Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Research Articles

Construction and Practice of Inorganic & Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Course System Guided by the Cultivation of Innovative Talents

Construction and Practice of Inorganic & Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Course System Guided by the Cultivation of Innovative Talents

EVALUACIÓN DE LA CALIDAD DE LOS HUEVOS

Introduction: In the field of foodborne diseases, Salmonella spp. can cause salmonellosis through foods such as chicken eggs, a basic food component, of which various qualitative parameters can be evaluated. The objective of the study was to evaluate the quality and the presence of Salmonella spp. in eggs sold in Libertador San Martín, Entre Ríos. Material and methods: The study was developed in the Nutrition Laboratory of the Universidad Adventista del Plata in Libertador San Martín, and a Chemical Analysis Laboratory in Paraná, from May to August 2020. The design was descriptive, retrospective and cross-sectional. The sample consisted of 114 eggs obtained from 3 local supermarkets, in which all egg suppliers in the city were represented. Results: Salmonella spp. wasn´t isolated in none of the samples analyzed. Each unit was clean, although 49 did not present centric yolk, being 57.01 % (n = 65) of A quality, with respect to the shell and content. The average weight was 56.89 g, with a predominance of large eggs, SD ± 3.72. For the shape index, the mean was 74.71, SD ± 2.45, highlighting those with optimal shape. With reference to the flotation test, most were fresh from the day. Regarding the yolk index, the mean was 0.38, SD ± 0.09, with the majority classified below B quality. There was a statistically significant relationship between this last parameter and the state of the shell and content (p = 0.010). The average pH of the white was 8.8, SD ± 0.39 and of the yolk 8.0, SD ± 0.71. Conclusions: The qualitative and microbiological parameters are acceptable, except the index and pH of the yolk. It is essential to continue ensuring the safety of the egg. Keywords: Foodborne diseases; Salmonella; safety.

ANALISIS KADAR TIMBAL (Pb) PADA BERBAGAI TUMBUHAN DI KAWASAN STASIUN PENGISIAN BAHAN BAKAR UMUM (SPBU) KOTA PALU

Exhaust gas produced by motorized vehicles releases lead (Pb) into the environment and can be absorbed into plant tissues. This study aimed to examine the content of lead (Pb) accumulated in leaves. Sampling used purposive sampling as a sampling method at four gas stations in Palu City. Pb levels were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) at the Laboratory of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Tadulako University. The results showed that the highest to lowest lead absorption in the leaves was Syzygium myrtifolium Walp; 0.75 mg/l from Tawaeli gas station, Bouganvillea spectabilis Willd; 0.67 mg/l from Maluku gas station, Polyalthia longifolia var. pendula; 0.67 mg/l at Yos Sudarso gas stations, and Dracaena reflexa Lam; 0.58 mg/l from Diponegoro gas station. The concentration of lead (Pb) found in each plant from gas stations is still below the maximum threshold set by SNI 01-7387:2009, which is 0.5-3 ppm. The ambient air content around the gas station is still below the air quality standard for measuring the lead (Pb) 2 g/m3 parameter.

Development of B horizon in relation to Morphological characterization and soil uniformity of some soil of northern of Iraq

The aim of the study to estimate soil uniformity and development using B horizon, Three pedons were selected within Nineveh Governorate (Rashedyia, Talafar, and Telkaif), The morphological description was carried out according to the principles followed in soil survey staff, (2014), then each pedon was divided into depths and soil samples were taken from these depths to be transferred in to laboratory for physical and chemical analysis, also some of sand particles separated by different size of sieves. The results showed an increase in sand particles values downward to the third depth and then decreased again in the fourth depth in most study sites. A parallel curve was reached at Talafar 's location within the deepest except for the fifth depth, which showed an intersection in the size of the very coarse sand (VCS), which gave a lower proportion of the rest of the depths, due to the fact that the sampling was taken advantage of the grazing area and there was no equal movement of that size between the depths, albeit slight. The values of the ratio of fine sand to the total sand showed that they were relatively lower than the values of the ratio of fine sand to coarse sand for all locations, its rates ranged (0.41 - 0.83), the standard deviation values from the arithmetic mean were less than 21% in all locations except the surface layer at Telkaif, which amounted to (30.61%).

The status and roles of the 406th Medical General Laboratory of the U.S. Army, 1946-1953.

In 1946, the U.S. Army established the 406th Medical General Laboratory as the central medical research institute for their new Asia-Pacific-occupied area. The primary mission of the 406th medical laboratory was to supplement the epidemiologic, sanitary, and diagnostic services available in other medical facilities and hospitals, and to investigate outbreaks of disease and conditions which affect or may affect the health of the people in the occupied area. At the time of its establishment, the 406th laboratory had considerable difficulties securing researchers, but it solved the related problems by actively cooperating with Japanese medical researchers and research institutes. According to the statistics in 1947, the 406th laboratory consisted of 46% of its total research personnel, Japanese researchers. The 406th medical laboratory's professional research departments included the department of Pathology, Serology, Bacteriology, Medical Zoology, Chemistry, Virus and Ricketts, Entomology (established in 1949), and Epidemiology (established in 1951). All research departments played a central role in the Asia-Pacific region in their professional fields. For example, the department of Pathology functioned as the "histopathology center of all hospitals in Japan, Korea, and the Mariana-Bonin Command" under the provision of "Army Regulation 40-410," and the department of Chemistry was called an "analytical chemistry laboratory for the Far East Command" because it performed various chemical experiments for many medical facilities in the area with insufficient research facilities.

Observations of the oil-polluted soil of Absheron Peninsula using Landsat 8 OLI and Sentinel 2A imagery

The Absheron Peninsula is the biggest urbanized area in Azerbaijan. Along with the growth of the massive oil production, the role of the Peninsula has increased and big ecological problems have arisen. In this research, the investigation of the possibility of detecting hydrocarbons in sandy soil through Landsat 8 OLI and Sentinel 2 A satellite and drone images and chemical analysis was conducted. The main study was based on the satellite imagery of Landsat 8 OLI and Sentinel 2A, employing NDVI calculations and analyses. In order to calculate NDVI, ESRI ArcGIS 10.3 software has been used. The multispectral images with 30m spatial resolution of Landsat 8 and 10 m resolution multispectral images of Sentinel 2 were used. Additionally, drone observations lead to obtaining high-resolution data about soil pollution in the study area. Also, field samples were taken to the laboratory and necessary chemical analysis was performed for validation purposes. This study showed that multispectral remote sensing can be used to detect hydrocarbons in the soil in oil production areas. Hydrocarbon-bearing substances’ absorption into the soil results in a low value of NDVI in the study area. The observations in the winter and summer seasons show that the seasonal changes in weather conditions affect both the amount of oil contamination in the soil and the detection process of soil pollution by oil using remote sensing.

PH results and coordination of spring waters in Gallaorol district, Uzbekistan

Samples of groundwater resources (spring waters) collected in Gallaorol district of Jizzakh region and their pH indicators were determined. Water samples were taken and examined from large springs in Gallaorol district. In addition, the coordinates of the location of the springs were determined using a special GPS (Global Positioning System) device, and coordination were presented. The results of chemical laboratory analysis showed that most of the spring waters showed a weak alkaline. The pH indicators of spring waters fully comply with the requirements of the State Standard of Uzbekistan “Hygienic requirements and quality control for domestic drinking water supply” (UzDSt 951:2011), as well as “Hygienic requirements for drinking water and quality control” (UzDSt 0950:2011).

The Impact of Urban Livestock Waste on the Environment in Potiskum Town Yobe State, Nigeria

Livestock provide essential commodities and services to the majority of the world's population. With an increasing number of people, livestock are increasingly held responsible for many adverse effects on human health. The aim of the study is to examine the management strategies applied by urban and pre-urban livestock producers and their resultant consequences on the land, water, and health of the general public, emanating basically from small land holdings in Potiskum. The objectives of the study are to identify the locations of major dumpsites close to water points and to assess pollution incidence as it relates to public health. Ten-five water samples and/or soil samples were tested in an analytical chemistry laboratory. To assess the level of toxicity, a microbial test was also conducted in Biological laboratory. In addition to this approach, a 200-meter buffer radius was created around each water point, and 6 livestock keepers (household heads) within it were randomly selected for interview using a questionnaire survey. Descriptive statistics were used with SPSS/PASW version 18.0, and the results were presented using statistical tools such as percentage computation, frequency distribution table, line, and bar graph, respectively. Findings revealed heavy metals were found above the recommended water drinking level of WHO and Nigeria's standards. These include Magnesium (0.98), Iron (4.900), Chromium (3.30), Copper (1.520), Cadmium (0.84), Sulphate (15.30), Nitrite (2.25), Lead (2.20) as opposed to the acceptable levels of 0.1, 0.1, 0.05, 0.2, 0.003, 100, 0.2 and 0.01. More than 60% of the respondent's views revealed that the sizes of their residential buildings where livestock were raised are less than ¼ plots with limited space for both humans and animals. The distance estimate between human habitat and that of livestock animals of 70% of the farmers is less than four meters (<4m) as opposed to the world standard of 50m. Findings also show that direct animal and human interaction has become a serious health issue as some effects of zoonotic diseases, which include cholera 7%, abortion 15%, diarrhea 31%, and typhoid 50%, have been mentioned among urban livestock farmers. Some of the effects were 37% land degradation, 22% deterioration of structures and 29% contamination of water, 40% noise pollution, and destruction of properties, among others. Therefore, the research recommends that livestock farmers should constitute part of the negotiation at the planning stage. Sitting and constructing sanitary landfills, monitoring the quality and nature of the groundwater reservoirs, and medical research on both the health of the animals and their owners are to be conducted by taking blood, urine, and stool samples to medical laboratories.

Assessing Leachate Migration and Gas Emissions in Landfill Sites Using Seismic and Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) Methods

Other environmental concerns include the permeation of non-sanitary fill-related leachate or gas. This paper will validate these concerns using seismic and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) techniques. We collect data at different depths of the dump sites using survey methods such as seismic and electrical resistivity tomography. We implemented the seismic reflection approach for the comprehensive seismic wave velocity studies and applied the ERT method to determine the electrical resistivity. We also used the chemical analysis laboratory to quantify the amount of leachate present in the water samples. The data analysis yielded several significant conclusions. At a depth of 75 meters, electrical resistivity fell from 120.123 Ohm-m to 5 meters. P-wave velocity dropped throughout the same depth range, from 1500.123 m/s to 1150.456 m/s. The leachate conductivity increased from 1.234 mS/cm to 4.234 mS/cm, suggesting that the deeper depths had higher pollutant levels. We observed a linear increase in methane concentrations with water depth, rising from 10.123 ppm to 24.456 ppm. The joint use of seismic and ERT was necessary because, while seismic studies aid in understanding the subsurface conditions of a landfill and their temporal changes, only seismic and ERT can evaluate properties such as soil properties, leachate dispersion, and methane emissions. These results improve our knowledge of landfill dynamics and open the door to more practical management approaches, adding to the corpus of existing information.

Sago caterpillar: ALTERNATIVE LOCAL FOOD SOURCES OF NUTRITION POST PANDEMIC FAMILY

The existence of sago caterpillars as an alternative source of animal protein brings its own color in food diversity because it is unique and potentially available in sago crop areas. Sago caterpillars are included in the class of food ingredients that are easily damaged, so it is necessary to carry out an innovative processing, one of which is by using a vacuum dryer to maintain shelf life and aesthetics so that it is easily accepted. During the pandemic, animal food sources have increased in price, so it is important to look for other rich local foods. protein, amino acids, zinc, minerals, albumin, are needed to increase the body's immune system and maintain stamina. The purpose of introducing sago caterpillars in the community as an alternative source of animal protein during the pandemic. This research is a descriptive qualitative approach, namely to obtain information about the use of sago caterpillars as a food source. The results of the chemical laboratory analysis of sago caterpillars studied from the Wolasi sub-district of South Konawe Regency showed that the average water content of fresh sago caterpillars was 57.92%, total energy 265.67 kcal, protein 8.52%, total fat 20.07% and carbohydrates 12, 74%. While the mean water content of dry sago caterpillar was 4.31%, total energy was 374.80 kcal, protein was 16.66%, total fat was <0.02% and carbohydrates was 77.04%.. In conclusion, in terms of nutritional content, sago caterpillars have the potential to be an alternative source of animal protein

Un percorso di integrazione tra strutture ospedaliere e servizi territoriali

The forty years of work in the Ser.D. have taught us to grasp changes, often beyond laws and resources, proposing the correct organizational evolutions. The evolution of consumption and states of dependence, the new consumption of young people, the challenges to the limit of risks, the addictive behaviors such as chemic sex recall the need for new reading paradigms, a new clinic and new operational tools. A collaboration between the SMEL Clinical Chemical Analysis and Microbiology Laboratory of the Lodi Hospital and the Ser.D. has begun a few months ago, aimed at introducing a new protocol for the research of substances of abuse on the keratin matrix in drug addiction monitoring. Furthermore, with this type of analysis, the laboratory can provide its Ser.D. with a more effective analysis tool in monitoring patients. The high specificity of the test is able to determine greater diagnostic reliability with a consequent improvement in the specificity of treatment.

Hematological parameters in workers of water supply facilities of petrochemical enterprises

Introduction. One of the major petrochemical complexes of the Republic of Bashkortostan is Limited liability company (LLC) «Gazprom Neftekhim Salavat». The normal operation of industrial enterprises requires the use of large volumes of water. Its water supply, water disposal, waste disposal, reclamation of sludge reservoirs, equipment repair, cleaning of oil sludge reservoirs is provided by LLC «PromVodoKanal». The main technological personnel are wastewater treatment operators, process plant operators, pumping plant operators, chemical analysis laboratory assistants, commodity operators. Their work is associated with exposure to harmful and / or dangerous production factors. Objective. Search and substantiation of laboratory markers of early health disorders in workers of water supply facilities of petrochemical enterprises. Materials and methods. Hygienic and clinical laboratory studies were carried out among workers of the main occupations of the «PromVodoKanal» station who have contact with various harmful derivative factors. A complex of hematological and biochemical research methods was used in the work. Results. A comparative analysis of the frequency of occurrence of deviations of hematological parameters from the norm in all examined (occupational) groups was carried out. A laboratory study showed that hematological parameters are characterized by an increased content of hemoglobin, erythrocytes, and hematocrit. Changes in the mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and thrombocytes count, were detected in every fifth worker. Over the years of work, the share of workers with high levels of glucose and cholesterol increases markedly, the correlation of which reaches from 0.90 to 0.97. Limitations. The article has limitations on the scientific study of working conditions, as periodic medical examinations are carried out by occupational pathologists. Conclusions. Red blood values are specific markers of workers’ health problems and require special attention during periodic medical examinations.

A Chemical Analysis Laboratory Class Solely Assessed on the Accuracy and Precision of Student Data

A Chemical Analysis Laboratory Class Solely Assessed on the Accuracy and Precision of Student Data

Optimizing Methods for ICP-MS Analysis of Mercury in Fish: An Upper-Division Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Class

Optimizing Methods for ICP-MS Analysis of Mercury in Fish: An Upper-Division Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Class

A Flexible Data Evaluation System for Improving the Quality and Efficiency of Laboratory Analysis and Testing

In a chemical analysis laboratory, sample detection via most analytical devices obtains raw data and processes it to validate data reports, including raw data filtering, editing, effectiveness evaluation, error correction, etc. This process is usually carried out manually by analysts. When the sample detection volume is large, the data processing involved becomes time-consuming and laborious, and manual errors may be introduced. In addition, analytical laboratories typically use a variety of analytical devices with different measurement principles, leading to the use of various heterogeneous control software systems from different vendors with different export data formats. Different formats introduce difficulties to laboratory automation. This paper proposes a modular data evaluation system that uses a global unified management and maintenance mode that can automatically filter data, evaluate quality, generate valid reports, and distribute reports. This modular software design concept allows the proposed system to be applied to different analytical devices; its integration into existing laboratory information management systems (LIMS) could maximise automation and improve the analysis and testing quality and efficiency in a chemical analysis laboratory, while meeting the analysis and testing requirements.

Estimation of rock copper content based on Fractional-order derivative and visible Near-infrared–Shortwave infrared spectroscopy

Rock geochemistry can accurately and effectively delineate geological anomalies, providing clear instructions for geological prospecting and playing a crucial role in mineral resource exploration. However, traditional geochemical exploration methods are based on ground sampling and laboratory chemical analysis, which are time-consuming, laborious, and inefficient. This study collected 191 rock samples, and the Cu content and spectral data were obtained using chemical analysis and an analytical spectral device (fieldspec3, portable spectrometer) in the laboratory. However, spectral preprocessing and estimation models are critical for estimation accuracy. Therefore, this study discusses the potential of fractional derivative spectroscopy and a model method for estimating rock Cu content. The results show the following. (1) Compared with the original spectrum and the integer-order derivative spectrum (first and second derivative), the fractional-order derivatives (FODs) can better highlight the spectral details. With the increased order of derivatives, the characteristic band becomes more obvious. (2) The combined FOD and random forest (RF) model performs best for the full sample data. The coefficient of determination (R2) is as high as 0.766, the mean absolute error (MAE), and the ratio of the performance to deviation (RPD) are 9.09 and 2.067, respectively, significantly better than partial least squares (PLS) models (R2 = 0.598, MAE = 13.389, RPD = 1.577) and the K-nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithm (R2 = 0.686, MAE = 10.905, RPD = 1.786). (3) For the samples with Cu content less than 45 mg/kg, using the PLS method and samples with Cu content greater than 45 mg/kg and the RF method to build the estimation model achieved better overall results (R2 = 0.881, MAE = 6.697, RPD = 2.899). Therefore, combining FOD technology and the segmental modeling method can effectively and quickly estimate the Cu content in rocks, providing technical support for estimating Cu content in rocks from aerial imaging hyperspectral images.

Food analysis: a practical guide

Food analysis: a practical guide

The Effect of Additional Paste of Sukari Date Fruit on Organoleptic Properties, Nutritional Value and Acceptance of Sule Sukari Ice Cream As An Alternative Food In Elementary School Children

Malnutrition in children can have a bad impact because in addition to increasing the risk of various diseases, it also tends to inhibit the growth and development of children. Various efforts to overcome the problem of malnutrition in children include providing food that contains high energy and protein, which can be obtained from Sule Sukari ice cream made from soy milk with the addition of Sukari Dates paste which is high in energy and protein. This research was conducted at the Food Science Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Poltekkes Mataram in December 2021 using an experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD) with one factor, namely the addition of Sukari date fruit paste consisting of 5 treatment levels (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%), 3 repetitions each. Organoleptic trait data were collected by hedonic organoleptic test and statistically processed using Analysis Of Variance (One Way Annova) at 95% confidence level (? = 0.05). Acceptability data was obtained through the acceptance test for elementary school-aged children in grades 4, 5 and 6 at SDN Bejelo, while nutrient data was obtained through a proximate test conducted at the Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, University of Mataram. The addition of Sukari date fruit paste had a significant effect on the organoleptic properties, namely the color, taste and texture of Sule Sukari ice cream (p<0.05). Based on the organoleptic test, t3(20%) was the most preferred treatment by the panelists. The proximate test results showed that the selected Sule Sukari ice cream had a moisture content of 62.64%, ash content 0.84%, fat content 10.01%, protein content 3.70% and carbohydrates 22.81%. In the acceptance test, there were 30 people (93.7%) categorized as good acceptance and 2 people (6.3%) from 32 children. Sule Sukari ice cream was given as much as 135 g with energy content of 264.7 kcal, 5 g protein, 13.5 g fat, and 30.8 g KH.

The Characteristics of Soil Ca and Mg Leakage in a Karst Depression

The soil leakage characteristics of depressions in karst areas should be explored by investigating their soil Ca and Mg contents. As a starting point, in a karst landform typical of Guizhou Huajiang dry valley karst watersheds, we selected surface depression and performed a field investigation, soil profile excavation, and soil sample collection. The soil samples were pretreated and taken to the laboratory for soil physical and chemical analysis. The data were processed, and the Ca and Mg contents of the soils were analyzed to determine the spatial variation characteristics of soil leakage in the depression. We found that in the depression watershed, the Ca and Mg contents in the 0–30 cm soil profile generally increased with increasing soil depth, and the Ca and Mg contents in the 30–150 cm soil profile exhibited more variability with increasing soil depth. The Ca and Mg in the soil surface profiles from the top of the slope, middle of the slope, base of the slope, bottom of the depression, and sinkhole showed obvious characteristics of a sedimentary soil leakage migration path. In combination with analyses of the soil K and N contents, the soil Ca and Mg contents can be used as an index of the likelihood of soil and water leakage in karst depressions.

Reservoir sediment characterisation by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in a semiarid region to support sediment reuse for soil fertilization

PurposeSoil erosion by water yields sediment to surface reservoirs, reducing their storage capacities, changing their geometry, and degrading water quality. Sediment reuse, i.e., fertilization of agricultural soils with the nutrient-enriched sediment from reservoirs, has been proposed as a recovery strategy. However, the sediment needs to meet certain criteria. In this study, we characterize sediments from the densely dammed semiarid Northeast Brazil by VNIR-SWIR spectroscopy and assess the effect of spectral resolution and spatial scale on the accuracy of N, P, K, C, electrical conductivity, and clay prediction models.MethodsSediment was collected in 10 empty reservoirs, and physical and chemical laboratory analyses as well as spectral measurements were performed. The spectra, initially measured at 1 nm spectral resolution, were resampled to 5 and 10 nm, and samples were analysed for both high and low spectral resolution at three spatial scales, namely (1) reservoir, (2) catchment, and (3) regional scale.ResultsPartial least square regressions performed from good to very good in the prediction of clay and electrical conductivity from reservoir (< 40 km2) to regional (82,500 km2) scales. Models for C and N performed satisfactorily at the reservoir scale, but degraded to unsatisfactory at the other scales. Models for P and K were more unstable and performed from unsatisfactorily to satisfactorily at all scales. Coarsening spectral resolution by up to 10 nm only slightly degrades the models’ performance, indicating the potential of characterizing sediment from spectral data captured at lower resolutions, such as by hyperspectral satellite sensors.ConclusionBy reducing the costly and time-consuming laboratory analyses, the method helps to promote the sediment reuse as a practice of soil and water conservation.