La Science Research Articles

The Priestly Tent of Meeting and the Problem of Divine Transcendence: An “Archaeology” of the Sacred

Previous articleNext article No AccessThe Priestly Tent of Meeting and the Problem of Divine Transcendence: An “Archaeology” of the Sacred*Robert S. KawashimaRobert S. KawashimaNew York University Search for more articles by this author New York UniversityPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Religion Volume 86, Number 2April 2006 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/499636 Views: 66Total views on this site Citations: 4Citations are reported from Crossref © 2006 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Stephen C. Russell Enemies, Lands, and Borders in Biblical Crossing Traditions, Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History 4, no.1-21-2 (Apr 2018): 163–176.https://doi.org/10.1515/janeh-2017-0024 Space, Land, Territory, and the Study of the Bible, Brill Research Perspectives in Biblical Interpretation 1, no.44 (Dec 2016): 1–64.https://doi.org/10.1163/24057657-12340004Francesca Rochberg A Critique of the Cognitive-historical Thesis of The Intellectual Adventure, (Apr 2016): 16–28.https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119162629.ch1 Quellen und Literatur, (Oct 2015): 243–258.https://doi.org/10.13109/9783666370380.243

Dictionnaire Marcel Proust by Annick Bouillaguet, Brian G. Rogers

856 Reviews but, above all, by the beautiful set of photographs, sketches, and prints which follow the text. Turning to Rimbaud ingenieur, we find an equally attractive and engaging book. Dotoli suggests that Rimbaud very much wanted to be an engineer and argues that the poet was fascinated by science. Rimbaud absorbed all sorts of books on engineer ing, including areas such asmetallurgy and hydraulics, and was constantly making use of works of reference leading to the creation of his own technical library. Dotoli interestingly speculates that Rimbaud may have dreamt of the glory of a great sci entific breakthrough and hoped that such an invention might ultimately have had an application in agriculture inAfrica. What ismost thought-provoking here isDotoli's idea that the poetry and the passion for science and engineering have a common de nominator in the pursuit of 'l'inconnu'. Chapter 4 is a good illustration of the detail available inDotoli's study, for here he looks at Rimbaud's interest in 'instruments de precision' such as optical and astronomical devices and others in the fields of elec tricity, pneumatics, and hydraulics. He then argues that 'Rimbaud veut cou'te que couite etre un ingenieur de laphotographie' (p. I3 i), an assertion that leads to further stimulating thoughts on the silent movies and the idea of photography as a kind of modern poetry. That Rimbaud was 'un ingenieur reveur, un visionnaire de la science' (P. I78) seems a convincing argument and, as earlier, the poetry which speaks so often of dreams, projects, and a new order appears to prefigure the ensuing 'ecriture sci entifique' (p. 210). Setting Rimbaud in a long line of artist-inventors (Pascal, Dante, Da Vinci), Dotoli writes lucidly and persuasively of a visionary who insisted that 'il faut etre absolument moderne'. In summary, these two volumes contribute equally well to our understanding of two facets of Rimbaud's work and experience which have hitherto been insufficiently explored. UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER GERALD MACKLIN Dictionnaire Marcel Proust. Ed. by ANNICK BOUILLAGUETand BRIAN G. ROGERS. Preface by ANTOINE COMPAGNON. Paris: Champion. 2004. 1099 PP. eIo0. ISBN 2-7453-0956-o. A reference work of this type could give the impression of containing the writer, locking him in or reducing him to facts and trends. Fortunately, in this case, because of the very wide range and variety of the articles, it develops an energy all its own and becomes a liberating search engine for acquaintance and reacquaintance with Proust, who would certainly have approved. Itwill be recalled that he himself possessed and exploited such awork in his day on Balzac, viz. theRepertoire de la Comedie Humaine de Balzac by Cerfberr and Christophe (I887), discovering in it fascinating material about Balzac and his creative methods as well as a new departure for himself. The whole revelation of Balzac's recurring characters, which the dictionary made evident, became a stimulating and solid base for Proust's treatment of his own creations and especially, with their reappearances, their uniquely Proustian development in time. Approached in this vein, this compilation will encourage the reader to go along with Antoine Compagnon's claim in his preface: 'Ce dictionnaire, loin d'enfermer l'ceuvre, d'epingler ses elements, de limiter sa portee, ouvre grand le chantier de ses interpretations' (p. 8). Looking over the very broad field the compilers have to cover, and with consis tent editorial control, they have revisited the previous scattered and varied lists of characters, themes, and places and produced a reference text all under one roof, as it were, that supersedes them. This is an update that can be consulted in several dif ferent ways at the reader's whim: a detailed who's who of characters inLa Recherche MLR, IOI.3, 2oo6 857 and elsewhere, a stimulating array of themes, a gallery of associated writers, artists, and historical figures, a bird's-eye view of critical and philosophical trends, each one a prism that casts light in surprising and enlightening directions. Apart from re wardingly informative factual information, tailor-made for both general reader and advanced Proustian researcher, we also have meaty examinations, by several hands, of speculative subjects from memory to la mort. Proust is...

Condorcet's Social Mathematic, A Few Tables

A new impetus was given to Condorcet (1743-1794) scholarship in the second half of the last century with pioneering works by Arrow (1951, 1963), Guilbaud (1952), and Black (1958). Earlier, only two major studies by Cahen (1904) and Delsaux (1931) had been available. The Essai sur l'application de l'analyse a la probabilite des decisions rendues a la pluralite des voix (1785) came to be considered retrospectively as a seminal work for social choice theory, as a broader interest in Condorcefs project of a mathematical social science arose. A study by Granger (1956) was followed, a few decades later, by books by Rashed (1974) and Baker (1975), which are still milestones of Condorcet scholarship. The bicentenary celebrations of the French Revolution and of Condorcet's death (1994) led to a revival of scholarly interest and a wealth of new research on that topic was published in the 1980S-1990S.1 Therefore, the Tableau general de la science qui a

Stella by Camille Flammarion , Danielle Chaperon (review)

MLR, 100.2, 2005 509 indeed, according to Compagnon, rupture and discontinuity are a key feature of his poetry as a whole. Compagnon demonstrates that at the heart of the poet's use of allegory is the non sequitur, the interruption. In fact, this fracturing, the fall from unity (the entry into number), is what constitutes the fallen nature of creation, forhow else can the singular conceive of the other?in other words, how could it create? Yet that creation, that harnessing of the power of number, is one that moves ever onwards towards the numberless, that which escapes boundaries and harmony, that which threatens to overwhelm?like the sea. So the modern individual is faced with the crowd that threatens to sweep him away. It is Compagnon's conclusion that the dandy is able to maintain his individuality in the face of the urban multitude and is indeed able to rejoice in it. This is a stimulating study that can be warmly recommended. University of Ulster, Londonderry A. J.McCann Stella. By Camille Flammarion. Ed. by Danielle Chaperon. (Textes de Litte? rature Moderne et Contemporaine, 69) Paris: Champion. 2003. 288 pp. ?40. ISBN 2-7453-0814-9. This reissued edition will be of most interest to scholars of the development of the science-fiction genre and those concerned with the literary representation of science infinde siecle France. The novel's virtues as a literary work are, however, rather slight, foritnow reads as an advertisement for,and extension of,Flammarion's better-known works in the fields of astronomy and popular science. Stella was one of three novels written by this 'vulgarisateur scientifique', the principal task of whose writing was the description of his excitement at the advances of telescopic astronomy as compared with the drier qualities of earlier mathematical astronomy. Flammarion was also well known as the founder of the Revue mensuelle de Vastronomie (1882), the Societe astronomiquede la France (1887), and, of course, as the brother of Ernest Flammarion, whose early successes in publishing came partly through issuing Camille's works. The volume is edited by the author of one of the few major studies of Flammarion (CamilleFlammarion: entreastronomie et literature (Paris: Imago, 1998)) and reprints the original 1897 edition of Stella, which contains twenty-seven chapters, rather than the twenty-four of the 1911 edition. As well as an introductory essay, it also includes attractive photographic reproductions of illustrations fromearly editions, a 'notice biographique ', and a bibliography of Flammarion's works and Flammarion scholarship. The plot ofthe novel ostensibly deals with the arrival ofthe convent-educated Stella into Parisian society, her dissatisfaction with the vacuous qualities of that milieu, her discovery of a world of truth in scientific books, and the fulfilmentof her life through a romance with an astronomer, which grants her 'L'oubli du monde, de ses vanites, de ses mensonges' (p. 185). Her life of eternal happiness then extends beyond her earthly existence, for Flammarion believed that the good would be reincarnated on other planets in their future lives. This tale is interspersed with fairlylong lectures on astronomical subjects, epistolary interludes, and a tabulated section of the text where the 'four ages of man' are compared from scientific and religious viewpoints. There we learn: 'La science avance graduellement. II y a toujours a chercher' (p. 68), while forbelievers in Christianity,' Jesus-Christ a apporte la verite au rnonde, et depuis dixhuit siecles il n'y a plus rien a chercher' (p. 68). Yet while the text offersa critique of organized religion, italso reflectsFlammarion's spiritualism and his interest in 'having it all', in the nineteenth-century sense of wanting to synthesize science, religion, and art, rather than seeing these fields as competing views ofthe world from among which one might have to choose. Such ambiguity (or coherence from Flammarion's point of view) was also expressed through Flammarion's staging of annual summer-solstice festivals at the base of that emblem of modernity, the Tour Eiffel. 510 Reviews Manifold comparisons might be made between the lives of Flammarion and Zola, and, as Danielle Chaperon notes, between Stella and its antecedent, Le Docteur Pas? cal (similarities might also be observed with Le Reve). Both men...

Reflections on science as a gendered endeavour: changes and continuities

English This article aims to show, first, that gender representations are embedded in the organizational forms and dominant culture of science and, second, that scientists and scientific institutions have contributed to the perpetuation of gender representations, in particular the representation of women as a sexed category. The theoretical framework of this analysis articulates studies on gender and science with the theory of social representations. Three periods will be considered to illustrate the argument: first, the period of exclusion of women from science in the late 19th and early 20th centuries; second, the period of the development of women's and gender studies in the 1960s and 1970s; and finally, the implications of the past for the present, discussed in the light of recent changes. French Cet article tend tout d'abord à montrer que les représentations de genre sont ancrées dans les formes organisationnelles et la culture dominante de la science. Il vise aussi à montrer que les scientifiques et les institutions scientifiques ont contribué à la perpétuation des représentations de genre, et en particulier à la représentation des femmes comme catégorie sexuée. Le cadre théorique de l'analyse articule tout à la fois les études sur le genre et la science et la théorie des représentations sociales. On considérera trois périodes pour illustrer l'argument. Tout d'abord, la période de l'exclusion des femmes du domaine scientifique à la fin du 19ème et au début du 20ème siècle. Puis, la période du développement des études sur le genre et la science dans les années 1960 et 1970. Enfin, on discutera les implications du passé pour le présent à la lumière des changements récents.

The BioValley Life Sciences Week, Where Biotech and MedTech Met

For the third time the BioValley Life Sciences Week took place from October 13 to 22, 2004 in the French, German, and Swiss centers of the BioValley Life Sciences Network. Events included a 'Science et Cité' evening in Lörrach about new concepts in cancer management, the Business Platform in Freiburg where Biotech met Pharma, the 'Fête de la Science' in Strasbourg highlighting the challenges for XXIst century research, the BioValley Annual Conference in Colmar where the BioValley profile was discussed, the University Day in Strasbourg presenting the European Pharmacopoeia and looking at Drug Discovery 2004 and a sequence of events in Basel which were attended by more than 1500 persons. Events in Basel included the Science Day on systems biology and nanosciences, the Connect Day which was devoted to Partnering and Financing, the Medtech Day where this less well known but very important industry showed its cutting edge technologies, and finally the BioValley College Day attracting several hundred students from the neighboring high schools of the three countries. The BioValley Life Sciences Week has established itself firmly in the calendar of the region and will be organized again in the fall of 2005.

Un bouillon de culture pour les sciences de l'éducation? Le Congrès international d'éducation morale (1908–1934)

On aura donc à résoudre, par divers moyens, cette difficulté centrale qui consiste à parler d’une discipline qui n’existe pas encore, mais qui va exister, et pour laquelle il faut bien qu’il y ait, dans les temps de sa genèse, des éléments qui soient en train d’en préparer le surgissement. (Pierre Favre, Naissances de la science politique en France, 1870–1914 (Paris, 1989), p. 14) La recherche est soutenue par le Fonds national suisse de la recherche scientifique (1214-065300.01), dirigée par Rita Hofstetter et Bernard Schneuwly, avec la collaboration de Lucien Criblez, Valérie Lussi, Martina Späni et moi-même, soit l’Équipe de Recherche en Histoire des Sciences de l'éducation de l’Université de Genève (ERHISE). Je tiens à remercier les commentaires critiques que les membres de l’équipe ont apportés aux diverses versions du présent article. This article deals with the International moral education congress during its life period, 1908–1934. More specifically it examines the possible relationship between this Congress and the development of the educational science(s) as a disciplinary field. The study is mostly based on the proceedings and publications of the International moral education congresses. Inspired by historians/sociologists of sciences stressing the importance of the international dimension of scientific recognition, the analysis investigates the possible emergence of the educational science(s) in the context of the Congress. Four parts constitute this paper. A short introduction stresses first the problematic link between a congress devoted to educational matters, without exclusive scientific ambitions, and the emergence of a discipline of education, during the first decade of the twentieth century. The article then focuses on the aims and ideals of the instigators of the international moral. It points out the ambivalence between the internationality of the Congress, and the internationalism expressed by the activists of the movement, very close to the agenda of the international reconciliation, before and after the First World War. The second part goes into the proceedings of the six international congresses of the movement and gives a view of the socio-professional profiles of the congress participants. It deals with the dynamic tensions between on the one hand the scientific or academic dimensions of the movement (participants, status of the debates) and on the other the field of practice or administration in the education field. The third part concerns the content of the discussions held in the Congress, the general evolution of working themes and in particular the place occupied by university researchers or professors in education. Piaget declared as evidence in 1965 that the International moral education congress had been a vector of pedagogy as a scientific discipline. This article proposes to consider this Congress as a plausible but little productive culture medium of this emerging disciplinary field of education.

Early years teachers' late concerns and perceived needs in science: an exploratory study

Science in early childhood is of great importance to many aspects of children's development. Planning for improvement of science instruction should take into consideration the problems teachers encounter in their performance of their task. However, exposition of problems of early years teachers, especially those with many years of experience, is somewhat rare in science education literature. The purpose of the present work was to investigate those factors that hinder experienced early years teachers in the performance of their task in science, and their needs, as perceived by the teachers themselves. The study was carried out in Greece. One take‐home written task and two group interviews were used for data collection. Qualitative approaches were employed for the analysis of the data. The emergent themes related to teachers' problems, teachers' worries induced by these problems, problem consequences and teachers' perceived needs in science. La science sur la précoce enfance est très importante pour beaucoup des aspects de la développement des enfants. Il faut que le croquis de l'instruction de la science aille considérer les problèmes que les instituteurs affrontent. Mais, dans la littérature de l'instruction de la science, il n'y a pas beaucoup des instituteurs, spécialement des expérimentes, qui exposent leurs problèmes. Le but de présent travail était l'investigation de ces facteurs qui empêchent les instituteurs expérimentes de travailler dans le secteur de la science sur la précoce enfance; et, aussi, leurs besoins, conformément a eux‐mêmes. Le travail était réalisé en Grèce. Un travail, écrit à la maison, et deux interviews des groups étaient utilisées pour la collection des éléments. les résultats concernaient les problèmes des instituteurs, les inquiétudes des instituteurs à cause de ces problèmes, les conséquences des ces problèmes et les besoins des instituteurs de la science sur la précoce enfance. La ciencia en la primera infancia es de gran importancia en muchos aspectos del desarrollo de los niños. La planificación para mejorar la ciencia de la educación debe tomar en consideración los problemas que encuentran los profesores en la realización de su tarea. Sin embargo, la exposición de problemas de las profesores de primera infancia, especialmente la de los que tienen muchos anos de experiencia, es algo rara en la literatura de la ciencia de la educación. El propósito del actual trabajo era investigar esos factores que obstaculizan a profesores experimentados de primera infancia en la realización de su tarea en la ciencia y de sus necesidades, según lo percibido por los mismos profesores. El estudio se llevo a cabo en Grecia. Una tarea escrita para realizar en casa y dos entrevistas del grupo se utilizaron para la recogida de datos. Se emplearon aproximaciones cualitativas para el análisis de los datos. Los temas que surgieron se relacionan con los problemas de los profesores, las preocupaciones de los profesores inducidos por estos problemas, las consecuencias del problema y las necesidades percibidas por los profesores en la ciencia. Die Naturwissenschaften sind von großer Bedeutung im früheren Kindesalter bei vielen Aspekten der Kinderentwicklung. BeimPlanen derUnterrichtsvorbereitung müssen die Probleme, mit denen sich die Lehrer auseinandersetzen, mitberücksichtigt werden. Doch die Bekanntgebung der Probleme der Vorschulerzieher, vorallem dermit langer Berufserfahrung kommt selten in der Erziehungsbibliographie der Naturwissenschaften vor. Diese Studie hatte als Ziel die Faktoren zu erforschen, die die Erzieher bei ihrer Arbeit hindern und ihre Bedürfnisse wie sie von den Erziehern selbst wahrgenommen werden. Die studie wurde in Griechenland durchgeführt. Ein schriftliches Referat und zwei Gruppeninterviews dienten der Angabensammlung. Qualitative Annäherungen wurden bei der Angabenanalyse verwendet. Die Themen, die sich ergaben, beziehen sich auf die Probleme der Erzieher, ihre Besorgnis wegen der Probleme, auf die Problemkonsequenzen und auf die Bedürfnisse der Erzieher in den Naturwissenschaften, wi sie von ihnen selbst wahrgenommen werden.

Dressing and Undressing the Princess of Cadignan: Female Drapery/Narrative Striptease

That storytelling is a time-honored means of inciting passion is clear if one considers only Ovid's advice in Ars Amatoria, Dante's Paolo and Francesca episode in The Divine Comedy, and the effect of hearsay and interpolation in The Princess of Cleves. That is, even the canonical works of western literature make clear that the exchange of a narrative may arise from and engender sexual politics; but the frequency with which the nineteenth-century French story actually depicts the narrative encounter as the occasion of confrontation between the sexes inspires a sense of the coincidence of gender and genre, of a necessary relationship between the two. (1) In Balzac's Les Secrets de la Princesse de Cadignan the author's presentation of his heroine as a narrative artist indicates that storytelling is on the agenda--the plot is concerned with the fiction recounted by the Princess in her successful campaign to ensnare a man, an impressive feat since her raw material is a past both unscrupulous and lurid: Says the narrator, etait un vrai don Juan femelle, a cette difference pres que ce n'est pas a souper qu'elle eut invite la de pierre, et certes elle aurait eu raison de la statue (982). (2) Thus, the issue of gender is also thematically foregrounded, as a plot summary will further clarify. Following the July Revolution of 1830, Diane, Princess of Cadignan, is living in Paris in the seclusion necessitated by reduced circumstances. Having experienced many previous love affairs, she is challenged by her friend, Mme d'Espard, to compete with her for one last, enduring love; the target proposed is an illustrious writer, d'Arthez, who, it happens, was the best friend of a now deceased Republican who had loved from afar. In order to conquer d'Arthez, the Princess reveals the story of her past affairs so adroitly that she appears a complete victim of circumstances, emerging and martyr--to use her words--in his eyes. (3) Finally, at a dinner for concocted by the duplicitous Mme d'Espard and attended by several of the Princess's embittered former lovers, argues against their defamatory attacks and his love proves invulnerable to calumny. The Princess returns his love and they live happily ever after, far from the eyes of the world. In this story, the woman is the supreme artist who triumphs over a great male writer and is admired for her victory in spite of the narrator's assurances that she is an unprincipled liar. However, although in this tale the innocent virgin is the man, and the seducer who makes the pitch and who must lie about the past is the woman, the story does not simply portray a role reversal but instead exploits the negative stereotypes associated with the strictly feminine to offer, it seems, a model for the process of narrative signification. Early in the story, the narrator establishes that is representative of her sex in being deceptive, manipulative, and inconstant. Of her great friendship with Mme d'Espard we are told that pour faire les amities sinceres et durables entre femmes il faut qu'elles aient ete cimentees par de petits crimes (967). Elsewhere the narrator refers to the two as ces deux fines couleuvres and remarks that avoids a certain subject of conversation with her supposedly dearest friend as carefully as she would avoid wearing a yellow dress: Diane d'Uxelles se gardait comme de porter une robe jaune, de parler de d'Arthez (998). The duplicity fundamental to the speech of the female sex is, moreover, categorically pronounced: Les femmes savent donner a leurs paroles une saintete particuliere (972), they can impart to their words something etend le sens des idees et leur prete de la profondeur; (973) and, the narrator continues, si plus tard leur auditeur charme ne se rend pas compte de ce qu'elles ont dit, le but a ete completement atteint (973). This remark follows an earlier reflection on the female's deployment of visual effects to prevaricate and to seduce: Il est des visages de femmes qui trompent la science et deroutent l'observation par leur calme et par leur finesse; il faudrait pouvoir les examiner quand les passions parlent, ce qui est difficile; ou quand elles ont parle, ce qui ne sert plus a rien: alors la femme est vieille et ne dissimule plus. …

Different and yet alike.

Despite a history of different attitudes and approaches, art and science are engaging more often in collaborations of mutual benefit

Publication Patterns in Regional and Urban Analysis: Have Topics, Techniques and Applications Changed During the 1990s?

S URIñACH J., D UQUE J. C., R AMOS R. and R OYUELA V. (2003) Publication patterns in regional and urban analysis: have topics, techniques and applications changed during the 1990s?, Reg. Studies 37 , 351-363. The current state of regional and urban science has been much discussed and a number of studies have speculated on possible future trends in the development of the discipline. However, there has been little empirical analysis of current publication patterns in regional and urban journals. This paper studies the kinds of topics, techniques and data used in papers published in nine top international journals during the 1990s with the aim of identifying current trends in this research field. S URIñACH J., D UQUE J. C., R AMOS R. and R OYUELA V. (2003) La structure des publications dans le domaine de l'analyse urbano-ré gionale: les questions, techniques et applications, ont-elles changés dans les années 90?, Reg. Studies 37 , 351-363. On fait couler beaucoup d'encre sur l'état actuel de la science urbano-régionale et quelques études s'interrogent sur les tendances futures é ventuelles quant au développement de cette discipline. Toujours est-il que rares sont les analyses empiriques qui traitent de la structure actuelle des articles parus dans les revues d'économie régionale et urbaine. Cet article cherche à étudier les types de questions, de techniques et de données employées dans les articles publiés dans neuf des premières revues internationales pendant les années 1990 dans le but d'identifier les tendances actuelles dans ce domaine de recherche. S URIñACH J., D UQUE J. C., R AMOS R. and R OYUELA V. (2003) Muster, die beim Erscheinen regionaler und städtischer Analysen zu beobachten sind. Haben Themen, Technik und Anwendungen sich in den neunziger Jahren geändert?, Reg. Studies 37 , 351-363. Der gegenwärtige Stand der Regional-und Stadtkunde ist ausgiebig erörtert worden, und viele Studien haben sich mit dem möglichen zukünftigen Verlauf der Entwicklung dieser Disziplin beschäftigt. Es mangelt jedoch an empirischen Analysen aktueller Muster dessen, was in Zeitschriften der Regional- und Stadtkunde erscheint. In der Absicht, die gegenwärtigen Tendenzen auf diesem Forschungsgebiet herauszustellen, werden in diesem Aufsatz die verschiedenartigen Themen, Techniken und Daten in Aufsätzen untersucht, die in den neunziger Jahren in neun führenden internationalen Zeitschriften erschienen.

Race, Culture, Nation: Edith Wharton and Ernest Renan

An avid reader, Edith Wharton devoured volumes of philosophy and religion. As R. W. B. Lewis observes in his biography, she owned more books on religion than any other subject (510). (1) At every stage of life, Wharton searched in religion and philosophy for answers to pressing metaphysical and ontological questions. Among other things, she used these insights to intensify her already complex social and moral portraits of fictional characters. It is not surprising, then, that she would have read one of her age's most highly esteemed historians and philosophers, Ernest Renan (1823-92), especially since she shared with him standpoint of rationalism and religious skepticism, sense of irony and the ironic play of ideas, of life as an amusing ideological spectacle (Chadbourne 104), high regard for French criticism, (2) and an esteem for France as the epitome of civilization and culture, able to weather any series of disasters. Wharton is on record for praising not only Renan but also SainteBeuve, Anatole France, and Matthew Arnold, all of whom were influenced by Renan. (3) Renan affected Wharton in two major ways. His rational positivism fueled her developing skepticism about the role of faith in post-Darwinian world increasingly based on science and empiricism. And his ideas about nation and nationhood helped her come to terms with her own expatriation and questions about the preservation and dissemination of cultural value in the early twentieth century. Wharton read Renan on at least two occasions, one in 1911 and the other in 1917. A catalog of her library indicates that she owned six books by Renan, some annotated, as well as book about him written by William Barry. (4) Although no record of her opinion of Renan exists, one might speculate how the French thinker affected Wharton personally and influenced her work. It is clear that Wharton appreciated and even propounded many of the ideas with which Renan is identified. He was certainly read and discussed in Wharton's circle. Morton Fullerton, for example, in an essay about Henry James--a piece Wharton admits to having had a hand in creating (Letter to William Brownell, qtd. in Wegener, Uncollected Critical Writings 300)--favorably compares James's and Renan's standards of probity and faithfulness to their own principles (Fullerton 306). It is likely in particular that Renan's ideas helped Wharton grapple with monumental issue in the nineteenth century: the balance between faith and reason; or, in the case of Renan, between faith and history. Renan mapped theory of history, science, and religion that Wharton could apply not only to personal questions of faith but also to her understanding of the larger workings of culture. A skeptic with keen ironic wit, he also provided Wharton with literary outlook and mode of execution compatible with her own. Born in 1823 in Brittany, Ernest Renan was raised Roman Catholic and educated in seminaries. At age 22 he left the seminary and the church in order to pursue science. In 1848 he wrote The Future of Science (L'avenir de la science), in which he introduced ideas that he would develop all his life. Science, by which he meant rational inquiry, would eventually supplant religion, he maintained, and guide the direction of human progress. Renan's thinking epitomized the positivism and rationalism in vogue during Wharton's time and mirrored in the progression of her ideas. As Lewis remarks, Wharton's childhood passion for sermon reading and stray wonderings about the vagaries of religious doctrines (510) were supplanted by the rational positivism taught to her by her mentor, family friend Egerton Winthrop. The effect of this body of thought was imposing during Wharton's agnostic years. Although Wharton did not follow in Renan's footsteps--she toyed with the idea of converting to Catholicism at the end of her life--she did find reassuring his suspicion of blind faith, his notion of religion as way to strive for perfection, and his view that this perfection actually existed in the Greek civilization that created art, science, and philosophy. …

New Feminist Sociological Directions

Abstract: Feminism has already raised significant questions about the relationship between the cultural and the physical. However, this tends to open up science to the social, leaving the actual materiality of organic and non-organic matter intact. That is, whilst feminism has cast light on social and cultural meanings of sexual difference, there seems to be a hesitation to delve into the actual physical processes through which differentiation and change take place. The momentous shift in the natural sciences towards openness and play within the living and nonliving world will have an enormous impact on sociologists who increasingly grapple with issues involving life and matter (for instance in discussions of 'the body'). The aim of this paper is to pay tribute to the work of Australian feminist theorists, whose recognition of the importance of new materialism for sociological theory is prescient. I will argue that Australian feminist research is a major attempt to deal directly with materiality. Resume : Le feminisme a deja souleve suffisamment de questions au sujet de la relation entre l'aspect culturel et l'aspect physique. Il semble toutefois ouvrir la science a la vie sociale, sans toucher a l'importance reelle des matieres organique et inorganique. Alors que le feminisme a mis en lumiere les significations culturelles et sociales de la difference sexuelle, on semble hesiter a etudier les processus physiques reels de cette distinction et de ce changement. L'important virage des sciences naturelles a legard de l'ouverture et dujeu dans le monde des vivants et des non-vivants aura certes des incidences enormes sur le travail des sociologues qui ne cessant de jangler avec les questions touchant la vie et la matiere (par exemple les discussions sur le >). Le but de cette communication consiste a rendre hommage a l'oeuvre des theoriciennes australiennes dont on doit reconnaitre l'importance du nouveau materialisme pour la theorie sociologique. Je ferai valoir que la recherche des feministes australiannes represente une tentative de taille pour aborder directement cette importance. Introduction There have been a number of significant shifts in the natural sciences within the past few decades to suggest an openness and play within the living and nonliving world (for examples of these shifts see DeLanda, 1997a, 1997b; Deleuze and Guattari, 2002; Jonson, 1999; Kinsman, 2001; Kirby, 1997; Margulis and Sagan, 1997; Rabinow, 1992; Sagan, 1992). (1) I believe these developments within the natural sciences stand to make a significant impression on feminist sociologists who increasingly find themselves grappling with issues involving life and matter (for instance in debates about 'the body,' the 'sex'/'gender' binary and sexual difference). In this paper I attend to explorations of 'new materialism' that have recently been produced by Australian feminists. (2) I want to suggest that Australian feminist theorists' keen interest in science represents a prescient recognition of the merits of engaging directly with the natural sciences. As such, the aim of this paper is to pay tribute to the work of Australian feminist theorists, and to suggest how feminist theory might harness this work to reorient our approaches to bodies and sexual difference. Discussions of materiality within sociology and much of feminist theory tend to be anchored by two critical assumptions (Soper, 1995). (3) Firstly, the constitution of matter is largely figured as inert, stable, concrete, unchangeable and resistant to socio-historical change. Vicki Kirby argues that contemporary critical analyses' insistence that the target of scrutiny is the discursive effects of objects, and not the object themselves, belies a construction of materiality as 'rigid, prescriptive' and opposed to 'cultural determinations that are assumed to be plastic, contestable, and able to invite intervention and reconstruction' (2001: 54). …

Phonetics and speaking machines

Summary This paper shows that in the 17th century various attempts were made to build fully automatic speaking devices resembling those exhibited in the late 18th-century in France and Germany. Through the analysis of writings by well-known 17th-century scientists, and a document hitherto unknown in the history of phonetics and speech synthesis, an excerpt from La Science universelle (1667[1641]) of the French writer Charles Sorel (1599–1674), it is argued that engineers and scientists of the Baroque period have to be credited with the first model of multilingual text-to-speech synthesis engines using unlimited vocabulary.

Le don du corps à la science

Le don du corps à la science est à la base de l’enseignement et de la recherche en anatomie. Il impose de susciter les dons afin que la recherche puisse se faire et continuer à aller de l’avant sous toutes ses formes d’innovation et d’adaptation aux progrès de la médecine. Les infections méconnues contraignent à des mesures de précautions strictes et nombreuses dans le but de prévenir tout risque de contamination même si ce dernier ne cesse, actuellement, de s’amenuiser. Teaching and research in anatomy is mainly based on cadaveric dissection. Unclaimed bodies is no more the origin of cadavers, but body donation programs. The dissection is an important part in the anatomical cursus of medical students and for anatomical research and special courses devoted to the surgeons. A body donation center was created in Paris in 1953 with the purpose of obtaining bodies for dissection. Donation is a clear will made by people free and informed. Donation is most often by altruism, conferrins life on another. Body donation is regulated by various act or reglementar text according to each country. One of the problem with the body gift is biological hazard, specially in research and clinical courses, but the rule is to consider unembalmed material as contaminated and to use all precautions with barrier for blood and bodily fluid. Body donation is one of the modern expression of solidarity.

Writing the Present in Nicole Brossard's Baroque d'aube

Un projet de livre la Nicole Brossard has explored many different geographical settings in her writing. She has populated the island, the city, the labyrinth, and the desert with women, opening up spaces for what Alice Parker has called lesbian imag(in)ing (131).(1) In Baroque d'aube, Brossard ventures into space that figures both expanse and depth and that metaphorically engages both imagination (the horizon) and memory (the ocean floor). The sea has always been there in Brossard's work, often as ground to figure, surrounding her archipelagos and her island-cities, lapping at the minds of the women in her bars and parks and hotel rooms, and even, in its absence, haunting the memory of her desert.(2) As indescriptible as the desert, the sea represents infinite risk and infinite possibility, qualities that have always, for Brossard, characterized the space of writing. At the center of Baroque d'aube is un projet de livre la mer (BA, 54).(3) This project involves voyage that would appear archetypal even if the vessel upon which the travelers embark were not called the Symbol. The identity of the woman behind the project, however, signals the vexed relationship between the Symbol's voyage and the long tradition of men who set sail in search of new worlds, adventure, and glory. The oceanographer Occident DesRives is both of that Western tradition and separated from it. Her family name in particular reinforces this double reading, suggesting both the substantive rives (which places her on the edges or margins of any Occidental agenda as well as of her own project sur la mer) and the verb deriver (which conveys not only the idea of traceable lineage or derivation but also that of diversion and drifting).(4) In some ways, Occident is feminist visionary. Her intention is to bring together three women (a scientist, writer, and photographer) to join the all-male crew of the Symbol for two weeks at sea off the coast of Argentina. While the crew carries out its mission, taking core samples from the ocean floor, she, Cybil Noland, and Irene Mages will engage in their own project. Occident's vision is that, with their different perspectives, and through the encounters of art and science, image and words, surface and depth, the women may together penetrate and transform reality. These women's project may be collaborative and visionary, but it is nevertheless undeniably the product of one woman's ambition and drive. In fact, Occident is less participant in the project than catalyst and director. She has brought Irene and Cybil along on scientific mission as artists to surprendre et faire plaisir. Procurer des emotions que la science ne peut expliquer (BA, 83). They are part of her experiment. Cybil is quite conscious of the extent to which her involvement in the project has been secured by Occident's forceful will and irresistible charms. As she allows herself to be drawn in, she senses that Occident's words are hiding une quete demesuree d'absolu (BA, 60). Double Time Cybil Noland is not sure what to think of Occident DesRives and the reader of Baroque d'aube shares her uncertainty. As figure of duality is Occident necessarily figure of duplicity? Or is she merely victim of the duplicitous circumstances in which she finds herself? What does it mean that the three women are not embarking on vessel of their own but will be sharing close quarters on the Symbol with Captain Nadeau, padre Sinocchio, the doctor Thomas Lemieux, and crew of porno-watching sailors? What is implied by Occident's association with the vivacious, charming, cultivated and sinister James Warland, shark who wields his power and influence behind the scenes? Does the fact that she consorts with the likes of Warland raise questions about Occident's own motives and allegiances? Or does it merely underscore the risks for women of trying to operate within a man's world? …

Epidemiology and social sciences: towards a critical reengagement in the 21st century.

ly, mathematicians newly plumb laws of probability, elucidating links between seemingly disparate games of decisions of juries, and errors in celestial observations (9, 18-23). What Hacking has termed era of avalanche of numbers, taming of chance, and erosion of determinism is begun (21-23). New times call for new concepts, and in this context of social upheaval and redefinition of contours of state and society, French writers create la science sociale (7, 24, 25). Offering promise of systematic and increasingly quantitative knowledge of society, term first bursts into public view in a French revolutionary pamphlet in 1789, is adopted by influential mathematician-turned-political philosopher, Marquis de Condorcet (1743-1794), and enters British and American English through translation of texts by Condorcet and his colleagues (24, 25). Epidemiology, too, comes into its own, by name (26). The term is coined, and gains currency, in 1802, when Don Joaquin Villalba publishes Epidemiologia Espanola, a chronicle of epidemics in Spain (27). It quickly encompasses era's new quantitative investigations of mounting outbreaks of deadly diseases, both old (e.g., typhus) and new (e.g., cholera and yellow fever). These epidemics bum through fast-growing and increasingly congested cities, home to commercial ports and to squalid neighborhoods barely housing multitudes of laborers employed in (or unemployed by) new factories of Industrial Revolution (28, 29). Only, in this period, I would argue that distinctions between epidemiology and social sciences are imposed chiefly by hindsight. More germane is thennew and common cause: the application of numerical method to living beings in all their social relations (30, p. 39), as defined in 1839 by one of era's prolific investigators, William Guy (1810-1885), an early member of both London Statistical Society (founded in 1834) and London Epidemiological Society (founded in 1850). Employing umbrella term the science of statistics, Guy explains: Man (sic), considered as a social being, is its object; mean duration of his life, and probable period of his death; circumstances which preserve or destroy health of his body, or affect culture of his mind; wealth which he amasses, crimes which he commits, and punishments which he incurs—all these are weighed, compared, and calculated; and nothing which can affect welfare of society of which he is a member, or glory and prosperity of country to which he belongs, is excluded from its grand and comprehensive survey (30, p. 35). A quarter of a century later, in 1865, a similar breadth of concerns appears in founding statement of American Social Science Association (31). Under this umbrella, influential researchers from Louis Rene Villerme (1782-1863) in France (32) to William Farr (1807-1883) in England (33) to Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902) in Germany (34) to Adolphe Quetelet (1796-1874), Belgian astronomer-turnedEpidemiol Rev Vol. 22, No. 1, 2000

Les voies de la science grecque: Etudes sur la transmission des textes de l'Antiquite au dix-neuvieme siecle

Reviewed by: Les voies de la science grecque: Études sur la transmission des textes de l’Antiquité au dix-neuvième siècle Richard J. Durling Danielle Jacquart, ed. Les voies de la science grecque: Études sur la transmission des textes de l’Antiquité au dix-neuvième siècle. École pratique des Hautes Études, IVe section, Sciences historiques et philologiques. V. Hautes études médiévales et modernes, no. 78. Geneva: Librairie Droz, 1997. x + 486 pp. Fr. F. 89.80 (paperbound). The present set of nine studies is intended to illustrate the diverse ways in which Greek medicine and science were handed down to Christian and Muslim scholars in subsequent centuries. The first paper, by Béatrice Bakhouche (pp. 1–31), is a brief study of the fortuna of Plato’s Timaeus in the medieval West. Despite its esoteric language, the work soon became a popular text in the schools, accompanied by numerous commentaries. It was translated into Latin by both Cicero and Calcidius. Nicoletta Palmieri contributes a lengthy and lively article (pp. 33–133) on the theory of medicine from the Alexandrians (5th–7th century a.d.) to the Arabs (9th–11th century). First and foremost come the commentaries to the Galenic treatises On the Sects, The Medical Art, On the Pulses for Beginners, and To Glauco On the Method of Healing. The Medical Art, of course, became the most authoritative of all Galenic writings in the Middle Ages, and indeed in the Renaissance: the commentary on it by “Alī ibn Rid.wān proved a highly influential guide to the intricacies of Galenic dogma. As for On the Sects, it too was viewed as an essential introduction to the Alexandrian canon of Galen’s works. Another important source for the history of Galenism between the Alexandrians and the Arabs are the so-called Summaria Alexandrinorum: résumés of Galenic works, edited in Arabic, or more likely translated from the Greek (p. 80). Françoise Micheau studies (pp. 147–79) the sponsors of Galenic translations made by H.unayn ibn Ish.āq, in ninth-century Baghdad. Danielle Jacquart’s contribution to the volume she edits is a masterly analysis (pp. 241–329) of a medieval French translation of Hippocrates’ Aphorisms, by Martin de Saint-Gille (1362–63). The translation cannot ever have been very popular, since it now exists in only one copy (Paris BN fr. 24246). Jacquart has occasion to criticize constantly G. Lafeuille’s edition of the French text (Geneva, 1954). Jean-Marc Mandosio discusses the ancient sources for the classification of the sciences and arts in the Renaissance (pp. 331–90). He pays special attention to Politian’s Panepistemon (1491) and its sources, and then turns to Politian’s contemporaries: G. Savonarola (1452–98), Apologeticus de ratione poeticae artis (1492); Giorgio Valla (1447–1500), De expetendis et fugiendis rebus (Venice, 1501); and Gregor Reisch (1467?-1525), Margarita philosophica (1503). Politian’s Panepistemon had more influence than any of the others. Pride of place was given to Politian’s book by the Zürich polymath Konrad Gessner in the latter’s Pandectarum libri XXI [End Page 301] (1548). Finally, Ramus (1515–72) breaks utterly with Aristotle, whom Politian is careful to adapt, rather than to criticize. Brigitte Mondrain studies (pp. 391–417) the medical humanist Janus Cornarius (1500–1558), notable inter alia for his editions and translations of Hippocrates and Galen. Cornarius was also highly interested in theology (he was the first to translate all the correspondence between Basil and Gregory of Nazianzen [p. 400]). “Son oeuvre demeure sans équivalent par son ampleur” (p. 417). Danielle Gourevitch edits the intriguing correspondence between the noted English philologist and medical historian William A. Greenhill and his French colleagues Charles Daremberg and Gustave Dugat, in connection with the Arabic version of Galen’s On Anatomical Procedures. The letters tell a tragicomic story of naked ambition, fatuous rivalry, and filial devotion. A few mistakes have crept into Gourevitch’s transcriptions of the English letters: on p. 464, “how next” should be followed by “to,” “hospitally” should be “hospitably,” and “1994” should be “1894”; on p. 465, “understanding” should be “undertaking”; on p. 466, “applied” should read “supplied...

Contradictory Views of the Nature of Science Held by a Brazilian Secondary School Physics Teacher: Educational Value of Interviews

This paper discusses the bases of a secondary physics teacher’s contradictory conceptions of the nature of science. The data were obtained from a series of four interviews and three months of classroom observation. One of the interviews, a group interview (having as interviewees the subject of this study and four other experienced physics’ teachers), has been shown to be a very powerful way of challenging the teacher’s views, of making him reflect about his ideas, and at the same time of reducing the risk of the interviewer suggesting particular ideas. An analogy to Piaget’s (1929) early methodology supplied a framework with which to categorise the interviewee’s replies. This categorisation has provided information about the bases that underpin the teacher’s different and conflicting views on the nature of science. Résumé Cet article analyse les fondements des conceptions contradictoires d’un professeur de physique de Iycée sur la nature de la science. Les donn‚es ont été tirées d’une série de quatre entretiens et de trois mois d’observation en classe. L’un des modes d’entretiens, celui en groupe, au cours duquel les questions ont été posées au professeur sujet de cette étude ainsi qu’à quatre autres professeurs de physique expérimentés, s’est révélé être un moyen très puissant de remettre en question les opinions du professeur, de le faire réfléchir sur ses idées et, en même temps, de réduire le risque lié au fait que celui qui mène l’entretien peut induire des biais. Une analogie avec une des premières méthodologies de Piaget (1929) a permis d’établir une grille qui a servi à classer les réponses des professeurs. Cette classification a fourni des informations qui sont à la base des différences et des contradictions de vue des enseignants sur la nature de la science.

A syndrome produced by diverse nocuous agents. 1936.

A syndrome produced by diverse nocuous agents. 1936.