Botany Laboratory Research Articles

Extraction and chemical constituents of the essential oils from Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Corymbia citriodora

The essential oils of Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson leaves have chemical constituents with fungicide potential. The objective of this work was to determine the yield and the main chemical compounds of the essential oils of these species. Plants of the two species were georeferenced and collected in municipalities of Rio Grande do Sul, and identified in the Botany Laboratory of UNIJUÍ. The essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation and the yield was based on fresh vegetable mass. The analyses of the chemical constituents were determined by CG-MS. A yield of 0.49% was obtained for R. officinalis and of 1.54% for C. citriodora. Similar to other studies, the major constituents of rosemary essential oil were camphor, 1,8-cineol, canfene and α-pineno, and the ones of eucalyptus essential oil were citronelal, isopulegol and citronelol. It is concluded that the chemical constituents are similar to those reported in the literature and the essential oil yield of the species is low and dependent on external conditions.

Tumbuhan Obat yang Ditemukan di Dataran Tinggi Kabupaten Solok

This research aims to determine the types of plants, plant parts and methods of processing medicinal plants used by the community in Nagari Sungai Nanam. Knowledge of medicinal plants was identified based on directions from herbalists in the village. This research method is a descriptive survey method where researchers carry out direct field observations. Medicinal plant species were identified in the field and continued at the Botany Laboratory of PGRI University, West Sumatra. The results of the research that was carried out showed that 36 families with 71 species of plants were used as medicine. The parts of the plants used varied from the shoots to the roots. There are also processing methods such as boiling, pounding, mixing, blending, pressing and brewing, but not all medicinal plants found in Nagari Sungai Nanam are used as medicine in other places, so this knowledge can be used as knowledge that needs to be preserved.

Bioremedial Capacity of Indigenous Hydrophytes and Microalgae of Bangladesh: A Comparative Study on their Potential in Tannery Effluent Treatment

Aims: This study aimed to identify the bio-remedial potential of indigenous hydrophytes (Salvinia cucullata and Lemna minor) and microalgae (Spirulina platensis) of Bangladesh for treatment of tannery wastewater disposed in the open environment. Study Design: The capacity of improving the water quality of the tannery effluent by bioremediation was assessed. The quantitative determination included the comparison of physical characters (pH, TDS, EC, DO, COD) and heavy metal profile (Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn) of the tannery effluent before and after treatment. Effluent treatment was carried out by individual species separately and in combination with all for a total of 25 days. Place and Duration of Study: Major experiments were carried out at the Applied Botany Laboratory, Dhaka Laboratory, BCSIR, Dhaka, Bangladesh from January 2022 to February 2024. Quantitative estimations were carried out at Soil & Water Laboratory, Dhaka Laboratory, BCSIR, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Methodology: The tannery effluent was characterized by means of physiochemical parameters and heavy metal concentration prior to the experimental procedure. Four treatment plans were designed, three treatments (TSC, TLM, TSP) using individual species separately and one treatment (TC) using all three species in combination. The treatment continued for 25.0 days. The physiochemical parameters of the treated effluent were measured at 5.0-day intervals and heavy metal conc. Were measured on the 0th, 10th, and 25th days of the experiment. Comparative analysis of the data was utilized to determine useful species for further applied studies in future. Results: After treatments, a reduction at TDS level down to 3230 from 5150 mg/L, and an EC dropdown to 3290 from 10340 μS/cm was observed. Heavy metals removal capacity of the tested species was found as follows, S. cucullata: Zn > Cr >Pb> Cu, L. minor: Pb> Cr > Cu > Zn, S. platensis: Cu > Zn >Pb> Cr, and the combination treatment: Pb> Cu > Zn > Cr. The observation showed high efficiency of S. platensis in TDS reduction and Zn absorption, L. minor in COD reduction and Pb absorption, and S.cucullata in Zn absorption. Conclusion: The comparative data suggested the overall improvement of the effluent quality can be achieved by a combined treatment of L. minor and S. platensis, quickly and cost-efficiently. Further investigation is required for an in-depth understanding of their combined potential. Additionally, investigation will be carried out on their potential in Arsenic (As) removal and nano-particle production from post-treatment biomass.

Phytochemical Profiling of Ethanolic Extracts from the Bark and Tuber of Colocasia Esculenta (L) Schott, Identification and Quantification of Compounds Present in Kenya

Bacterial infections are the major cause of morbidity and mortality, with high financial impacts among human beings globally. Antibiotics are used in the treatment of bacterial infections. They eliminate or prevent bacteria from reproducing and spreading. Since they do so at different rates, some bacteria may mutate with an under-dose and resist antibiotic treatment through natural selection. The bacteria develop acquired antimicrobial resistance to several drugs due to increased use and misuse of antibiotics. This has resulted in increased interest in the use of medicinal plants in the treatment of bacterial infections. The plants serve as resistance modifying agents from the metabolites that they produce. Previous studies show that metabolites such as tannins, alkaloids and polyphenols may have antimicrobial and resistance-modifying properties. They destroy the microorganisms and interfere with the crucial events in the pathogenic process, reducing the bacteria's ability to develop resistance to botanicals.
 Colocasia esculenta (L) Schott leaves were previously tested against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the extracts showed higher activity against bacterial infections compared to the use of the antibiotic drug Clarithromycin. Leaves of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Colocasia esculenta in previous studies were found to contain steroids, Flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, Anthroquinones and Alkaloids. The extracts were found to have anti-diabetic activity and anti-helminthic activity compared to the standard drug, Piperazine citrate. This study determined phytochemicals present in ethanolic extracts of the bark and tuber of Colocasia esculenta (L) Schott in Kenya. A qualitative research design was adopted in this study. Colocasia esculenta plant samples used in this study were purposely obtained from Kaimosi Friends University farm in Vihiga County. They were taken to the laboratory of Botany at Maseno University, where they were washed with sterile distilled water, separated into bark and tuber, dried, crushed into powder, packed separately in airtight plastic containers, labelled and stored for later use. Plant ethanolic extracts were prepared separately (from powders) in triplicate for use in experiments. Screening for the presence of phytochemicals was done using standard methods. Qualitative analysis of the plant samples was used to check for the presence of flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins, alkaloids, glycosides, phenolic compounds and anthraquinones. Data were collected and then analyzed. Results were presented in the form of a table as the presence or absence of the specific phytochemicals. Results showed that Saponins, steroids, tannins, alkaloids, glycosides and phenolic compounds were present in both the tuber and bark ethanolic extracts of Colocasia esculenta. Interestingly, the bark extract had more saponins and tannins than the tuber extract. The results of this study can be used to further determine the antibacterial activity of the extracts on selected sidearm bacteria. The findings could be of commercial interest to both the Kenya Ministry of Health and pharmaceutical companies in the world in the production of new antibacterial drugs. Policymakers may help reduce the increasing mortality due to bacterial infections by using results from this study. The results can also support Kenya's Vision 2030 of ensuring adequate health care for all by integrating traditional healthcare practices into the national healthcare system for the realization of universal health coverage.

The Adaptation of Ciherang Rice Variety Roots to Various Levels of Low Nutrient Stress in Tidal Swamp Soils

Rice cultivation in tidal land has many abiotic stresses. One of them is low nutrient stress. This research aims to determine and study the adaptation of rice roots to various levels of low nutrient stress in tidal swamp soil. These research was carried out from September 2016 to May 2017 at the Experimental Garden, Laboratory of Botany and Plant Physiology of Faculty of Agriculture of IBA University in Palembang, South Sumatra Province. These experiment used a Randomized Block Design with three replications and four low nutrient levels. The treatments are: N1 = 40% Fertilization dose (FD, N2 = 50% FD, N3 = 60% FD and N4 = 100% FD. The 100% FD is 300 kg urea. ha-1, 100 kg SP-36.ha-1 and 150 kg KCl.ha-1. These research used Ciherang rice varieties that planted in pots containing 12 kg of tidal swamp soil type B from Bunga Karang Village, Tanjung Lago District, Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatra Province, Indonesia. The results showed that low nutrient stress increased root length, root weight, root length density, root weight density, root weight ratio and number of tillers, but reduced crown weight and panicle weight per clump

Effect of PEG-6000 Osmoticum on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) Genotypes

Background: Drought, extreme temperatures, salinity, chemical toxicity and oxidative stress are such environmental stresses, that are serious threats to agriculture globally and result in the deterioration of the environment and crops. To Study the effect of drought stress on seed germination and early establishment in different crop varieties, PEG (Polyethylene Glycol) induced drought stress is the most common screening method. The species and its variety, its growing conditions and the developmental stage of the plant, as well as osmotic concentration responded differently to osmotic stress. The current study aimed to study the effect of different concentrations of PEG-6000 in eight genotypes of lentil in order to understand the management and control of drought stress-related problems in crop plants. Methods: The experimental work was conducted during 2018-2019 at the Laboratory of Botany, S.S. Jain Subodh P.G. (Autonomous) College, Jaipur to study the effect of drought stress during early growth of genotypes of Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) under osmotic stress. The plant material consisted of eight genotypes belonging to the macrosperma and microsperma subspecies of lentil (Lens culinaris M.). PL-4, L-4147, L-4594 and L-4596 belong to the microsperma subspecies and K-75, L-4076, DPL-15 and DPL-62 belong to the macrosperma subspecies. Result: In conclusion, due to their better values of germination percentage (GP%), germination relative index (GRI), seedling vigor index (SVI) and seedling growth under simulated drought conditions PL-4, L-4594, DPL-15 and DPL-62 stand out as the most tolerant lentil genotypes among eight species studied in this work. These genotypes showed a significant enhancement in germination percentage (%), germination relative index, seedling vigor index and seedling length under mild moisture stress. Our results confirmed that PEG-induced drought stress can be used to study the drought-tolerant species by studying a few parameters viz. germination percentage, germination relative index and, seedling vigour index, that will result in increased crop production.

Chemical communication between plants and insects

Journal of Systematics and EvolutionVolume 61, Issue 3 p. 441-444 Editorial Chemical communication between plants and insects Pengjuan Zu, Corresponding Author Pengjuan Zu [email protected] Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, Zurich, CH-8092 Switzerland Author for correspondence. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorDa-Yong Zhang, Da-Yong Zhang College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorYi-Bo Luo, Yi-Bo Luo State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093 ChinaSearch for more papers by this author Pengjuan Zu, Corresponding Author Pengjuan Zu [email protected] Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, Zurich, CH-8092 Switzerland Author for correspondence. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorDa-Yong Zhang, Da-Yong Zhang College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorYi-Bo Luo, Yi-Bo Luo State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093 ChinaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 19 May 2023 https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12955Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Volume61, Issue3Special Issue: Chemical Communication between Plants and InsectsMay 2023Pages 441-444 RelatedInformation

Estimation of Strawberry Crop Productivity by Machine Learning Algorithms Using Data from Multispectral Images

Currently, estimations of strawberry productivity are conducted manually, which is a laborious and subjective process. The use of more efficient and precise estimation methods would result in better crop management. The objective of this study was to assess the performance of two regression algorithms-Linear Regression and Support Vector Machine—in estimating the average weight and number of fruits and the number of leaves on strawberry plants, using multispectral images obtained by a remotely piloted aircraft (RPA). The experiment, which was conducted in the experimental area of the Botany Laboratory at the Federal University of Uberlândia-Monte Carmelo Campus (Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Campus Monte Carmelo), was carried out using a randomized block design with six treatments and four replications. The treatments comprised six commercial strawberry varieties: San Andreas, Albion, PR, Festival, Oso Grande, and Guarani. Images were acquired on a weekly basis and then preprocessed to extract radiometric values for each plant in the experimental area. These values were then used to train the production prediction algorithms. During the same period, data on the average fruit weight, number of fruits per plant, and number of leaves were collected. The total fruit weight in the field was 48.08 kg, while the linear regression (LR) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) estimates were 48.04 and 43.09 kg, respectively. The number of fruits obtained in the field was 4585, and the number estimated by LR and SVM algorithms was 4564 and 3863, respectively. The number of leaves obtained in the field was 10,366, and LR and SVM estimated 10,360 and 10,171, respectively. It was concluded that LR and SVM can estimate strawberry production and the number of fruits and leaves using multispectral unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images. The LR algorithm was the most efficient in estimating production, with 99.91% accuracy for average fruit weight, 99.55% for the number of fruits and 99.94% for the number of leaves. SVM exhibited 89.62% accuracy for average fruit weight, 84.26% for the number of fruits, and 98.12% for the number of leaves.

Nutritional and Antinutritional Analysis of Dawadawa Condiment in Aliero Local Government, Kebbi State, Nigeria

Dawadawa is among the most important soup ingredients in Aliero, Kebbi State, Nigeria. The locally produced condiment is being prepared and used to add flavor to soup for many decades without the scientific knowledge of its nutritional and anti-nutritional contents. This study aimed to analyze the proximate and antinutrional contents of Dawadawa in Aliero Local Government, Kebbi State, Nigeria. Five samples from each four collection areas were collected and transported to Botany Laboratory, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology Aliero for analysis. Analysis of the proximate and antinutrient parameters were carried out using the AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists) recommended techniques. The result of the study revealed that the condiments had high moisture contents (33.34 + 2.09) followed by protein (29.37 + 1.31), fibre (13.07 + 0.54), carbohydrate (12.83 + 1.34), lipid (8.92 + 1.75) and ash (2.49 + 0.83). While the results antinutrional analysis revealed that that Cyanide has the highest composition (4.81 + 0.33) followed by Oxalate (4.07 + 0.50), Phytate (3.01 + 0.19) and Saponins (2.90 + 0.36). It was found that Dawadawa condiments have high nutritional contents with low level of antinutrients. In view of the high nutriental content and low antinutriental content, it is recommended that Dawadawa should be used as substitute to the monosodium glutamate-based seasoning salts.

Proximate and antinutritional analysis of locally produced condiment (Cwande) in Zuru Local Government Kebbi State, Nigeria

This study aimed to analyse the proximate and anti-nutritional components of Cwande in Zuru Local Government, Kebbi State. Five (5) samples in four (4) collection areas were collected and transported to Botany Laboratory Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero for analysis. The proximate and antinutrient parameters were analysed using the recommended AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists) techniques. The results of the study showed that Cwande had high protein content (37.29±0.50%), followed by moisture (32.07±0.58%), fibre (14.80+3.06%), carbohydrate (7.62+0.81%), lipid (5.18+0.52%) and ash (3.02+1.76%). While the results of anti-nutritional composition showed that Cwande had high phytate composition (5.76 + 0.72) followed by saponins (5.51 + 0.61), cyanide (4.76 + 0.28) and oxalate (4.03 + 0.20). From these findings, it was discovered that Cwande condiments locally produced by Zuru people have good nutritional profile levels. However, the level of anti-nutrient contents in Cwande condiments is reduced. Further studies should be carry out to know the incidence of microbial flora of Cwande and also the toxins substances known to cause harmful effects to humans and animals.

Phenotypic Characterization of Fungal Pathogens Associated with the Main Mycoses of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.)

Aims: To study the diversity of fungal pathogens associated with cashew mycoses in Togo.
 Study Design: This research project was initiated by the Mycology Research and Applications Unit of the Botany and Plant Ecology Laboratory (LBEV) in order to have adequate information on cashew mycoses in Togo.
 Place and Duration of Study: Laboratory of Botany and Plant Ecology (LBEV) of the University of Lome (UL) and of Crop Protection and Biosafety Laboratory of Togolese Institute of Agronomic Research (ITRA), February to August 2020.
 Methodology: A total of 148 symptomatic samples (leaves, buds, inflorescences, nuts, and apples) were collected from cashew trees in the East Mono prefecture of Togo. Malt-agar medium supplemented with chloramphenicol at 0.5 g/l was used for the isolation of fungal pathogens. The characterization of these fungal pathogens was carried out from the 7th day based on their macroscopic (texture, color, diameter of growth) and microscopic (hypha, spore, fruiting body) characters.
 Results: This study revealed the presence of five mycoses in cashew orchards in the East Mono prefecture. These are leaf anthracnose, bud’s dieback, black rust, leaf yellowing, and powdery mildew. In total, 12 fungal genera were encountered and 14 species of fungal pathogens were identified on all the samples collected: Rhizopus sp., Penicillium sp., Mucor sp., Sporotrichum sp., Fusarium nivale, Fusarium moliniforme, Fusarium moliniforme var. subglutinans, Curvularia lunata, Curvularia geneculata, Alternaria tenuissima, Alternaria brassicisola, Beltrania rhombica Penz., Thielavia coactilis Nicot, Helminthosporium avenae, Helminthosporium siccans, Phoma eupyrena, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger. 
 Conclusion: It would be of great interest to train cashew producers in the East Mono prefecture on the recognition of the symptoms of these mycoses and their management.

Analysis of bioelectric potential of cabbage waste (Brassica oleraceae var. capitata) using microbial fuel cells

Vegetable waste, one of which is cabbage waste, has long been recognized as a cause of a significant environmental problems in traditional markets and must be addressed. However, cabbage waste can be used as an alternative energy source through the Microbial Fuel Cell process. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of cabbage waste as a producer of bioelectricity and the storage time of cabbage waste that produces the largest bioelectricity using Microbial Fuel Cells. This research was conducted in February 2022 at Laboratory of Microbiology and Botany, Universitas Siliwangi. The study employed a completely randomized design (CRD), with treatment consisting of a control group (without storage), five storage treatments, namely: treatment 1 (2 days storage), treatment 2 (4 days storage), treatment 3 (6 days storage), treatment 4 (eight days storage), and treatment 5 (10 days storage). All treatments were repeated 4 times. A digital multimeter is used to determine the resulting electric current. The results indicated that the highest average total electric current generated was 0.022 mA from the 4 days storage treatment. The lowest average total electric current generated was 0.010 mA from the 10th days storage. These data indicate that the treatment of storage time of up to 4 days can increase the amount of electric current generated, then it decreases with increasing length of storage. It is influenced by several variables, including the growth phase of the bacterium, the availability of organic molecules, and the population of bacterium.

EKSPLORASI KERAGAMAN DAN KAJIAN TAKSONOMI PTERIDOPHYTA SEBAGAI POTENSI EKOWISATA DI KAWASAN PUNCAK DULAMAYO KABUPATEN GORONTALO

English translation. This study aims to find out the diversity of pteridophyta species and their taxonomic studies based on morphological character and analysis of Pteridophyta phenetic relationships in the peak area of Dulamayo Gorontalo Regency through exploration and interview methods. Exploration was conducted to obtain species diversity data and taxonomic data of pteridophyta by identifying and recording all morphological characteristics of pteridophyta (Rhizome, Ptiolus and Lamina) found at the research site. Further identification of the micromorphological character of pteridophyta (Scales and Trioma) was carried out at the Laboratory of Botany Of Biology Faculty of MIPA Gorontalo State University. Determination of pteridophyta diversity index using Sahon Wiener formula while phenetic relationship data is analyzed using gower General Similarity Coefficient formula on MVSP softwere. Based on the results of the study obtained 13 species of nail plants that have morphological character variations with a diversity index of H'= 1,087 which fall into the moderate category, namely species Asplenium trichomane, Phymatosorus scolopendria, Christella parasitica and Nephrolepis cordifolia found in kawsan waterfall UPSA, species Sphaerostephanos unitus, Dicksonia circutaria, Balantium antarcticum, Polybotrya alfredii, Pneumatopteris costata, Dryopteris filix-mas, Cyathea arborea, Nephrolepis biserrate and Sellaginella willdenowii are found in the Arboretum. The genetic distance obtained from the analysis of kinship relationships with the phenotic method is at a coefficient of 66% (0.69) which divides into two main clusters based on morphological character similarities.

Impacts of Nano-Ferric Oxide on Morpho-Physiological Traits of Durum Wheat

Nanotechnology has shown a promising potential to encourage sustainable agriculture in the recent years. Iron (Fe) is an essential element for plant growth and development which absence in the soil negatively effects the plant health. We proposed that the application of nano-ferric oxide at certain level would promote the overall performance of durum wheat. Thus, in the recent study, we evaluated the two durum wheat genotypes (Preco and Kronos) under three levels of nano-ferric oxide (0 ppm, 20 ppm and 50 ppm). The experiment was conducted in the Botany Laboratory of University of Lahore, Sargodha campus during 2017-2018 with a completely randomized block design. Nano-Ferric oxide particles were synthesized by the chemical reduction of ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3.6H2O) using onion extract. The size of nanoparticles was determined by Zeta Particle Analyzer. The results of the observed traits revealed highly significant differences among treatments and genotypes. The results shown that observed traits improved under 20 ppm concentration of nano-ferric oxide but decreased under 50 ppm concentration. At 20 ppm treatment, variety Preco showed the highest plant height (109.56 cm), root length (19.42 cm), spike length (12.48 cm), awns length (19.83 cm), internode length (19.12 cm), number of leaves (14.55), number of spikelets (23.77), number of awns (55.88), thousand-grain weight (49.49 g), relative water contents (94.81), glaucousness (9.52) and pubescence (8.88). Overall, results suggested that ferric oxide nanoparticles improve the growth of durum wheat and can be used for crops improvement in future.

The Indicators of Tolerance Analysis and Tolerance Test of Rice Varieties to NaCl Stress

NaCl stress is one of the causes of inhibition and decreased growth of rice plants. The aim of the study was to obtain indicators of tolerance analysis and to analyze the tolerance of rice varieties Inpari-22 and mekongga to NaCl stress. The research was carried out at the Laboratory of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of IBA in Palembang, in October-December 2021.The study used a completely randomized factorial design (RALF) 5 x 2. The first factor was the concentration of NaCl, which consisted of 0ppm (water), 2.500ppm, 5.000ppm, 7.500ppm and 10.000ppm. The second factor is rice varieties, namely Inpari-22 and Mekongga. The experiment consisted of 10 treatment combinations with 3 replications. Each experimental unit consisted of 50 seeds, so a total of 1,500 seeds. The results showed that soaking the seeds in a NaCl solution of 2,500-10,000 ppm for 48 hours could increase germination, vigor index, growth speed, growth synchronously and maximum growth potential. However, in subsequent growth there was inhibition and a decrease in plant height, root length, epicotyl length, plant weight and root weight at increasing NaCl concentration from 2,500 ppm -10,000 ppm. In this study, as an indicator of the analysis of seed tolerance to salinity stress, the observations of germination variables (germination, vigor index, growth speed, growth synchronously and maximum growth potential) and early growth half (plant height, number of leaves, root length, epicotyl length, plant weight and root weight) can be used.

Effects of Priming Treatments on Germination Indices of Soybean Cultivars Under Osmotic Stress

This study aimed to investigate the effects of priming treatments on germination indices of soybean cultivars under osmotic stress in a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement of treatments in a botany laboratory located in Kordestan Province, Sanandaj, Iran. Experimental treatments included three treatments of priming (control and gibberellin at a concentration of 0.04%), cultivar (Clark and Hobbit), and osmotic stress (control and -1.5MPa) in three replications. The standard germination test was performed according to the guidelines presented by the International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) and some germination indices, including germination percentage, germination rate, germination uniformity, and mean germination time up to 10% germination (D10), were calculated at the end of the experiment using German program. In addition, some growth indices and enzymatic activities were also evaluated in this study. Results of the analysis of variance indicated that the triple interaction of A×B×C had significant effects on all germination indices and the lowest coefficient of variation (equal to 7.55) was obtained for germination rate while its highest value (equal to 17.22) was calculated for germination uniformity index. Concerning the effects of priming treatment, it was observed that the highest values for indices of germination percentage and germination rate (with averages of 48% and 0.12, respectively) were obtained under the application of gibberellin. In other words, gibberellin treatment led to increases equal to 15.58 and 90.44% for germination percentage and germination rate indices compared to the control treatment, respectively. In addition, increasing osmotic stress levels had a significant inverse relationship with germination indices so that the application of -1.5 MPa osmotic stress significantly Decreased the germination percentage and germination rate of both Clark and Hobbit cultivars. In general, it was concluded that the application of gibberellin mitigated adverse effects of osmotic stress of -1.5 MPa and resulted in an increasing percentage and rate of germination under stressful conditions.

Effect of Cowpea Seed Beetle (Callosobruchus maculatus) Infestation on Selected Landraces of Bambara Groundnut During Storage

The study was carried out to assess the effect of Callosobruchus maculatus infestation on selected Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean) landraces in Gombe during storage to determine the Landrace (s) that are less susceptible to infestation caused by C. maculatus during storage. The trial was done in the Botany laboratory of Gombe State University, Gombe. Seeds were collected from five different Landraces, 40 grams each of healthy and C. maculatus infestation free seeds were infested with two males and three females. Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replicates was used to assess the effects of C. maculatus infestation on the selected landraces of Bambara groundnut during storage. The results of the analysis of variance displayed significant differences (p≤ 0.05) among the parameters studied. It indicated that the Mottled and Cream landraces are relatively less susceptible and witness lower damage from the bruchids attack 14.6 (36%) and 17 (46%), whereas Red and Black landraces are more susceptible 24 (61 %) and 22 (57 %) (recorded higher damage from the C. maculatus in terms of percentage weight loss recorded). These results showed the existence of variation among the different Bambara groundnut landraces used due to the infestation of C. maculatus. It can be observed from this study that the use of infestation free landraces at storage time may perhaps be a worthwhile and auspicious factor for integrated pest management especially on bruchids in Bambara groundnuts. additionally, Mottle and Cream landraces might be employed as sources of resistance genes for the subsequent plant improvement program.

Analysis of soil water biophysicochemical content from temporary waste disposal places

Population growth is in line with the increasing volume of waste generated, so that it has an impact on the increase in the location of landfills in temporary disposal sites (TPS) and landfills (TPA). Piles of runny rubbish often cause the degradation of groundwater quality. This study aims to determine the biological, physical, and chemical properties of groundwater originating from one of the TPS with different depths and distances. The research method used is an experiment which is further described qualitatively. This research was conducted at the Laboratory of Botany, Department of Biology, Universitas Siliwangi for four months. The material used in this study is ground water taken from one of the polling stations in the City of Tasikmalaya with different distances and depths. The instrument used was the observation guide analysed at PT Sucofindo. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that all parameters observed are biological content, physical content and chemical content in groundwater as a whole polluted by alkali.

Responses of barley genotypes for salt tolerance under in vitro culture condition

An experiment was undertaken at Agricultural Botany Laboratory, Patuakhali Science and Technology, to screen out salt tolerant barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes. The evaluation was done based on germination percentage, shoot length, root length and shoot: root ratio. Five barley genotypes including BARI barley 2, BARI barley 3, BARI barley 4, BARI barley 5 and BARI barley 7 were used in the screening program. The barley genotypes were grown in eight levels NaCl solution like 0(Control), 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 mM. The present study shows that salinity reduced germination percentage of barley and the extent of reduction increased with the increase in the concentration of salinity in the growth medium. Shoot dry weight (1.40 mg), root dry weight (0.21 mg), shoot moisture content (80.0%), root elongation rate (1.81), vigor index (21.30), speed of germination (7.91) and root length (21.67 cm) were obtained from the variety BARI barley 4 with 80 mMNaCL (V3T4). Based on the growth attributes the genotypes BARI barley 7 and BARI barley 4 were found tolerant to salt stress as they grown up to 60 mM and 80 mMNaCl solution respectively. The genotypes BARI barley 4 was therefore selected to be grown in south coastal saline soil of Bangladesh.
 Progressive Agriculture 32 (1): 1-9, 2021

TOXICITY OF Piper guineense SCHUM AND THONN AND Chlorpyrifos POWDERS FOR THE CONTROL OF Callosobruchus subinnotatus (Pic.) ON STORED Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdcourt IN GOMBE STATE, NIGERIA

A study was conducted with aim of determining toxicity effects of Piper guineense and chlorpyrifos powders on adult mortality of Callosobruchus subinnotatus, progeny emergence (F1), damage and weight loss, germination of Bambara nuts. Study was carried out at Botany laboratory, Gombe State University, Gombe State, Nigeria. P. guineense and chlorpyrifos were mixed at 0.0g and 0.8g concentration with 20g Bambara nuts inside 1000ml plastic containers. Experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design in three replicates. Ten pairs of adult C. subinnotatus unsexed were introduced into treatments nuts and stored for 7days. Bruchid mortality, progeny emergence, nut damage and weight loss, and germination were assessed. Data obtained were subjected to analyses of variance, significant differences of treatment mean were separated using New Duncan’s multiple range test at 5% probability level. Piper guineense and chlorpyrifos powders had comparable toxicity effects, causing 100% C. subinnotatus adult mortality between 5-7 days of treatment. P. guineense and chlorpyrifos powders proved effective as lower C. subinnotatus progeny emergence was observed compared with control. Progeny emergence under control was 93.42% and 100% higher than nuts treated with P. guineense and chlorpyrifos, respectively. P. guineense and chlorpyrifos did not cause significant reduction in seed germination. Study recommends P. guineense is a reliable organic material that could offer protection to Bambara nuts against C. subinnotatus