Labor In Iran Research Articles

Increasing Trend and Influencing Factors of Pre-term Labor in Iran from 2005 to 2019

Background: Each year, an estimated 15 million pre-term births occur worldwide, with the incidence of pre-term labor on the rise globally. Complications arising from pre-term labor are a leading cause of mortality among children under the age of 5. Despite this, there has been limited research on the trend of pre-term labor in Iran. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the trend of pre-term labor and identify influencing factors on pre-term labor in Arak city, Iran, from 2005 to 2019. Methods: We analyzed a total of 89 307 live birth cases in Arak city from 2005 to 2019. The trend of pre-term labor over this study period was evaluated using statistical analysis software packages, specifically SPSS version 25. Linear trend analyses, as well as univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses, were performed for statistical analysis. Results: The mean percentage of pre-term labor incidence during the first, second, and third 5-year periods was 8.9%, 10.3%, and 12.1%, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed an increasing trend in pre-term labor incidence, even after adjusting for confounding factors (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The observed increasing trend in pre-term labor incidence indicates the necessity for a comprehensive preventive strategy. This strategy should focus on identifying high-risk pregnancies and implementing effective interventions. The increasing incidence of pre-term labor in Arak city highlights the necessity for preventive measures to reduce the burden of this condition.

Social media users' free labor in Iran: Influencers, ethical conduct and labor exploitation.

As social media sites are penetrating our daily lives in an ever-increasing manner, there is a need to revisit and reexplore the theoretical concepts that have gone through paradigm shifts due to the influence of these platforms. In this regard, audience labor theory, which was originally conceptualized in the context of mass media, needs to be reexamined as the divide between production and consumption is getting narrower. Users are no longer passive consumers since social media sites have reduced the cost of production and resulted in the advent of the term "prosumption." In such a case, as production involves performing work and results in surplus-value, it needs to be investigated whether users are being exploited for the free work they provide on these platforms. From the several identified forms of digital labor, I will focus on the concept of audience labor. To this end I will focus on identifying labor strategies that Iranian Instagram influencers employ; these strategies involve exploiting their followers to perform tasks that produce fame and visibility as well as monetary gains but leave the users uncompensated for the work they have performed. By conducting content analysis of the 2,130 stories created by 71 Iranian Instagram influencers, this study will identify the strategies that these influencers use to exploit their followers.

Social Media Users Free Labor in Iran


 
 
 As social media sites are penetrating our daily lives in an ever-increasing manner, there is a need to revisit and reexplore the theoretical concepts that have gone through paradigm shifts due to the influence of these platforms. In this regard, audience labor theory, which was originally conceptualized in the context of mass media, needs to be reexamined as the divide between production and consumption is getting narrower. Users are no longer passive consumers since social media sites have reduced the cost of production and resulted in the advent of the term “presumption.” In such a case, as production involves performing work and results in surplus- value, it needs to be investigated whether users are being exploited for the free work they provide on these platforms. From the several identified forms of digital labor, I will focus on the concept of audience labor. To this end I will focus on identifying labor strategies that Iranian Instagram influencers employ; these strategies involve exploiting their followers to perform tasks that produce fame and visibility as well as monetary gains, but leave the users uncompensated for the work they have performed. By conducting content analysis of the 2130 stories created by 71 Iranian Instagram influencers, this study will identify the strategies that these influencers use to exploit their followers. Furthermore, I will provide ethical guidelines and recommendations for ethical conduct.
 
 

The brick wall to break: women and the labor market under the hegemony of the Islamic Republic of Iran

ABSTRACT This article examines the role of the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) in marginalizing women in the labor market and applies Gramsci’s theory of hegemony to analyze the gender-class characteristics of the women’s labor market in Iran in the post-revolution era. To illustrate the existing gap between the female education rate and female employment after 1979, we have used national data on female education and female participation in the labor market and conducted a secondary analysis of the findings of other studies on women’s labor in Iran. Although the IRI has limited women’s participation in both education and the labor market, the most significant exclusion of women has occurred in the latter. While the influence of Islamic hegemony in this Muslim country legitimized the IRI in the early post-revolution years, this ideology has gradually weakened over the last two decades. This may facilitate the development of a counter-hegemony that can initiate a conscious, collective, and systematic resistance to the ruling Islamic ideology. However, other elements will be needed to conceive of and implement a counter-hegemonic praxis rooted in the current war of position.

Analysis of the effects of COVID-19 virus on the Import, export and labor in Iran using system dynamic approach

Analysis of the effects of COVID-19 virus on the Import, export and labor in Iran using system dynamic approach

Factors Affecting Child Labor in Iran: A Systematic Review

Background For decades, child labor has been an important global issue associated with inadequate educational opportunities, poverty and gender inequality. In order to make effective policies to reduce child labor it is important to understand the specific factors that affect it. We aimed to investigate the main factors affecting child labor n Iran. Materials and Methods There are authoritative websites on the topic of working children in Iran, including the WHO, UNFPA, UNDP, Web of Science, ProQuest, Medline, Scopus, and CINAHL databases for reviewing studies conducted in Iran. Articles from internal dissertations and Google's databases, SID, Magiran, and Iran Doc during the period 1985 to June 2019 were included. Quality of studies was reviewed by the STROBE checklist. Information was extracted by two blind researchers. Results A total of 9 studies were identified (including 17, 219 on child labor), the majority of which were cross-sectional. Affecting factors on child labor and Street children were grouped into four categories such as Family Urbanization, Social and Cultural, and Personality. Conclusion In the contemporary Iranian society, many children, for some reasons including personal, family, social and cultural, and urbanization problems, are involved with important social damages such a child labor. These factors make children vulnerable and endanger the health of the community.

A PRISMA systematic review and meta-analysis on Chlamydia trachomatis infections in Iranian women (1986-2015).

Background:Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is the cause of genital tract infections in women. Some evidence has shown the role of this infection with CT in spontaneous abortions. The purpose of this study is to study the frequency of CT infection in Iranian women.Methods:This study was performed based on PRISMA guidelines. A total of 75 articles published in Google Scholar, PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Biological abs, Iranmedex, SID, and Scopus databases were found (1986–2015) using the following keywords: CT in women, CT and Iranian women, CT and infection in Iran, CT and pregnancy in Iran, CT and preterm delivery in Iran, CT and preterm labor in Iran, CT and fertility in Iran, CT and infertility in Iran, and CT and abortion in Iran. Finally, 40 studies from different regions of Iran were included. Statistical analyses were performed using R3 and STATA 12.Results:From 1986 to 2015, the lowest rate of prevalence was from 2010 to 2011 (3.9%) and the highest prevalence rate was in 2009 (69.39%) in northern Iran. Fixed effects for different parts of Iran (North, South, East, and West) were Pooled proportion: 0.13 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.12–0.14) and for samples (cervical, vaginal, urine, and blood) the pooled proportion was = 0.14 (95% CI = 0.12–0.14).Conclusion:CT infection in this study was prevalent in urine samples and the rate of CT was observed from culture methods in comparison to other methods. Because women with CT play an important role because of sexual activity for transmission and untreated women are at risk of developing sequels. Also, most studies in Iran use sensitive polymerase chain reaction tests for the detection of genital CT infections.

PAINLESS DELIVERY

One of the most severe pain that a woman experiences in her lifetime is laborpain which leads to increase their desire to perform caesarean section. In the present study weassessed the attitudes and awareness of obstetricians and midwives by raising their knowledgeand skills, to increase the rate of vaginal delivery and reduce the cesarean. Methods: StudyDesign: Qualitative study. Setting: Obstetricians and Midwives from throughout the ShirazCity, South of Iran, were participated by completing the questionnaire. Period: 6 months in2015. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software, version 20.0. The resultswere presented as frequency (percentage). Results: 118 individuals including 25 (21%)Obstetricians and 93 (79%) Midwives were participated in the current study. Both obstetriciansand midwives preferred normal vaginal delivery (NVD) (83.9%). 91% of subjects believed thatthe reason of preference of NVD is the safety of mother and child. 34.7% of individuals wasfully aware of painless labor. 21.2% had average information. Most of the subjects was agreedwith the painless labor method (92.4%) and 4.2% was disagreed. Lack of pain and calmnessduring labor (62.2%) and reduction of fear of natural childbirth (50.5%) were the main reasonsof agreements. 85.2% of obstetrics and midwives believed that the number of painless labor inIran in comparison to international standards is less than desired. Conclusions: Although themajority of obstetricians and midwives were agreed with the painless labor in hospitals, almosthalf of them were aware of the painless delivery. Raising the knowledge of health care providersabout painless delivery can influence on awareness and attitude of them and parturient towardnormal vaginal delivery.

English

One of the most severe pain that a woman experiences in her lifetime is labor pain which leads to increase their desire to perform caesarean section. In the present study we assessed the attitudes and awareness of obstetricians and midwives by raising their knowledge and skills, to increase the rate of vaginal delivery and reduce the cesarean. Methods: Study Design: Qualitative study. Setting: Obstetricians and Midwives from throughout the Shiraz City, South of Iran, were participated by completing the questionnaire. Period: 6 months in 2015. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software, version 20.0. The results were presented as frequency (percentage). Results: 118 individuals including 25 (21%) Obstetricians and 93 (79%) Midwives were participated in the current study. Both obstetricians and midwives preferred normal vaginal delivery (NVD) (83.9%). 91% of subjects believed that the reason of preference of NVD is the safety of mother and child. 34.7% of individuals was fully aware of painless labor. 21.2% had average information. Most of the subjects was agreed with the painless labor method (92.4%) and 4.2% was disagreed. Lack of pain and calmness during labor (62.2%) and reduction of fear of natural childbirth (50.5%) were the main reasons of agreements. 85.2% of obstetrics and midwives believed that the number of painless labor in Iran in comparison to international standards is less than desired. Conclusions: Although the majority of obstetricians and midwives were agreed with the painless labor in hospitals, almost half of them were aware of the painless delivery. Raising the knowledge of health care providers about painless delivery can influence on awareness and attitude of them and parturient toward normal vaginal delivery.

Prevalence of preterm labor in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Preterm labor, which defines as live-birth delivery before 37 weeks of gestation is a main determinant of neonatal morbidity and mortality around the world. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of preterm labor in Iran by a meta-analysis study, to be as a final measure for policy makers in this field. In this meta-analysis, the databases of Thomson database (Web of Knowledge), PubMed/Medline, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, Iranmedex, Scientific Information Database (SID), Magiran, and Medlib were searched for articles in English and Persian language published between 1995 and 2014. Among the studies with regard to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 14 studies (out of 1370 publications) were selected. Data were analyzed by using Stata software version 11. The heterogeneity of reported prevalence among studies was evaluated by the Chi-square based Q test and I2 statistics. The results of Chi-square based on Q test and I2 statistics revealed severe heterogeneity (Q=2505.12, p-value < 0.001 and I2= 99.5%) and consequently, the random effect model was used for the meta-analysis. Based on the random effect model, the overall estimated prevalence of preterm in Iran was 9.2% (95% CI: 7.6 - 10.7). Present study summarized the results of previous studies and provided a comprehensive view about the preterm delivery in Iran. In order to achieve a more desirable level and its reduction in the coming years, identifying affecting factor and interventional and preventive actions seem necessary.

Work-Related Injuries with Child Labor in Iran

Accurate present-day child labor information is difficult to obtain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of child labor patients according to worker status and identify the proportion of work-related injuries that could be prevented by protection devices. This study was performed in one of the largest pediatric trauma center in the central part of Iran. In a prospective case series study, injured children with age less than 15 years who were consecutively admitted to the trauma center for management of their trauma were evaluated. In each patient data such as age, sex, worker status, anatomic site of injury, and costs were collected. In this study, a total of 127 children were evaluated. Most of the injuries (80.3%) occurred in urban areas. In most of the injured patients, the main reason of working was to help pay own family debts or supplement family income. Industrial workroom was the most common place for injury (58.2%). Falling from height or in horizontal surface was the most common mechanism of injury (44%). None of the patients had preventable device at the time of injury. Cuts (49.6%) were the most commonly reported injuries. The lengths of hospitalization were 1.23 + 0.88 days. There was no death reported in our cases. The mean of cost of hospitalization was US $29.9 ± 20.36. Our study showed that child labor injury in the central part of Iran mainly occurred in nonagricultural sector due to falling. These injuries are nonfatal and might be prevented by protective equipment.

Safety and effectiveness of oral misoprostol versus oxytocin for labor induction in term pregnancy

Background & Objectives: The usual method for inducing labor in Iran is the use of oxytocin (Syntocinon). Oxytocin, however, has been shown to be less effective than misoprostol. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness and the safety of orally administered misoprostol for labor induction in term pregnant women and to compare it with intravenously infused oxytocin. Material & Methods: This random clinical trial was carried out between 2009 and 2010. A total of 130 term pregnant women whom were candidate for vaginal delivery assessed for eligibility to enter the study and randomly assigned into one of two groups according to the method of treatment, misoprostol or oxytocin. The misoprostol was prescribed orally 25 µg every two hours. The oxytocin group received an infusion of 10 IU which was gradually increased. The time from induction to delivery , induction to the beginning of the active phase , successful inductions within 12, 18, and 24 hours and caesarean section indication were recorded Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 16.0 presented with Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square and t-test. Results: Failure of induction, leading to caesarean section was 32.3% and 63.1% in misoprostol versus oxytocin groups respectively. The mean time intervals from induction to active phase and labor in misoprostol group were significantly greater than oxytocin group. Maternal (except gastrointestinal problem) and fetal complications were not comparable between the two groups. Conclusions: Misoprostol is as a safe drug as oxytocin with low complications for the induction of labor

Gender, Education, Family Structure, And The Allocation Of Labor In Iran

The gender gap in labor force participation (LFP) in Iran is much larger than most other countries, but it has been declining. Also, the composition of women’s employment has been shifting towards professional and entrepreneurial positions, especially in the private sector. Analyzing the forces behind these patterns is important from a policy perspective and for predicting the future trends in the Iranian labor market. Understanding the case of Iran has also implications for other economies, especially those in the Middle East and North Africa, which have similar labor market conditions. Using a large sample derived from Iran’s 2006 census and employing IV Probit and multinomial Logit models, we examine the role of education and other individual and family characteristics in LFP and employment of Iranian men and women aged 25–54. We find that about 60% of the rise in female LFP rate between 1986 and 2006 can be attributed to the decline in fertility. The expansion of education, on the other hand, accounts for about 10% of the rise. The limited role of education is partly due to the limited range ofjobs that are available for educated women, hence intensifying competition among them and reducing the returns to their education. Alleviating this jobs constraint may allow the role of education to rise two to three times. In addition, part of the fertility effect can be attributed to female education, which has played an important role in lowering the number of children ever born. Since fertility is unlikely to decline further, female education could become the main driving force in the continued rise of women’s LFP. We also find that women who join the labor market as a result of tertiary education, especially at the graduate level, have a much higher chance of joining the private sector, especially as employers and self-employed, than the average person in their cohort. Contrary to the common perception, the association between education and public employment is stronger for men than for women. These findings imply that tertiary education, especially at the graduate level, may help address the important policy challenges that Iran and other MENA countries in alleviating unemployment, diversifying the economy, and empowering women.

P02-398 - Fear of pain and related cognitive variables predict the cesarean labor

IntroductionPrevalence of the cesarean labor in Iran has reported 41percent in recent studies which is really higher than expected rate compare to other countries.ObjectivesOur purpose in this research was to examine the role of “fear of pain” and related cognitive variables such as pain catastrophizing, catastrophic cognition and also childbirth attitude in prediction of the cesarean labor.AimsIn this research was to examine the role of “fear of pain” and related cognitive variables in prediction of the cesarean labor.MethodsParticipants were 300 pregnant women from two private (n = 150) and public (n = 150) hospitals who were selected using available sampling method. After informed consent provided from all participate, variables such as age, level of education, month of pregnancy, previous number of deliveries, previous number of cesarean, tendency to cesarean and type of hospital were control for using counter balancing method. Three questionnaires of fear of pain (FPQ) and catastrophic cognition (CCQ) and childbirth attitude (CAQ) as well as scale of pain catastrophizing (PCS) were administrated.ResultsA Regression Binary Logistic was revealed that month of pregnancy, previous number of cesareans and also the type of hospital could predict the tendency to cesarean. Further, a significant predictive value were also found for cognitive variables of pain catastrophizing, catastrophic cognition and childbirth attitude.ConclusionsThese results showed that increase in the month of pregnancy, pain catastrophizing, catastrophic cognition and childbirth attitude and also decrease in the previous number of cesareans and selection of private hospital, predict the cesarean delivery among women.

FC11-02 - The role premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and psychological variables in prediction of cesarean labor

IntroductionPrevalence of the cesarean labor in Iran has reported 41percent in recent studies which is really higher than expected rate compare to other countries.ObjectivesOur purpose in this research was to examine the role of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and psychological variables(Depression, Anxiety, Stress) in prediction of the cesarean labor.AimsMy aim was to examine the role of premenstrual syndrome and psychological variables(Depression, Anxiety, Stress) in prediction of the cesarean labor in Iran.MethodsParticipants were 300 pregnant women from two private (n = 150) and public (n = 150) hospitals who were selected using available sampling method. After informed consent provided from all participate, variables such as age, level of education, month of pregnancy, previous number of deliveries, previous number of cesarean, tendency to cesarean and type of hospital were control for using counter balancing method.Two questionnaires of Short Premenstrual Assessment Form (SPAF) and Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS) were administrated.ResultsA Regression Binary Logistic was revealed that month of pregnancy, previous number of cesareans and also the type of hospital could predict the tendency to cesarean. No significant effect was observed for psychological variables (Depression, Anxiety, Stress) and premenstrual syndrome (PMS).ConclusionsThese results showed that increase in the month of pregnancy and also decrease in the previous number of cesareans and selection of private hospital, predict the cesarean delivery among women.

Class and Labor in Iran: Did the Revolution Matter?

Class and Labor in Iran: Did the Revolution Matter?

Book Review: Class and Labor in Iran: Did the Revolution Matter? Farhad Noamani and Sohrab Behdad, Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2006. ISBN: 0815630948; 268 pages, $24.95

Book Review: Class and Labor in Iran: Did the Revolution Matter? Farhad Noamani and Sohrab Behdad, Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2006. ISBN: 0815630948; 268 pages, $24.95

Erratum

Previous article No AccessErratumOriginal articleClass and Labor in Iran: Did the Revolution Matter? by Farhad Nomani and Sohrab BehdadPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by American Journal of Sociology Volume 113, Number 5March 2008 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/587464 Views: 10Total views on this site © 2008 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.Related articlesClass and Labor in Iran: Did the Revolution Matter? by Farhad Nomani and Sohrab Behdad17 Jul 2015American Journal of Sociology

Class And Labor in Iran: Did the Revolution Matter? By Farhad Nomani and Sohrab Behdad Syracuse University Press, 2006. 268 pages. $49.95 (cloth), $24.95 (paper)

Class And Labor in Iran: Did the Revolution Matter? By Farhad Nomani and Sohrab Behdad Syracuse University Press, 2006. 268 pages. $49.95 (cloth), $24.95 (paper)

Women, Paid - Work and the Family: In the Islamic Republic of Iran

This study relies on census data interviews and focus groups to examine womens wage work and their position in the gender division of labor in Iran. Findings suggest that the impact of paid work on womens lives and families is complex. Women face difficulties and are disadvantaged in wage employment but the outcome is a more enhanced position at the microlevel. Iranian women are limited in their ability to negotiate and must rely on family and their personal network to perform multiple tasks. In 1986 there were 11 million men and women employed in the formal sector of which 50% were wage and salary employees. 9.4% or 504582 persons working in wage employment were women. 80.7% of female wage employees worked for the government and 19.3% were employed in the private sector. In 1971 and before the Islamic Revolution there were 243000 women employed in the private sector. By 1986 there were only 97293 women working in the private sector for wages. The decline is in accord with the decline in the private sectors role in the economy. In 1986 29% of men and 48% of women were illiterate. 95.9% of women working in the government sector were literate and many had higher levels of education (one in four with a university degree). Male wage workers in the government sector had lower educational levels. Only 10% had a university degree. 52.6% of women working in the private sector were illiterate. 3.4% of women working in the private sector had a university degree. In 1986 57.3% of wage-earning women were teachers; 10.9% were in health care occupations; and 33% worked in clerical and other low-paid jobs. Under 9% in the private sector held specialized positions such as teachers accountants and office managers. All surveyed women had control over their earned income.