of camp life filtered into the German population, sending a message that Jews were different from true Germans: they were portrayed as dangerous to associate with and fair game for acts of intimidation and violence. Drawing on a wide range of previously unexplored archives, Before Auschwitz explains how the concentration camps evolved into a universally recognized symbol of Nazi terror and Jewish persecution during the Holocaust.