Labor Demand Research Articles

Sustained Strain: Faculty Work Strain Under COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic initially placed college and university instruction into an emergency remote mode. The subsequent periods of the pandemic presented new challenges. This paper examines changes in faculty work lives in the immediate aftermath of the onset of the pandemic and reports on results from surveys of faculty at three selective liberal arts colleges in 2020 and again in 2021. Specifically, we investigate faculty experiences with work strain. Drawing on job demands-resources theory, we develop an analytic framework that examines the effects of status resources (gender, race, and tenure), work domain demands and resources (teaching and research resources, student demands, emotional labor demands, and scholarship demands), and home and family demands (caregiving). Our findings suggest that work strain was elevated in both periods and that only tenure among the status resources predicted less strain. We show that the sources of elevated strain shifted from teaching and research demands in the initial phase of the pandemic to emotional labor demands during the first full academic year of it.

Wages and Employment in the Netherlands, 2017–2023

This research documents changes in employment and wages in the Netherlands for different types of workers. We compare 2017 to 2023 using regression-adjusted wages to make sure changes in composition of the workforce do not influence our estimates. The research period has been characterised by high labour demand, negative supply shocks, high levels of inflation and economic lockdowns, all of which have contributed to substantial labour-market dynamics. Our findings suggest that employment has been growing by 2 percent in the period 2017–2023, of which 1.8 percent has been due to additional workers finding employment. Women have experienced the largest increase in employment, while the employment of men on temporary contracts has slightly fallen. Wages have been rising for workers at the bottom of the wage distribution. From the median of the wage distribution onwards real gross hourly wages have been fallen. The most likely explanation for rising wages at the bottom is the stepwise increase in minimum wages enforced by new labour-market legislation.

Uncovering regional inequalities in digitalization: A multifaceted measurement for Germany

The ongoing global digital transformation has significant implications for economies and societies, with potential benefits and challenges. This study addresses the critical need for a comprehensive measurement of regional digitalization in Germany to better understand its impact on various aspects of life, including education, employment, and working conditions. Using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), it introduces a multifaceted regional digitalization measure at the administrative district level (NUTS-3) that incorporates digital infrastructure, culture, technology capacity, high-tech human capital, and digitalization-related innovativeness. Results for 2013 and 2017 are compared. The study reveals that digitalization varies significantly across regions, but hardly over time. Urban regions tend to have higher digitalization levels, which are positively associated with economic productivity and high-skilled labor demand. Our developed measurement of regional digitalization is publicly available.

Exploring the Impact of Remittance and Economic Growth on Inflation

This study investigates the influence of remittance income and economic growth on the inflation rate in South Asian Association for Regional Corporation (SAARC) countries. Remittance inflows have a double effect on the economy’s inflation rate: firstly, it increases consumer spending capacity, driving up demand for goods and services, which can lead to higher prices; secondly the influx of foreign currency can cause local currency appreciation, raising import costs and contributing to inflation. While previous studies have focused primarily on how inflation hinders economic growth, this study seeks to understand how economic growth causes inflation from the other side. Economic growth boosts consumer and business spending, increasing demand for goods and services, which can increase prices. Furthermore, higher demand for resources and labor can raise production costs, further contributing to inflation. The correlation between remittance income and inflation has been extensively documented, but the impact of economic growth on inflation remains to be determined. The study is based on descriptive and exploratory research design and driven by a positivist research philosophy. The present study is based on secondary data collected from World Bank reports and the countries’ economic surveys. This study uses an unbalanced panel dataset of 272 data points from eight member countries of SAARC. Basic econometric techniques such as covariance analysis, panel unit root testing, panel autoregressive distributed lag model, and scaled coefficient analysis are employed. The remittance income is only statistically significant at the 10 percent significance level. A one percent increase in remittance income leads to a 0.284 percent increase in inflation over the long run. The growth rate of gross domestic product plays a crucial role in setting inflation. One percent rise in gross domestic product growth leads to a 0.3405 percent increase in inflation in the long term. The error correction term exhibits a negative and statistically significant relationship. The coefficient size suggested that around 65.14 percent of the disequilibrium was rectified in each cycle. The current year’s lagged gross domestic product growth negatively and statistically significantly impacts economic growth. One percent rise in gross domestic product growth led to 0.3308 percent fall in inflation in the short term across SAARC countries. The results indicate that remittance income has a minimal long-term effect on inflation in SAARC nations, whereas gross domestic product growth substantially impacts inflation. Policymakers should prioritize promoting sustainable economic growth to mitigate inflationary pressures effectively.

Sự hài lòng của ứng viên về chất lượng dịch vụ giới thiệu việc làm tại Trung tâm Dịch vụ việc làm Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh

Ho Chi Minh City is the economic and industrialization center of the country and is located in the southern key economic region. Foreign and domestic investment account for a large proportion and create a huge demand for labor. Labor source for industrial development plays an important role in attracting investment and development. Employment service centers in localities are a bridge between the supply and demand of human resources. Research objective: Determine candidates’ satisfaction factors about the quality of job placement services at Ho Chi Minh City Employment Service Center. The research subjects are job seekers who come to do business at Ho Chi Minh City Service Center. Quantitative research method using SPSS 22.0. with multivariate regression model to find the relationship between factors and candidate satisfaction with the quality of job placement services at Ho Chi Minh City Employment Service Center. Research results have found that candidates’ satisfaction factors about the quality of job placement services at the Ho Chi Minh City Employment Service Center are reliability; service capacity and attitude; assurance; responsiveness and sympathy.

Impact of agricultural credit on coffee productivity: An analysis of the perceptions of smallholder farmers

Low coffee productivity has been linked to farmers’ limited use of agricultural financing due to credit rationing motivated by moral hazard and information asymmetry. As an intervention, the Kenyan government (GoK) established the Commodity Fund to provide financing to coffee growers to increase coffee productivity, alleviate poverty, and promote economic development. Despite this intervention, credit acceptance remains low; for example, agricultural credit made up only 4.3 percent of total private sector credit in 2016 and 3.62 percent in 2018. This low adoption of agricultural financing raises an important question: does the perception of credit’s influence on coffee output shape the current dismal trend in coffee production? As a result, this study aims to fill a research gap by exploring the impact of agricultural financing on coffee productivity in Kiambu County, Kenya. Primary data was gathered through farmers’ group discussions (FGDs) with twelve farmers’ cooperatives and fifteen key informants from five coffee value chain actors. A subsequent survey of 174 smallholder coffee farmers was conducted. Phenomenological explication and a logistic regression model were used to analyze data from key informants and focus group discussions. According to the study’s findings, farmers perceived agricultural credit as having a positive impact on demand for coffee inputs and returns while having a negative impact on demand for labor and coffee productivity efficiency. As a result, this study recommends that the GoK examine Commodity Fund policies to catalyze credit in order to stimulate increased coffee productivity and economic transformation among coffee producers.

Prospectiva de la empleabilidad en educación matemática en la región de influencia de la Sede del Atlántico, Universidad de Costa Rica

This article analyzes the employability of the Mathematics Teaching major graduates, considering theoretical backgrounds on the “employability construct” and results obtained through research regarding job opportunities in the mathematics teaching field. To achieve this, a qualitative study with the new cohort of graduates from the Bachelor’s and Licentiate Degrees in Mathematics Teaching major on the Atlantic Campus, University of Costa Rica (Guápiles, Turrialba, and Paraíso branches) was carried out with the aim of analyzing different perspectives regarding potential jobs, values, attitudes, current employment situation, and employees’ perceptions about the mathematics teachers’ performance around the country. Finally, outstanding reflections are highlighted about the teaching training, the labor demand in the Costa Rican teaching context, and the difficulties graduates face in finding a job related to their major. The need to align academic training with labor market requirements and enhance job prospects for future mathematics educators in Costa Rica is stressed.

Smart Factory and Labor Demand: Workload Changes by Smartification Level and Occupation

Smart Factory and Labor Demand: Workload Changes by Smartification Level and Occupation

Motivasi Calon Pekerja Migran Indonesia Bekerja ke Luar Negeri dan Kontribusinya Bagi Negara Indonesia

Fulfilment of the needs of a decent life and the desire to change their fate are the main highlights in the choice of Indonesian citizens to decide to work abroad. In line with this, there is a positive response from the employer country regarding the demand for Indonesian labour. The research method used is narrative qualitative by conducting a data collection process carried out twice when prospective Indonesian migrant workers (CPMI) carry out OPP (Pre-departure Orientation) activities before heading to South Korea. The first data collection was conducted on 27 January-1 February 2023 which took place in Surabaya which was a mixture of new CPMIs and CPMIs who had previously left. The research findings are that there are stages that must be passed by CPMI before leaving for South Korea, one of these stages is OPP. During the implementation, 89 participants were interviewed with questions about the underlying motivation to work abroad. The answer was 73% answering money as the main reason as well as motivation to be able to live decently. Another impact apart from a decent living felt by CPMI is the contribution to the country. In the second quarter of 2023, the contribution to the country reached IDR 77.35 trillion. This is certainly a positive achievement whose impact can be felt both by citizens and the Indonesian state. Migrant workers make investments from the income saved to build businesses, renovate houses, pay debts, buy assets in the form of land, to the education of migrant workers' families. Some also actively empower the surrounding community in running their business, so that it automatically has a major contribution to poverty reduction in Indonesia by encouraging economic growth.

IMPACT OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY INVESTMENTS ON EMPLOYMENT IN AZERBAIJAN

Transition to alternative energy sources is increasingly recognized as a vital component of global efforts to mitigate climate change and foster sustainable development. This study examines the impact of alternative energy investments on employment, focusing on the renewable energy sector's role in generating job opportunities. Paper explores the mechanisms through which investments in alternative energy projects, such as wind, solar, hydroelectric, and biomass, influence employment outcomes. Key factors influencing employment generation, including technological innovation, infrastructure development, policy frameworks, and market dynamics, are analyzed to understand the complex interplay between alternative energy investments and labor markets. The study highlights the potential for alternative energy investments to create diverse employment opportunities across various sectors. Furthermore, it examines the socio-economic benefits of renewable energy projects in terms of job creation, skills development and income generation. By elucidating the relationship between alternative energy investments and employment, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the transformative potential of renewable energy transition in devising strategies to maximize the socio-economic benefits of sustainable energy development. Findings show upward trend in average monthly nominal wages and salaries within the sector reflects positive growth in labor compensation, potentially influenced by factors such as rising demand for skilled labor and productivity improvements. Additionally government agencies and international organizations are main drivers of green investments and sustainable development in Azerbaijan.

Social entrepreneurship as alternative form of employment in rural areas

For rural labor market, it should be noted the specific nature of the demand and supply of labor, imbalance between them, low level of professional training, lack of high degree of readiness for innovation, and lack of labor resources. In this regard, we can consider an alternative form of social entrepreneurship that increases employment of the rural population. The goal is to show the most important aspects of development of corporate social responsibility as the best option for improving the quality of life of the population in rural areas through access to education, healthcare and cultural leisure opportunities, disseminating the entrepreneurial skills of rural residents, increasing their self-esteem and self-sufficiency. Social entrepreneurs use local resources and create new markets for agricultural products, handicrafts, and tourism services. Methods – statistical and economic, scientific analysis, comparison. The study is based on the analysis of information obtained from domestic and foreign scientific publications, statistical data from the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan for Strategic Planning and Reforms. Results - the author presents indicators of demographic trends and the impact of the state of labor potential on employment in the country and in rural areas over the past 5 years, including the current state of employment and unemployment in rural areas and expanding the range of social and entrepreneurial activities based on entrepreneurial activity aimed at solving social problems. Social entrepreneurship is distinguished by the following main features: innovation, self-sufficiency and financial sustainability, entrepreneurial approach. Conclusions - the author has given proposals that increase social and economic security, employment opportunities in rural regions, stimulating the investment initiative of business entities.

BIRTH OF THE WOMEN'S MOVEMENT IN INDEPENDENT PAKISTAN

How did the women's movement emerge in Pakistan and what factors created it? Was the women's movement born only from women's organizations? Do only urban women's organizations lead the entire country? Are class differences relevant here? Are knowledge creation and individual and collective consciousness the result of geographical and professional background? We can get answers to these questions only by analyzing theories. The path on which the women's movement in South Asia is moving is the path of integrating gender with development. Women's organizations in South Asian countries are fighting against the elements inimical to women's identity and are strongly opposing the politicization of religion. South Asian women are still trying to restore peace. Along with this, their movement is moving forward with other important issues, such as gender equality which is demanding equality at the level of law, capacity building, participation and governance. The struggle of the South Asian women's movement is visible on every issue. Lack of political power among women, gender inequality, health related issues, need for justice, human rights issues, need for peaceful development etc. are important issues but the path of women's movement in all these is difficult. Lack of state initiatives, feudal and patriarchal social structure and globalization market system and demand for cheap labor are making the path of this struggle more difficult. Many feminists believe that in the context of South Asia, women's movement and feminist movement are two different concepts. While women's movement talks about equal rights in a democratic structure, feminism challenges the legitimacy of a system which is oppressive for women.

Balancing Economic Utility and Cultural Significance: Fostering Independent Creativity and Confidence in Vocational Education for Sustainable Workforce Development

Humans are viewed as economic rather than cultural in vocational education. Cultural norms demand that all humans work, and I know people by their employment. A person's ability to labor is greater, and human values extend beyond work. Workers' significance will increase if they can produce work. To avoid failure, education economists create an analysis of labor demand based on genuine labor market needs (demand) and the prospects for graduates from the world of education (supply). Education's outcomes must make it easier to achieve linear work that has developed in the larger community. To retain public trust in the outcomes of vocational school education, it is necessary to anticipate the absence of correlation. In a vocational school, learning is guiding pupils to do something to gain experience, which results in change due to individual creativity and innovation. Independent learning based on developed intellect is consistent with the globalization journey that cannot be ignored, as it is one source of innovation that is consistent with global technology improvements. In a pragmatic sense, developing autonomous creativity is the best way to minimize dependency and rising decline rates. Human dynamics in preparing long-term goals include an awareness of developing oneself by increasing self-confidence.

Artificial intelligence and labor demand: An empirical analysis of Chinese small and micro enterprises

The widespread application of artificial intelligence (AI) technology has triggered a significant transformation in the economic structure and has brought profound changes to human society. As China promotes the digital transformation of industries, understanding how the investment in AI by small and micro enterprises (SMEs) affects labor demand, which is inextricably linked to “stable employment”, becomes an important question. This paper uses special data from 127 SMEs in 14 provinces from 2016 to 2020 and employs a two-way fixed effects model to study the impact of AI inputs on enterprises’ labor demand. The empirical results show that the impact of AI inputs on the labor demand of SMEs is not significant overall, but shows a significant negative effect in non-state-owned enterprises, private enterprises, and high-tech enterprises. There is a significant difference in the impact of AI inputs on the labor demand of different industries, with only the wholesale and retail industry demonstrating a significant positive impact. From the results of mechanism analysis, the substitution effect and creation effect of AI inputs on labor demand coexist, and in general, these two effects cancel each other out. However, the substitution effect dominates in some types of enterprises and industries. Finally, this paper discusses the government and enterprise coping strategies for the employment impact of AI applications based on empirical evidence and research results. This paper not only theoretically demonstrates that the impact of AI investment on firms' labor demand is uncertain, but also empirically demonstrates that Chinese firms' AI investment does not significantly affect firms' overall labor demand. This facilitates the government and enterprises to formulate strategies that can enhance the level of enterprise intelligence without impacting the labor market.

The analysis of the principle of the labor market segmentation of Kazakhstan by types of economic activity and exposure to unemployment cyclicity

The labor market, as an area where demand and supply for labor is formed, and where conditions are created for their effective interaction, has attracted the attention of researchers for many centuries. Economists of various schools have long studied the factors influencing the number of working-age population, employed and unemployed. The study of all aspects of the labor market and analysis of the features of their interaction are key to ensuring effective employment and achieving the socio-economic goals that the state sets for itself at this stage of social development. Between 2001 and 2021, changes occurred in the country's economy. One of the most noticeable trends is the increase in the share of those employed in the service sector, which is largely due to the development of information and communication technologies and e-commerce, as well as other spheres. This dynamic is clearly evident in the labor market. In addition, other significant changes are taking place in the labor market. According to the above classification by type of economic activity, it can be concluded that the employed population is mainly concentrated in the service sector. Most of the employed are concentrated in education, transport and warehousing, as well as health care and social services. Next are education, transport and warehousing, wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorbikes. The employment sector also underwent significant changes and fluctuations during crisis periods, such as pandemic and financial crisis, as shown by the analyses carried out with the help of A. Okun’s law.

Driving Change: The Role Of Local Government In Enhancing Human Development Index In Ambon

Problem/Background (GAP): Unemployment in Indonesia is a complex problem; the high number of unemployed people has an impact on the high demand for labor. This problem can be caused by various factors, such as slow economic growth, a mismatch between labor qualifications and market demand, and changes in economic structure. Objective: To find out how much local government performance affects the increase in the human development index and unemployment rate. Method: the research that researchers use is descriptive quantitative method and inferential statistics. Researchers in conducting this research used secondary data. Results: Parametric data is a form of secondary data where this parametric data uses time series with existing data. Local government performance has a positive effect on the unemployment rate. Local government performance shows a positive relationship to the Human Development Index (HDI) seen from the t-test with the results showing at 5% alpha coefficient (t-stat=18.79279>1.833). The result of sobel test shows that there is a moderating effect of the intervening variable (HDI) to the Local Government Performance on the Unemployment Rate, it is shown by the P-value of 0.2518 (<0.05). Conclusion: The existence of local government performance has a significant influence in increasing the human development index and decreasing the unemployment rate.

Labor migration, remittances, and the economy in the Gulf Cooperation Council region

The massive increase in labor migration to the Middle East during the past three decades has rivaled its historical trends bound to the West. This paper assesses how this growing trend of migration may have helped shape the economic structure and performance across the member countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council. Findings from a descriptive and time series regression analysis of the limited cross-country data show that the experience with labor migration and its linkage with other aspects of the economy are varied. The migration trend coinciding with increasing personal remittances attests to the competitive demand for foreign labor. While labor migration shows mixed association with the key aspects of the economy, the stock of migrant population is negatively associated with economic growth. Albeit seemingly contradictory, the insights from this six-country analysis covering the periods since 1990 are useful to understand the complex nature of relationship between labor migration and economic structure and performance in the region.

The subway and the gender wage gap

We estimate the impacts of accessing the subway network on the gender wage gap in China. The results suggest that the subway increases the wages of females relative to males. Heterogeneity estimations indicate that the subway has a more significant impact in regions with mature subway networks, as well as in suburban areas. The findings also demonstrate that the subway reduces the gender wage gap among low-skilled groups, married households, and households with fewer vehicles. Analysis of the mechanisms reveals that the effects are driven by the labour demand side, as subways boosts the entry of firms that are intensive in employing low-skilled females.

Green finance policy and labor demand: Evidence from China

Using the implementation of “Green Finance Reform and Innovation Pilot Zone” (GFPZ) policy as a quasi-natural experiment, we investigates the impact of the GFPZ on enterprises' labor demand by considering 2009–2021 data for a sample of listed firms. The results show that the implementation of this policy has increased labor demand in pilot zones. After controlling for endogeneity and testing robustness, we find that the results remain valid. Furthermore, the mechanism test results show that the implementation of GFPZ policy has a positive impact on the labor demand of enterprises by improving operational capability, enhancing development prospects, and optimizing social evaluation. However, it reduces labor demand by exacerbating the financing pressure on enterprises. Additionally, further analysis reveals that the GFPZ policy contribute to the improvement of labor quality. The impact of policy was more significant for manufacturing enterprises and enterprises located in cities with high environmental pressure.

The influence of robot applications on rural labor transfer

Employment is a pivotal driver for ensuring and enhancing people’s livelihoods, with stable employment forming the bedrock for achieving high-quality economic development. In this study, CMDS data from 2014–2018, IFR data, and micro-data from China’s Second National Economic Census were utilized to analyze the impact of robot applications on rural labor migration in China, exploring both theoretical and empirical dimensions, particularly the crowding-out effect. The research findings suggest that robot applications influence labor demand through expansion and substitution effects. The results show robot applications significantly increased the probability of rural labor considering re-migration, with a 1% increase in urban robot density resulting in a 0.249% increase in the likelihood of rural labor re-migration. In addition, robot applications were found to reduce the migration rate of urban labor and increase the probability of rural laborers returning to the agricultural sector. Based on mechanism analyses, robot applications were found to have pronounced passive effects in accelerating rural labor migration, particularly among groups with lower skill levels, individuals aged over 44, those in low-skilled occupations, those possessing strong mobility, and those residing in economically developed areas. The conclusions of this study provide new insights for stabilizing employment and optimizing rural labor migration in the context of artificial intelligence development.