Ministry Of Labour Research Articles

Institutional moral harassment: the case of administrative servants of the Ministry of Labor and Social Security

Resumo Objetivo compartilhar a experiência de servidores administrativos da Secretaria do Trabalho (Strab) do Ministério do Trabalho e Previdência (MTP) durante o Governo Bolsonaro acerca da percepção de assédio moral institucional por eles sofrido, bem como apresentar resultados das ações de enfrentamento pelos trabalhadores deste órgão à época. Métodos foram acompanhadas 27 reuniões dos servidores administrativos do MTP e, por meio de diários de campo, os dados das reuniões foram tratados e as situações-problema sistematizadas. Resultados e Discussão os resultados mostram, por um lado, um longo histórico de reivindicações dos servidores (com a criação de grupos de discussão, realização de greves e avanços nas condições de trabalho) e, por outro, um recrudescimento, nos últimos anos do Governo Bolsonaro, da precarização das condições de trabalho (com supressão dos avanços conquistados, dificuldades de qualificação dos servidores e queda da qualidade do serviço prestado). Com isso, há uma relação possível entre as situações percebidas e levantadas junto aos servidores administrativos da Strab com características de assédio moral institucional. Ao mesmo tempo, refletimos sobre perspectivas de avanço nos âmbitos político, jurídico e do trabalho.

Assédio moral institucional: o caso dos servidores administrativos do Ministério do Trabalho e Previdência

Abstract Objective to share the experience of administrative workers of the Secretariat of Labor (Strab) of the Ministry of Labor and Social Security (MTP) during the Bolsonaro Government about their perception of institutional harassment, as well as to present the results of the actions taken by the workers to confront it. Methods 27 meetings of administrative workers of the MTP were followed and, through field diaries, the data from the meetings were treated and problem situations systematized. Results and Discussion the results show, on one hand, a long history of claims made by the workers (with the creation of discussion groups, strikes, and advances in working conditions) and, on the other hand, in the last years of Bolsonaro Government, an increase in the precariousness of the working conditions (with the suppression of the advances made, difficulties in workers qualification, and a decrease in the quality of the service provided). Therefore, there is a possible relationship between the situations perceived and identified together with the Strab`s administrative staff and institutional moral harassment characteristics. At the same time, we reflect on perspectives for advancement in the political, legal, and labor spheres.

Problems of regulation of professional activities of guides and guides – translators in the Republic of Kazakhstan

In the past 2023, on the pages of the magazine «Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality», our authors have repeatedly raised issues related to the often-unsatisfactory work of Kazakhstani guides and translation guides. In this article, we will try, in addition to the previously mentioned reasons explaining this situation, to consider those that seem systemic to us, which have not allowed us to effectively solve the problems of training and quality work of this category of tourism entities for many years. To date, these problems lie in the fact that the Law «On Tourism Activities in the Republic of Kazakhstan» (as amended in May 2023) does not precisely define the meaning of the terms applied to the definition of tourism entities providing information and organizational services to tourists; in the absence of a standard for the training of regional guides-translators and guides; The fact is that there is practically no communication between the authorized bodies in the field of tourism with specialized researchers on the subject of publishing methodological literature for the training of guides and guides – translators. Another important problem is that the register of professions of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Population of the Republic of Kazakhstan does not reflect the status of specialists providing information and organizational services to inbound and domestic tourists in our country.

Social contract as a tool for overcoming poverty of the working-age population: assessment of budget efficiency and directions of modernization

One of the promising instruments of social support for the population in the Russian Federation is a social contract, the feature of which is the conditional nature of social payments, requiring poor citizens to take active actions to improve their living situation (job search, vocational training, doing business). This study analyzes the Russian and foreign experience in organizing social contract instruments (the TANF program in the USA and the RSA program in France). The subject of the author's research is the effectiveness of budget expenditures of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation for the financial provision of the social contract mechanism in the context of the allocated areas of assistance. Special attention is paid to the legal support of the functioning of the social contract in terms of methods for evaluating its effectiveness and the distribution of appropriate subsidies from the federal budget. Based on the criterion proposed by the author of the relative amount of budget expenditures per citizen who has overcome the poverty threshold, an assessment of the budgetary effectiveness of various areas of assistance under the social contract is carried out. The conclusion is made about the difference in the evaluation results when using official indicators and the author's approach. Thus, official data indicate the success of the results of the social contract program, comparable with foreign analogues. The author's assessment of budgetary efficiency showed the irrational use of budgetary funds: 60% of financial resources in 2021-2022 were directed to the least effective area of assistance. Additionally, the problems in the mechanism of federal co-financing of expenditures of regional budgets for the use of the instrument are identified. The author identifies the methodological shortcomings of the current methodology for evaluating its effectiveness. Based on the identified problems, changes are proposed in the regulatory framework governing the financial mechanism for providing assistance on the basis of a social contract. These results are of high practical significance for the activities of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, as well as regional executive authorities responsible for the implementation of the social contract.

Updated Modified BG Prasad Classification for October 2023

Dear Editor,
 The Brahm Govind Prasad or BG Prasad classification for eliciting the socio-economic classification of the urban and rural families in India is a commonly used scale as a determinant of an individual’s health. It is easy to calculate, and it can be applied to all sections of society This classification purely depends on rates of year-on-year inflation and the changes in prices of consumer products such as Food & Beverages, Pan, Supari, Tobacco & Intoxicants, Clothing & Footwear, Housing, Fuel & Light and Miscellaneous (1). These outcome of these changes are depicted in the All-India Consumer Price Index for Industrial Workers (CPI-IW) which is released by the Labour Bureau, an attached office of the Ministry of Labour & Employment under the Government of India. The All-India CPI-IW for September 2023 stands at 137.5 (one hundred thirty-seven point five) (2).
 There is a scope for periodic revision of the BG Prasad Scale as it was initially introduced in 1961, with the CPI for 1960 serving as the base value of 100. In the subsequent years, few more modifications and emendations had to be made. Linkage factors were introduced to convert the CPI back to the base year of 1960 (100) during the years 1982, 2001 and 2016 which are 4.63, 4.93 and 2.88 respectively (3, 4).
 Calculation of Revised Modified B G Prasad classification for September 2023
 Correction factor = current index value (137.5) x linkage factor between 1960 and 1982 (4.63) x linkage factor between 1982 and 2001 (4.63) x linkage factor between 2001 and 2016 (2.88) whole divided by base index in 2016 (100) = 90.39
 The new income values can now be calculated using the formula, New income values = Correction factor x old income value of 1961. Table 1 shows the updated values of per capita monthly income for September 2023.
 Table 1: Modified BG Prasad classification for September 2023 (Rupees/ month)
 
 
 
 
 Social Class
 
 
 Original BG Prasad classification of 1961
 
 (Rs./ month)
 
 
 Modified BG Prasad classification for Sep 2023
 (Rs./ month)
 
 
 
 
 I
 
 
 Upper class
 
 
 100 and above
 
 
 9039 and above
 
 
 
 
 II
 
 
 Upper middle class
 
 
 50 – 99
 
 
 4971 - 9038
 
 
 
 
 III
 
 
 Middle class
 
 
 30 – 49
 
 
 2712 – 4970
 
 
 
 
 IV
 
 
 Lower middle class
 
 
 15 – 29
 
 
 1356 – 2711
 
 
 
 
 V
 
 
 Lower class
 
 
 Below 15
 
 
 Below 1356
 
 
 

인신매매 피해자 식별지표의 활용과 개선방안에 대한 논의

Since January 1, 2023, the “Act on the Prevention of Human Trafficking and Protection of Victims” has expanded the concept of human trafficking to protect and support victims such as labor exploitation, sexual exploitation, and prostitution. The law recommends the use of human trafficking identification indicators along with human trafficking education to detect crimes such as human trafficking and identify potential victims. Therefore, this study attempted to review human trafficking identification indicators and discuss improvement measures for effective use at the time when the law was enforced a year later. To this end, a survey was conducted on 150 employees of the National Police Agency, the Prosecutor's Office, the Ministry of Employment and Labor, and the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, which recommended the use of legal identification indicators, and the contents of the collected data were classified and analyzed. Through the study, the necessity of mandatory identification education and expanding the target, digitizing reporting and identification indicators, subdividing identification indicators for each target, and reorganizing other systems was discussed.

Study of lighting and noise levels in a higher education institution in the Lagunera region

The study of lighting and noise determines whether the educational institution complies with an accreditation criterion and how they influence the work and school environment, taking into account the physical surroundings for the development of activities within the institution.The research type is descriptive, utilizing a qualitative-quantitative methodology. Data collection tools are based on document review, creating mappings, and measurement points in the environments. Regarding noise, it emphasizes its importance to health, taking into account the environmental regulations of the Mexican Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare. Therefore, the results should ensure compliance and make recommendations for the university community in order to maintain the quality of infrastructure within the standards set by accrediting bodies for noise and lighting, thus avoiding disturbances and health issues.

Protection of the Welfare of Children by the Youth Welfare Office - Implementation of the Guidelines and Requirements of the Bavarian State Youth Welfare Office in Individual Cases

Introduction: Violence against children and young people: recognizing and acting of the Bavarian State Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs (StMAS), physicians are requested to act with the involvement of the youth welfare office (YWO) to protect the child's well-being. The handling of the welfare of children by the YWO may be of relevance for citizens from the USA and European countries in case of joint custody. Methods: The Bavarian State Youth Welfare Office (BSYWO) published on 15.03.2006 recommendations for the local youth welfare offices in Bavaria on how to react to threats to the child’s welfare. Guidelines of the BSYWO set the path for the local YWO on how to analyze and decide in every single case of child welfare endangerment. Examples of how the local youth welfare office doesn’t comply with the guidelines are presented. The analysis of the application may reflect the observance of the recommendations of the state youth welfare office by the local youth welfare office. Since the YWO is designated as the "central contact" in the event of a suspected threat to the welfare of the child, the guidelines of the state YWO are particularly important when implementing the legal requirements and case law. Results: These targets of the BSYWO are suitable to reduce the suffering of the children, provided they are applied correctly by the YWO. However, the guidelines may have been ignored and the child’s welfare may have been damaged. Conclusion: The basic goal of youth welfare, to help young people and their families, would be changed into its opposite, especially if by the measures of the youth welfare office the young person has been harmed to such an extent that his livelihood and future would have been endangered. The credibility of an institution that is important for the family and children would be damaged by a lack of transparency and the embezzlement of files.

Mathematical aspects of occupational risk and its classification considering statistical indicators

Occupational risk emerges as a comparatively novel concept within the regulation of social and labor relations in the Republic of Kazakhstan, serving as an indicator of the risk for loss of work capacity or the death of an employee during the execution of their work-related (official) duties due to an occupational accident. This article elucidates the statistical aspects of оccupational risk content, affirming the mathematical ubiquity and the validity of the scientific framework employed. The methodological foundation for assessing оccupational risk incorporates universally accepted statistical methods for comparison, grouping, and systematisation through the juxtaposition of credible statistical data. The purpose of the study is to employ one of the mathematical approaches to categorise types of economic activity into classes of occupational risk within the mandatory insurance system against accidents for workers fulfilling their occupational duties. The application of machine learning theory with big data across 132 types of economic activities (two-digit, including some five-digit codes) facilitated the execution of a classification procedure, resulting in the segmentation into 22 classes of occupational risk. It revealed the necessity for introducing a five-digit classification and further detailing the types economic activities as the class of оccupational risk increases, such as including the five-digit codes 07101 "Underground mining of iron ores" and 43991 "Mine construction" into class 22 (the highest), delineating from the two-digit codes of the mining and construction industry accordingly. The scientific results were obtained within the framework of program-targeted funding by the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Population of the Republic of Kazakhstan (scientific and technical program No. BR11965728 "Economic problems of safe work and institutional transformations of the insurance mechanism in the Republic of Kazakhstan").

Effectiveness of catch-up and routine program of the 9-valent vaccine on cervical cancer risk reduction in Japan.

In 2013, the national human papillomavirus (HPV) immunization program began. However, in June 2013, Japan's Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW) announced a "temporary" suspension of its recommendation for the human papillomavirus vaccine. Finally, in November 2021, the MHLW ended its suspension of the recommendation of the HPV vaccine. To address the 9-year gap in HPV vaccinations the suspension had caused, the MHLW conducted a program of catch-up vaccinations from April 2022 to March 2025. Finally, in April 2023, the 9-valent HPV vaccine was approved for both the routine and catch-up vaccination programs in Japan. In this study, we investigated the potential effects of the introduction of the 9-valent vaccine on the increased risk of cervical cancer in females born after fiscal year (FY) 2000. We estimated the lifetime relative risk of cervical cancer incidence and death using the improved routine and catch-up vaccination rates after the recent resumption of the governmental recommendation for women and girls to have the HPV vaccination. These relative risks were calculated using a lifetime risk of 1.000 for cervical cancer incidence and death for females born in FY 1993. We predicted that even if a 90% vaccination rate were to be achieved by FY 2024 with the 9-valent vaccine among women born between FY 2000 and FY 2005, the risk would remain higher than for the vaccination generation. Therefore, for women born between FY 2000 and FY 2005, it will be necessary to significantly improve the cervical cancer screening rate to compensate for this increased risk.

Development of a care management support system for preventing severe disease in elderly people requiring long-term care and enabling their continued living at home: Results of a questionnaire survey to identify assessment items

In Japan, it is common for individual elderly patients requiring long-term care to use multiple home care services in order to continue living at home. However, the details of the services provided and patients’ conditions at the time of care are not shared among the service providers.
 To address this issue, our research team aims to develop a website that collectively manages care information, predicts declines in activities of daily living (ADL) based on artificial intelligence (AI) analysis, and if necessary, automatically sends reports to service providers and the care manager in charge of the patient. 
 The target population of this study are elderly people with care needs living at home, their families, care managers, and home care service providers. 
 This research is being conducted with the cooperation of elderly individuals requiring care and their families, while always listening to the opinions of the parties involved. In developing the web system, we collaborated with a researcher specializing in care management and another researcher specializing in website development.
 This report describes a questionnaire survey conducted to examine the assessment items to be used in a “care management support system for prevention of severe disease and continuation of living at home for elderly people requiring long-term care”, which our research team is working to develop. Firstly, the assessment items presented in “Appropriate care management techniques: Basic care and disease-specific care” published by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare were discussed among the author, co-authors, and care managers who were not the subjects of this study, and 73 assessment items were extracted. For each of the 73 items, a questionnaire was developed asking “How important do you think it is for the elderly requiring care to continue living at home?” Each question was scored on a 5-point scale. Of the 30,631 home care support centers in Japan, 1,000 were randomly selected based on a population-proportional distribution by prefecture and government-designated city. Questionnaires were mailed to a total of 3,000 care managers, three to each center, and 642 valid responses were obtained (valid response rate: 21.4%). 
 Assessment items that the care managers selected as highly important (4.7 points or higher) were “presence or absence of falls”, “status of cognitive impairment if the patient has dementia”, “amount of food intake”, “changes in daily condition”, and “mental and physical statuses of a caregiver (family member)”.
 For the international audience, the development of a “website that predicts declines in ADL based on AI analysis, and if necessary, sends reports to service providers and the care manager in charge of the patient” may provide useful information, as it could be modified to suit the situations in each country and be used effectively in many countries. 
 In the next steps, we plan to conduct interviews with elderly people requiring long-term care, their families, and care managers and determine the data entry items before creating a website and implementing it on a trial basis.

How difficult is it to diagnose and report an occupational disease in a developing country? A modified delphi study

Aim: The roles of occupational medicine specialists are very important in the diagnosis and notification of occupational diseases. In this regard, the opinions of the parties are needed to identify the problems and propose solutions. Methods: This is a Modified Delphi exercise. It was conducted through an online survey in 2 rounds in Turkey between June 4, 2021 and August 31, 2021. The population of the research consists of occupational medicine specialists and sub-branch students in Turkey and some physicians working in the central organizational units of the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Labor and Social Security regarding the diagnosis, registration and notification of occupational diseases. In both rounds, e-mails were sent to 127 people. The survey was sent via , and the response frequency was 27.5% and 18.1% in rounds 1 and 2, respectively. A survey form was created for the second round by evaluating the open-ended information obtained as a result of the first round using the thematic analysis method and making suggestions. This form was sent to participants via e-mail and questions were asked about participation in the proposals in the second round. Proposals with 70% or more participation were accepted unanimously. Results: The most important difficulties regarding the diagnosis and details of occupational diseases are; The lack of a national occupational disease surveillance system, the fact that the current occupational disease diagnosis and summary system is focused on pricing, and the difficulties people experience in diagnosis were determined. Conclusion: In order to increase the reporting of occupational diseases, a surveillance-oriented system should be switched instead of a compensation-based system. In addition, the deficiencies in manpower, financing, technical infrastructure and legislation in the occupational disease reporting system need to be rapidly revised.

RISK-BASED APPROACH WHEN SELECTING PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT FOR WORKERS IN THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY

With the high risk of injury in the oil industry, worker safety is of paramount importance. Personal protective equipment (PPE) plays a critical role in worker protecting from various occupational hazards.Since September 1, 2023, according to the Order of the Ministry of Labor, uniform standard rules using a risk-based approach when issuing personal protective equipment were introduced,. If previously PPE was issued according to uniform standard rules, now standards drawing up will consist of two stages:- selection based on the employee’s position/profession;- selection based on risks at a given workplace.But how to do this and is the risk-based approach effective? Why is the selection of workwear based on anthropometric data very effective and will reduce the risk of injury and increase performance? By adopting a risk-based approach to the PPE selection process, the quality and safety of work can be significantly improved. This paper examines the benefits of using a risk-based approach and its role in occupational safety when choosing PPE.

HUBUNGAN CARA MENERAN DENGAN KEJADIAN RUPTUR PERINEUM PADA IBU BERSALIN DALAM PERSALINAN KALA II DI PMB DESA SUKASARI KECAMATAN RUMPIN KABUPATEN BOGOR

A tear of the birth canal becomes the second cause of postpartum hemorrhage. Technique straning can affect the occurrence of perineal rupture in mothers who give birth spontaneously. The biggest cause of maternal death is bleeding, which is 30.3% and old partus is the lowest cause at 1.8%, but better treatment is needed so that it does not occur during labor (Ministry of Health, 2018). This study aims to analyze how to straining with incidence of perineal rupture in maternity mothers in Kala II Labor at PMB Sukasari Village, Rumpin District, Bogor Regency. The research method used is an observational analytical with a cross sectional approach. The population in this study was 55 people with a sample of 35 primiparous mothers. This research instrument uses SOP observation sheets for how to run and partograph sheets. Data processing is carried out univariately and bivariately with Chi Square Test with the help of SPSS computer program. The results of the study indicate that there is a relationship how to straining the Valsalva technique and the perineal rupture whith a volue ρ = 0.004 < α = 0.005 indicating that how to straining the valsava technique affects the incidence of perineal rupture. The results of the study concluded that the way of straining can affect the incidence of perineal rupture at the time of labor. It is recommended that pregnant women in the third trimester can learn to straining properly so that there is no perineal rupture at the time of delivery

Simultaneous Determination of Pesticide Residues in Brown Rice Using GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS

This study developed a method that simultaneously detected 283 pesticide residues in brown rice using GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS. In this method, we examined the desirable amount of sodium chloride required for salting out and the SPE cartridge required for clean-up. Pesticide residues from the sample were extracted with acetonitrile using a homogenizer and mixed with salts including anhydrous magnesium, two types of citrate, and sodium chloride. The sample solution of the acetonitrile layer was cleaned up using the GCB/NH2 (200 mg/200 mg, 6 mL) SPE cartridge. The determination method was validated using two concentrations (0.01 and 0.1 μg/g) of 283 pesticides based on the validation guideline of the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare in Japan. Of the 283 pesticides, 250 were detected satisfactorily. In addition, 59 brown rice samples sold in Tokyo were surveyed using the same method. Out of 44 samples, 12 pesticide residues below MRLs were detected. Therefore, this developed method is useful for the simultaneous determination of pesticide residues in brown rice.

Socio Economic Reintegration on the Fit of Migrant Worker Returnees Policy and Process and Life Satisfaction of Ugandan Migrant Worker Returnees from Middle East

Purpose: The current study was undertaken to establish the contribution of socioeconomic reintegration on the fit of migrant worker returnees policy and process and life satisfaction of Ugandan migrant worker returnees from middle east so as to come up with a unified model for improvements in Uganda. Its objectives main objective was to explore the mediating effect of socio economic reintegration on the fit of migrant worker returnees’ policy and process and life satisfaction of Ugandan migrant worker returnees from Middle East.
 Materials and Methods: In an effort to address the set objectives, a cross-sectional survey design which followed both quantitative and qualitative research approaches was adopted. Data was collected from a total quantitative sample of 218 Ugandan migrant worker returnees from Middle East. A qualitative sample of 25 managers of registered labour export companies and ministry officials in Uganda was determined by saturation point approach. The data was analysed at descriptive and inferential level, and later a Path Equation Model was fitted through Structural Equation Modelling in Stata Version 14.0.
 Findings: The results indicated exists a positive relationship on the use of Social Reintegration and life satisfaction of the Uganda migrant returnees (r = 0.397 statistically significant since the associated p – value of 0.000 is less than 0.05 (p< 0.001). Results also showed shows that there exists a positive relationship between returnee policy implementation and social economic reintegration of the Uganda migrant returnees (r = 0.398). This relationship is statistically significant since the associated p – value of 0.000 is less than 0.05 (p < 0.001).
 The study concluded that that sufficient evidence substantiates significant relationship exists between socio economic reintegration and life satisfaction.
 Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Finally, the socio economic reintegration and the other strategies had a total causal effect of 92.8% on life satisfaction. However, the life satisfaction referred to only applied to the current environment which did not promise continued Survival into the future. Given that fact the study has proposed the Sustainable Penchant Socioeconomic Partaking Model (SUPSEP MODEL) which guarantees not only life satisfaction but also sustainability. This, therefore, means that if the new Model is adopted, the migrant worker returnees’ will not only be provided a good life satisfaction for a short period of time but will get it for many years to come. The SUPSEP Model is, henceforth, the current study contribution to knowledge.

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN BALANCED DIET AND FRAILTY IN JAPANESE OLDER ADULTS: THE MODERATING ROLE OF SOCIAL PARTICIPATION

Abstract The association between diet and frailty in older adults may be related to social factors. This study aimed to investigate whether there is an interaction effect between balanced diet and social participation on frailty in older Japanese. Balanced diet was defined as the consumption of more than one meal per day that contained carbohydrates, protein, and fiber. Data were collected from 4,832 community-dwelling older adults aged 65-89 years through self-reported questionnaires (response rate 49.0%). Frailty was measured using the Kihon Checklist developed by the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare. We stratified participants by age (65-74 and 75-89 years) and conducted logistic regression models adjusted for economic status, gender, marital status, living alone, disease, and physical activity. The interaction between dietary diversity and social participation in frailty was also assessed. Results showed that in both age groups, consuming balanced diet was associated with a lower risk of frailty (OR=0.56, 95%CI=0.40–0.79). Lack of social participation was found to be a risk factor for frailty (OR=1.51, 95%CI=1.03–2.21). Furthermore, the interaction between balanced diet and social participation revealed that a combination of lack of social participation and balanced diet was also associated with a lower frailty risk in the 75-89 age group (OR=0.63, 95%CI=0.40–0.99). These findings suggest that balanced diet consumed at least once a day may be beneficial for preventing frailty for older adults, however, social participation should also be taken into consideration for those aged 75-89. This study has some limitations as a cross-sectional study. Longitudinal research is needed.

The Nation’s Commitment in Old Age Insurance for Workers

The existence of a nation is to fulfill multiple needs and wants, that requires the people to work together in order to fulfill their needs – as they could not fulfill it has individually. Thus, based on each person’s skill, each of them has their own tasks and works together to fulfill their needs. This unity is called society or nation. In a sovereign nation framework based on the 1945 Constitution, one of them is to provide social security for every citizen Social security is also stated in the 1948 United Nations Declaration of Human Rights and further emphasized in the International Labour Organizations Convention No. 102/1952. Aligned with those regulations, the Indonesian Parliament (MPR-RI) in TAP No. X/MOR/2001 assigned the President to create the Nasional Social Security System (SJSN) to provide an integrated and comprehensive social security. Indonesia, as a part of the global world, has signed numerous world conventions and must be held accountable in improving the social welfare and protection for its citizens. In the implementation of JHT-SJSN, the findings are: (1) the nation’s commitment has been relatively weak; (2) the regulations have been inconsistent; (3) the regulations have multiple interpretations; and (4) the advocacy and socialization have not been maximised. These findings are interconnected with each other. The first, second, and third findings are based on the same subject, which are Regulation No. 46, No. 60, and the Labour Minister Regulation No. 19/2015, that were cascaded from the SJSN Act. The fourth finding is subject to the efforts of BPJS Ketenagakerjaan. BPJS Ketenagakerjaan must intensify the advocacy and socialization of JHT philosophy and benefits for workers, so that they can age gracefully. BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Management has to create the necessary system and operational procedures.

Making a Brazilian New Deal: Oliveira Vianna and the Transnational Sources of Brazil's Corporatist Experiment

This article explores the legal writings of Brazilian sociologist and jurist Francisco José de Oliveira Vianna to reveal the global context that shaped Brazil's corporatist experiment in the 1930s. From the Labour Ministry, Oliveira Vianna was at the forefront of legal and political debates over how to create corporatist laws and institutions. He was often cast as an authoritarian and retrograde thinker, yet this article looks beyond those categories to examine how his engagement with the US New Deal inserted corporatism into global debates over the role of the state in economic recovery and social welfare.

Immunogenicity and safety of a booster dose of a self-amplifying RNA COVID-19 vaccine (ARCT-154) versus BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine: a double-blind, multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 3, non-inferiority trial

Licensed mRNA COVID-19 vaccines require booster doses to sustain SARS-CoV-2-specific responses, creating the need for novel, broadly immunogenic vaccines. We aimed to compare the immunogenicity, safety, and tolerability of ARCT-154-a self-amplifying mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 D614G variant-with the BNT162b2 (Comirnaty; Pfizer-BioNTech) mRNA vaccine when administered as a fourth-dose booster. This double-blind, multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 3, non-inferiority trial, conducted at 11 outpatient clinical sites in Japan, enrolled healthy adults aged at least 18 years who had previously been immunised with two doses of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 [Spikevax; Moderna]) followed by a third dose of BNT162b2 at least 3 months before enrolment. Participants were randomly assigned, in a 1:1 ratio using an Interactive Response Technology system with a block size of four, and with stratification by age (18-64 years or ≥65 years) and by interval since last COVID-19 vaccination (<5 months or ≥5 months), to receive either ARCT-154 or BNT162b2 as a fourth-dose booster via deltoid intramuscular injection. Participants and investigators assessing outcomes were masked to group assignment. The primary objective, measured in per-protocol set 1 (consisting of participants with no evidence of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection who received their intended injection according to protocol), was to show that the immune response 28 days after the ARCT-154 vaccine was non-inferior to that of the BNT162b2 vaccine, measured in terms of both pseudovirus neutralising antibody geometric mean titre (GMT) ratios and seroresponse rates against the wild-type Wuhan-Hu-1 strain of SARS-CoV-2. Non-inferiority was declared when the lower limit of the 95% CI of the ARCT-154 to BNT162b2 GMT ratio exceeded 0·67, and when the lower limit for the difference in seroresponse rates exceeded -10%. Key secondary endpoints included the immune response against the omicron BA.4/5 subvariant, which was assessed for non-inferiority and superiority in per-protocol set 1. Safety was assessed in the full analysis set. This study was registered on the Japan Registry for Clinical Trials, jRCT 2071220080, and is ongoing. Between Dec 13, 2022, and Feb 25, 2023, we enrolled and randomly assigned 828 participants to receive ARCT-154 (n=420) or BNT162b2 (n=408) vaccines as a fourth-dose booster. In per-protocol set 1, the GMTs of surrogate neutralising antibodies induced against the Wuhan-Hu-1 SARS-CoV-2 strain in the ARCT-154 group (5641 [95% CI 4321-7363]) were non-inferior to those in the BNT162b2 group (3934 [2993-5169]) when measured at 28 days after boosting, with a GMT ratio of 1·43 (95% CI 1·26-1·63). Seroresponse rates were 65·2% (95% CI 60·2-69·9) in the ARCT-154 group versus 51·6% (46·4-56·8) in the BNT162b2 group, a difference of 13·6% (95% CI 6·8-20·5). GMTs against the omicron BA.4/5 variant on day 29 were 2551 (1687-3859) in the ARCT-154 group and 1958 (1281-2993) in the BNT162b2 group-a GMT ratio of 1·30 (1·07-1·58)-with seroresponse rates of 69·9% (65·0-74·4) and 58·0% (52·8-63·1). Both boosters were equally well tolerated. No treatment-related deaths were reported, nor were there severe or serious adverse events considered to be causally associated related to study vaccination. One serious adverse event, a foot deformity reported in a participant in the BNT162b2 group, was observed but determined not to have a causal relationship to the study vaccination. One severe adverse event, a case of abnormal hepatic function in the ARCT-154 group, was considered to be related to study vaccine. Adverse events of special interest for detection of myocarditis and pericarditis included chest pain (one case in the ARCT-154 group and three cases in the BNT162b2 group) and shortness of breath (two cases in the BNT162b2 group), all of which were considered to have a reasonable possibility of being related to vaccination. Local reactions were reported by 398 (95%) of 420 participants receiving the ARCT-154 vaccine and 395 (97%) of 408 participants receiving the BNT162b2 vaccine, and solicited systemic adverse events by 276 (66%) of those receiving the ARCT-154 vaccine and 255 (63%) of those receiving the BNT162b2 vaccine. Adverse events were mainly mild in severity, occurring and resolving within 3-4 days after vaccination. In adults who had previously received three doses of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, immune responses 28 days after an ARCT-154 booster dose were non-inferior to those observed after a BNT162b2 booster dose for the Wuhan-Hu-1 strain of SARS-CoV-2 and superior for the Omicron BA.4/5 variant. Increased immune responses at 28 days might provide increased likelihood of protection against these strains during this period and could also result in longer duration of protection. Further studies will assess the immunogenicity induced against more recent SARS-CoV-2 variants. Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare. For the Japanese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.