Labor In Brazil Research Articles

Consumption per effective labour in Brazil: testing for the optimising behaviour

Consumption per effective labour in Brazil: testing for the optimising behaviour

Popular Surveillance of Contemporary Slavery

Abstract Considering social movements (MH) as agents for the production of information and actions that are fundamental to improve the health conditions of workers and their relevance in the history of health-work relations in Brazil, the article analyzes MH knowledge and practices related to collection, systematization, dissemination of information and intervention actions in contemporary slavery from the perspective of worker’s health surveillance (VISAT). Exploratory research of a qualitative nature was carried out on discursive practices of MS in the struggle for the eradication of slave labor in Brazil. Interviews with activists, documents produced by MS and observation of meetings and seminars were analyzed here according to Foucault. The results demonstrate the existence of a popular surveillance of contemporary slave labor, operated by MS with pioneering and original mechanisms for collecting, systematizing and publicizing data on occurrences of slavery associated with intervention strategies to defend the lives of workers. It is concluded that this popular practice of slavery surveillance challenges the SUS to expand dialogues with different knowledge and MS to include the theme in its VISAT actions.

GÊNERO DO CHEFE DE FAMÍLIA E INCIDÊNCIA DE TRABALHO INFANTIL NO BRASIL

The present study aims to analyze the influence of the gender of the head of household on the incidence of child labor in Brazil in 2016. For this purpose, information from the Continuous National Household Sample Survey (PNADC) and a Bivariate Probit model were used, which allows to verify simultaneously this effect on the decisions of insertion of the children in the job market and / or at school. The results indicated that the fact that the head of the family is female increases the likelihood that children will work, but does not impact the likelihood that they will attend school.

A EXPLORAÇÃO DO TRABALHO ESCRAVO COMO ESTRATÉGIA DO CAPITALISMO NEOLIBERAL NA AMAZÔNIA

The objective of this article is to verify the occurrence of cases of exploitation of human labor in the Amazon region, in order to identify its causes and the factors that stimulate and/or enable such occurrences. At the same time, we will seek to analyze the types of exploitations suffered and the circumstances under which workers are subjected. To this end, a study was carried out on slave labor today, seen from the perspective of the Geography of Labor. The gathering of information was carried out through consultations to sources of data that constitute the main form of knowledge and measurement of slave labor in Brazil. It is worth remembering that the numbers referring to cases of slave labor may differ, since different sources were used, which adopt different methodologies. The research revealed that in the 21st century, in Brazil and in the world, there are still many people subjected to various forms and practices of work in conditions analogous to slavery, also known as contemporary slavery. It was found that most of the cases identified in the are associated with the expansion of the agricultural frontier over the forest, thus demonstrating a close relationship between devastation and the use of slave labor. &nbsp

Hidra nos trópicos

No século XIX os britânicos se espalharam por várias partes do mundo, e o fizeram por motivos variados. Entretanto, tal movimento emigratório foi personificado na historiografia por grandes comerciantes e investidores, ignorando-se por vezes os trabalhadores e, mais ainda, os bêbados e baderneiros. Desse modo, o objetivo deste artigo é mostrar episódios da participação de britânicos destituídos nos mundos do trabalho do Brasil no final do século XIX, quando a Grã Bretanha exercia grande influência no país. Para tanto, os documentos selecionados abarcam um escopo que não se limita aos centros urbanos, casas comerciais ou indústrias, muito pelo contrário. Eles estavam nas ruas das cidades, nas áreas rurais do país, nas praias, nos bares ou em qualquer lugar onde desejassem estar. Para chegar até estes trabalhadores, foram utilizados documentos consulares e relatos de viagem britânicos – para compreender como eles mesmos viam seus conterrâneos em situação precária num país desconhecido –, além de jornais brasileiros.

Gig Economy, Austerty and “Uberization” of Labor in Brazil (2014 – 2019)

The aim of the present paper is to understand the exponential growth of “Uberization” of labor in Brazil by analyzing the economic crisis and the austerity program putted in practice from 2014. The emergence of Gig Economy and the “Uberization” of labor is a global trend in digital age and Brazil has experienced the exponential growth of these type of labor relations in recent years. Millions of Brazilian workers now have their entire income exclusively from digital platforms without labor rights. However, its only possible to understand this process considering the economic crisis and, as a response of it, the austerity program. The offensive of capital over labor as a response of the profitability crisis penalized the working class and provided the rapid growth of the “Uberization” of labor in Brazil and an alternative for the capital accumulation on the other side.

Por um modelo nacional de prevenção do trabalho escravo? Desafios e conflitos na nacionalização do projeto Ação Integrada

Resumo O artigo contribui para os estudos de políticas de combate e prevenção do trabalho escravo ao analisar o processo de implementação nacional do projeto Ação Integrada, ocorrido entre 2014 e 2018, quando se tentou alçá-lo à condição de modelo de prevenção da reincidência de trabalhadores/as em situações análogas à escravidão. A análise baseia-se na observação das relações institucionais do campo de combate ao trabalho escravo no Brasil pela participação em situações sociais ocorridas durante o processo e reveladoras da estrutura e dos conflitos intrínsecos ao campo. Como resultado, foram revelados desafios sociais e entraves políticos ao enfrentamento do problema, como a impossibilidade de replicar um projeto de prevenção em um mundo do trabalho complexo e dinâmico produtor de vulnerabilidades específicas para o trabalho escravo nas diferentes regiões do país, ao lado de conflitos institucionais que, acentuados pela disputa por recursos escassos, ameaçam a atuação conjunta do campo.

A legislação educacional para o trabalho no Brasil: do império à primeira república

O texto tem por objetivo apresentar as primeiras legislações sobre a educação para o trabalho no Brasil. O foco da análise está na relação entre a história do país e a necessidade de se legislar sobre a educação para o trabalho. Verifica-se que as classes dominantes que governaram o Brasil no passado jamais se preocuparam em desenvolver um projeto de educação inclusiva; pelo contrário, desde o nascimento do Brasil enquanto nação independente, mantiveram uma educação enciclopédica para poucos e a educação para o trabalho destinada aos filhos dos trabalhadores. A partir da leitura dos textos legais e da história brasileira, conclui-se que a gênese da dualidade educacional no Brasil, que se estende até o século XXI, está no processo de independência do país.

As naturezas do trabalho escravo contemporâneo na Amazônia Oriental brasileira

O trabalho escravo contemporâneo é um dos muitos elementos que conformam a questão agrária brasileira, sua manutenção e reprodução tem passado pela incorporação de novas roupagens que buscam construir sua naturalidade e aceitação. Neste artigo realizamos algumas reflexões sobre as naturezas conjunturais do trabalho escravo contemporâneo tanto em escala nacional quanto no contexto da Amazônia Oriental. A análise de dados e a respectiva relação com as atividades produtivas no campo tem expressado potencial explicativos explorados em correlação com o fenômeno do trabalho escravo contemporâneo. Além de buscar oferecer uma reflexão crítica sobre o trabalho escravo contemporâneo, o texto também dá especial atenção ao Maranhão e ao Pará, estados da Amazônia Ocidental brasileira que se destacam por promoverem e proverem o trabalho escravo no Brasil. Em outras palavras, evidencia-se que conjunturas espaciais são relevantes para a ocorrência e análise do fenômeno.

The deterrent effects of Brazilian child labor law

Brazilian law prohibits all forms of work for children under the age of 14 years old. Therefore, work performed by children under 14 years of age is subject to sanctions that do not apply to work performed by those over 14 years of age. We use this quasi-experiment generated by Brazilian law to test the deterrent effects of such sanctions. For this purpose, we use the 2013 Pesquisa Nacional de Amostra por Domicílios (PNAD) data to estimate the local average treatment effects (LATE) using the regression discontinuity approach. The results indicate that on average, this law results in 88% fewer weekly working hours when individuals living in rural and urban areas are considered. The effects in rural areas are thus inconclusive. The paper concludes that the law has a deterrent effect and reduces child labor in Brazil, but the effects are ambiguous in rural areas, where law enforcement is weaker and more children work.

Forms of Unfree Labour in Brazil: Dealing with Racism and Racialisation in Amazonian Agriculture

Unlike many other countries, the Brazilian state has created institutions and actions against unfree labour. In addition, unfree labour is a topic that appears in popular media as well as in scientific research. Poverty is generally attributed as the only factor making people vulnerable to the promises of labour recruiters, while the intersection between class and race is denied. In this article, which takes the Brazilian example, racism is seen as a structural element of unfree labour. Two factors play a big role in this intersection: first, structural racism and, second, racism as a theory of legitimation. As regards the first, imagined races influence one’s chances of having a good education as well as lead to segregation in the job and housing markets, etc. Black people in Brazil are more likely to be poor and have lower chances of upward mobility. As these structures are also mirrored in unfree labour formation, most of unfree labourers in Brazil are black, even though skin colour does not constitute a factor for labour recruiters or estate owners in choosing labourers. As regards the second, when poor people are racialised, they are ascribed specific characteristics. These mostly legitimise their subordinated position as well as their poverty. In Brazil, it could be argued that the category of the peão de trecho (migrant labourer) has been racialised. This group of subaltern labourers are seen as totally irrational people who do not possess the ability to plan their future, but who could be, with the correct guidance, potentially good labourers. Therefore, the exploitation of the peões de trecho is attributed to their characteristic traits and not to labour relations. Additionally, structural factors – as, for example, the lack of access to basic resources – are negated, making poverty a problem of merit and not of chances. Using the example of unfree labour in Brazilian agriculture, this article presents racism and racialisation as factors structuring the labour market as a whole.

Verbal communication of the parturient nurse's dyad in the active phase of labor.

to analyze verbal communication between the nurse and the parturient during the active phase of labor in two Lusophone countries. quantitative analytical study. Sample of 709 interactions between nurses and parturients using verbal communication during the active phase of labor in Brazil and Cape Verde. The following variables were analyzed: companion, conative vocative, conative imperative, emotive/expressive and referential/context functions, contact/channel and code. the absence of interaction predominated in most of the variables analyzed during the active phase of labor in both countries. In Cape Verde all interactions occurred during the absence of the companion. considering the social and cultural aspects of each country, nurses need to develop skills to communicate verbally with the parturient, offering a better interaction during the parturition process.

Education and labor in Brazil: workers’ education in the perspective of the capital

Abstract This article is grounded on the critic social theory, and analyzes the content presented in the Brazilian National Plans of Education (2001-2010 and 2014-2024) and the Education Development Plan (2007) regarding the relationship between education and work. Documentary research aimed to identify the political perspectives that establish this relationship in a context of crisis of capitalism and regression of rights around the world and, particularly, in Brazil. The results show that updating and strengthening education is essential to prepare the workforce in line with the new needs of the sphere of production, a relation that is often disguised by the discourse and defense of citizenship, law, and humanistic values.

Obstetric violence: influences of the Senses of Birth exhibition in pregnant women childbirth experience.

Excessive interventions during labor in Brazil have been reported as disrespect and abuse and contribute to neonatal and maternal morbidity and mortality. The Senses of Birth exhibition aims to encourage normal birth to promote health and improve the experience of childbirth in the country. This article describes the characteristics of 555 women who visited the exhibition during pregnancy and their perception of obstetric violence in childbirth. Obstetric violence was reported by 12.6% of the women, mostly low-income and unmarried. It was associated to lithotomic position and Kristeller maneuver during childbirth and non-immediate skin-to-skin contact with the baby. The main categories of obstetric violence reported were: not accepted interventions /accepted interventions on the basis of partial information (36.9%), undignified care / verbal abuse (33.0%); physical abuse (13.6%); non-confidential / non-privative care (2.9%) and discrimination (2.9%). Visiting the exhibition significantly increased pregnant women's knowledge about obstetric violence. However, recognition of obsolete or harmful practices as obstetric violence was still low. Initiatives such as Senses of Birth may contribute to increase knowledge and social mobilization to disseminate good practices in childbirth care.

Prioritization of OHS key performance indicators that affecting business competitiveness – A demonstration based on MAUT and Neural Networks

This research wanted to provide evidence that health and worker safety affects the competitiveness of companies and to identify the KPIs that influence the competitive results. For this, we choose to study the Brazilian slaughterhouse industry, which is characterized by an extensive and dangerous work. We identified 33 key performance indicators (KPI) of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) based on Norm 36 of the Ministry of Labor in Brazil. With the application of the Multi Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT) method we determined the values of Individual Competitiveness Rate (ICR) of each company and ranked them. For ranking and verification purposes we used Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), which allowed the identification of relevant KPIs and to rank, identify, and visualize the differences in relative importance among them. The results show that the Global Competitiveness Rate (GCR) ideal for companies as provided by specialists is 3.48 (1 to 4 scale), and that only 10% of companies have ICR equal to or greater than the GCR pointed out as ideal by specialists. With this data, you can make the companies act in a more targeted way on the indicators, always looking to raise their ICR. The originality of this article is that, through the integration of MAUT and ANN, we can accelerate probabilistic calculations and through the information gain we can identify which KPIs have the most influence on competitiveness and therefore need special attention.

CLASSE, RAÇA E A HISTÓRIA SOCIAL DO TRABALHO NO BRASIL (2001-2016)

Resumo Em artigo de 1998, Silvia H. Lara fez uma dura crítica à exclusão dos negros, escravos ou libertos, da história do trabalho no Brasil. Identificada somente com o trabalho livre e assalariado, esta teria ignorado as experiências e lutas daqueles trabalhadores antes e depois da abolição. Passados quase vinte anos da publicação desta crítica, bastante influente no meio acadêmico desde então, nosso objetivo aqui é retomar tal questionamento, buscando identificar como e em que medida a demanda por diálogos ampliados foi incorporada na produção do Grupo de Trabalho (GT) Mundos do Trabalho, ligado à Associação Nacional de História, e usando como fonte a produção apresentada por pesquisadores no âmbito do referido GT.

Social Representations of Haitian Immigrants about Labor in Brazil

Abstract The growth in the number of immigrants in Brazil has stimulated reflections on how these people represent and signify aspects of the new context in which they are situated. This study aimed to trace social representations of Haitian immigrants about work in Brazil. Fifteen Haitians from a city in southern Brazil participated in the study. We used a questionnaire and an interview that addressed what they thought of work in Brazil before they migrated, at the time of the interview, and what they imagined for the future. The answers of the questionnaire were submitted to a statistical program and analyzed descriptively. The content of the interviews was treated by the IRaMuTeQ program. The shared thought about work in Brazil changed over time. Before they migrated, they imagined many opportunities and high salaries. In Brazil they faced difficulties with heavy work and low salaries. They hope that the future will be better, with a desired job and the family present. This study generated information that may support public policies that facilitate the adaptation to the Brazilian culture and labor market.

Elective repeat cesarean delivery in women eligible for trial of labor in Brazil.

To assess the hospital, maternal, and obstetric characteristics associated with elective repeat cesarean delivery (ERCD) among women eligible for trial of labor after cesarean (TOLAC) delivery in Brazil. The present data were retrieved from the Birth in Brazil study, a national hospital-based cohort study conducted during 2011-2012. Data were collected from medical records and by interview. Univariate and hierarchical multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to analyze factors associated with ERCD among women with a previous cesarean delivery who were eligible for TOLAC. Among 2295 women considered eligible for TOLAC, 1516 (66.1%) had an ERCD; the overall cesarean delivery rate was 79.4%. In the private sector, almost all deliveries (95.3%) were performed by ERCD. In the public sector, ERCD was associated with socioeconomic (more years of schooling), obstetric (women's preference, no previous vaginal delivery, macrosomia), and hospital (mixed hospital, location in noncapital city, fewer than 1500 deliveries per year) characteristics. The ERCD rate in Brazil was high even in a low-risk group, indicating that nonclinical factors may be driving the decision for cesarean delivery. Efforts aiming to reduce cesarean deliveries in Brazil should target women with a previous cesarean delivery.

Women’s formal and informal labour in Brazil: an inequality decomposition (2000-2010)

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of changes in the relative composition and in the segmentation between formal and informal labour on earnings differentials among women over the last decade in Brazil.Design/methodology/approachThe authors follow Machado and Mata’s method to decompose the changes along the earnings distribution, with correction for sample selection and using microdata from the Demographic Census of 2000 and 2010. Informal labour was divided into informal salaried labour and self-employment, and both groups were compared with the formal labour separately.FindingsThe results indicate that, in both cases, an increase in earnings differentials in the bottom of the earnings distribution due to segmentation, suggesting that the returns to formal labour have grown relatively to informal labour during the period. On the other hand, earnings differentials decrease as one moves up the earnings distribution due to the composition effect, which is stronger on the top of the distribution relatively to the bottom. Furthermore, there are compensating differentials for self-employed women above the 30th quantile, which contributed to reduce the inequality between this group and formal workers.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to a better understanding of the changes taking place in female labour, shedding some light on how they affect different points along the earnings distribution. Furthermore, the adopted approach proposes a new application for the correction of sample bias in the context of quantile regression by employing a logit multinomial, and using the Demographic Census data.

Dynamics of the formal and informal labour in Brazil: occupational and earnings mobility

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to discuss recent dynamics of the Brazilian labour market, by analysing occupational mobility patterns, specially the transitions between formal and informal labour, and verify the earnings mobility resulting from these transitions, separately by gender.Design/methodology/approachThe changes in the mobility patterns are analysed by performing an estimation of the transition probabilities between different occupational status between 2002 and 2012, using a multinomial logit model and the microdata from the Monthly Employment Survey (PME). The earnings mobility is analysed by using quantile regressions.FindingsThe results indicate a high degree of mobility from unemployment to formal employment in the period but suggest the persistence of mobility patterns. Women are better off in the period, but only among individuals with better attributes. The earnings mobility results, for women and men, suggest an increase in valuation of the formal labour relatively to informality (informal salaried employment and self-employment), especially at the bottom of the earnings distribution.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to a better understanding of recent changes in occupational mobility patterns between formal and informal labour and the earnings mobility underlying these patterns, accounting for the differences along the earnings distribution and gender issues. That is, it allows identify which groups of workers benefited more from the formalisation process to infer about trends in formal–informal dynamics over the period and discuss the challenges in conducting policies to promote inclusive and quality employment.