La Bocana Research Articles

Dominant morphodynamic processes of a macrotidal beach of the eastern tropical Pacific and its relationships with climate variability

In this study, the influence of different coastal processes, including ocean-atmospheric processes of regional scale, on the spatiotemporal variability of the morphodynamic from the emerged zone of a beach in the Colombian eastern tropical Pacific, specifically in the macrotidal regime's Playa La Bocana, was analyzed during 2014–2019. The linear dependence of the sediment volume on the tide, rainfall, and winds was quantified using Pearson correlations and with large-scale oceanic and climatic relationships, that could be related to sediment volume anomalies. The highest correlation sediment volume monthly mean values are presented with the tide on an intra-annual scale. On an inter-annual scale, the sea surface temperature and sea level pressure composites were consistent with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation patterns. Thus, a cooling (warming) of the tropical Pacific is associated with a higher (lower) sediment volume onshore at Playa La Bocana. Furthermore, it was found that increase (decrease) on Swell (Mean Wave Period and Significant Wave Height) decreased (increased) the volume of sediments. These results show that the tide is the main modulator of beach sediment volume changes under the macrotidal regime, on the intra-annual scale, and that on the inter-annual scale, sediment volume responds to the combined effect of the tide and changes in swell intensity modulated by ENSO conditions.

Diversity of planktonic gastropods from western Baja California Peninsula assessed by 18S rDNA sequences

The study of planktonic mollusks is a relevant element to understand the dynamics of the benthic communities under present and future environmental conditions. We present the description of the biodiversity of planktonic gastropods at 2 sampling sites on the Pacific coast of the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico. Organisms collected from plankton tows at 2 locations (Cabo Tosco, n = 89 and La Bocana, n = 213) were sequenced for a portion of the 18S rDNA gene. High diversity was registered, with 71 Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs), which contrasts with the low phenotypic diversity of stereoscopic images. Differences in community composition between and within sampling sites indicate that planktonic gastropod distribution is not random but probably modulated by micro-environmental processes such as currents or biological events. The presence of non-gastropod sequences within some shells (n = 6) suggests their use as carriers of eggs or larvae of other taxa.

Rapid assessment of mercury-contaminated sites through the Toxic Site Identification Program (TSIP). Colombia

Mercury concentration measurements were compiled from 72 sites located throughout seven departments of Colombia using field information gathered from 2016–2021 by Pure Earth, an international non-profit organization, and secondary information from previously conducted studies. These measurements and other data such as type of contaminated resource (water, soil), resource use (fishing, agricultural, residential, and industrial), estimated at-risk population, and permissible contamination limits were entered into Pure Earth’s Toxic Site Identification Program (TSIP) database. Using information from the TSIP database, the Blacksmith Index, a contaminated site intervention prioritization index, was calculated for all 72 sites. After applying exclusion criteria to the sites for this study, the results show that approximately 55,095 people are affected by mercury contamination in 44 sites. Of these study sites, the site with the highest Blacksmith Index value and therefore, the highest health risk due to mercury contamination, is La Bocana in the department of Valle del Cauca.

Deep-water Tectono-Stratigraphy at a Plate Boundary Constrained by Large N-Detrital Zircon and Micropaleontological Approaches: Peninsular Ranges Forearc, Baja California, Mexico

The distribution of sedimentary systems on Earth’s surface is intimately linked to tectonics, therefore, at plate boundaries the stratigraphic archive can unlock the timing and style of tectonism and relative plate motions. Using large-n detrital zircon and micropaleontological analyses, tied to field mapping and data collection, we unravel the timing of strike-slip motion and its influence on the development of a Cretaceous submarine canyon on a long-lived oblique-convergent margin. Structural analysis demonstrates that the canyon bedrock, composed of fluvial rocks (La Bocana Roja Fm., of maximum depositional age (MDA): 93.6±1.1 Ma), underwent both syn- and post-depositional contractional and extensional deformation during the Cenomanian-Turonian in response to dextral strike-slip movement. Relative sea-level rise associated with basin subsidence and hinterland uplift was coincident with incision and fill of a submarine canyon system (Punta Baja Fm., MDA 87.1±1.5 Ma to 84.9±2.0 Ma), which exploited structural lineaments in the bedrock. The canyon was filled by sediment derived from an uplifted magmatic arc during the Coniacian to Santonian, most likely shed from erosional topography associated with plutonic intrusions to the NE. Structural data suggest that oblique dextral strike-slip motion on the Pacific margin controlled the development and location of submarine erosion, and had ended by the earliest Santonian, significantly earlier than previously estimated. Basinward tilting led to uplift, followed by transgression and wave ravinement of the canyon fill, which was then overlain by a shallow-marine to fluvial system. Thus, the canyon was cut, filled, buried, uplifted and rotated basinward, planed off through wave ravinement, and onlapped by shallow-marine to fluvial sediments within an 8 Myr period. Our findings, in part, reconcile contrasting basin evolution models for the Late Mesozoic Pacific margin.

Behavior of saturated micaceous silty sand subjected to a combination of static and cyclic load using simple shear tests

The dynamic behavior of saturated sands has been sufficiently studied from different points of view, but in laboratory tests only the stress conditions, prior to dynamic stress, are reproduced at the level of the surface; that is, for conditions of zero static shear stresses (τ o). For this reason, the main objective of this research is to reveal the influence that static shear stresses (τ o) have on the response of the dynamically saturated sands. The experimental phase included: identification and classification tests and six monotonic simple shear tests and 17 cyclic simple shear tests with different combinations of monotonic (τ o) and cyclic shear stresses (τ c) and in undrained conditions. The tested samples were extracted from the ‘La Bocana Norte’ sector of the Port of Barcelona–Spain. The samples were taken at depths between 31 m and 55 m, with a corresponding effective vertical stress (σ’ov) between 290 kPa and 421 kPa, respectively. Based on the results of the tests, a detailed analysis was carried out on the influence of the combination of monotonic (τ o) and cyclic (τ c) shear stresses on the variation of the dynamic shear modulus (G). Specifically: in the stress–strain behavior, the development of both permanent (γ p) and cyclic (γ c) shear strain and the reduction of the effective stresses (σ′v) as a consequence of the generation of pore water pressure (u). The results of the laboratory tests generally show that: (a) the combination of τ o and τ c controls the stress–strain behavior, the degradation of the cyclic shear modulus, the development of permanent and cyclic shear strain, the generation of pore water pressures and the liquefaction risk, (b) in the monotonic case, an empirical function was established to evaluate the internal friction angle (ϕ') as a function of the shear strain (γ m) (mobilized friction angle), (c) in the combined case of monotonic and cyclical stress, it was possible to establish an empirical function among the G/σ′ov ratio, the cyclic strain (γ c) and the number of cycles (N) and among the σ′v/σ′ov ratio, the cyclic strain (γ c) and the number of cycles (N), (d) based on empirical functions, a simple methodology can be proposed to assess liquefaction risk and (e) it is not always true that the liquefaction phenomenon occurs when the effective vertical stress (σ’v) is reduced to zero. Depending on the cyclic stress ratio (τ c/σ’ov) liquefaction can occur in the first cycle with a reduction in vertical effective stress of just 70%.

Neutral and adaptive population structure of pink abalone (Haliotis corrugata): fishery management implications

AbstractThe accurate definition of population units (stocks) and local adaptation are the cornerstones of fishery management. Unfortunately, this knowledge is unknown mainly for abalone species in the Northeast Pacific, where stocks have failed to recover. The pink abalone (Haliotis corrugata) is a fishing resource on the western coast of the Baja California Peninsula (BCP) and is currently catalogued as diminished with a recovery trending pattern. This research determined if the biological units matched the administrative and stock assessment units along the west coast of the BCP and the implications for fishery management. To test this hypothesis, a double digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing approach was used to generate 1 733 neutral and 6 putative outlier loci for population genomic analysis. Neutral markers detected a smooth partition in two regional groups, the southern (San Juanico, La Bocana, Bahía Asunción, Puerto Escondido, Punta Eugenia, and Natividad Island) and northern regions (Cedros Island, Faro San José, San Jerónimo Island, and Guadalupe Island). Putative outlier loci indicated evident differentiation of those groups. The population subdivision at 28° latitude with both marker types was related to a biogeographic boundary. Results did not support the current administrative zones of pink abalone fisheries and contrasted with genetic homogeneity reports in the region.

Validation of the Hazard and Vulnerability Analysis of Coastal Erosion in the Caribbean and Pacific Coast of Colombia

A hazard and vulnerability assessment of coastal erosion is an essential first step for planning and decision-making, because it is part of risk management and its results are in the form of easily interpreted traffic-light maps. For the analysis of the assessment in this work, a methodology is proposed which considers three components for both hazard (magnitude, occurrence, and susceptibility) and vulnerability (exposure, fragility, and lack of resilience), through a semi-quantitative approximation, by applying relative indices to different variables. This methodology has been adapted to analyze hazards and vulnerability caused by coastal erosion combining physical and social aspects. For the validation of this methodology, Spratt Bight Beach (Colombian Caribbean) and La Bocana beach (Colombian Pacific) were selected in order to have contrasting regions and to validate the application of the method over a geographical range. One of the most significant outcomes of the assessment of the degree of hazard and vulnerability is that the rating may represent different combinations of factors. It is therefore important to study and interpret the components separately, allowing us to propose corrective and/or prospective focused interventions at local and regional levels. In terms of vulnerability, the assessment highlighted the importance of cultural ecology as a factor of resilience to coastal hazards.

Metagenome of Acropora palmata coral rubble: Potential metabolic pathways and diversity in the reef ecosystem

Over the past 30 years, the stony coral Acropora palmata has experienced an excessive loss of individuals showing few signs of recovery throughout the Mexican Caribbean, resulting in long stretches of coral rubble structures. When the coral dies, the skeleton begins to be colonized by algae, sponges, virus, bacteria and other microorganisms, forming a new community. Here we analyze, using a metagenomic approach, the diversity and biogeochemical cycles associated to coral rubble in La Bocana (Puerto Morelos, QRoo, Mexico). This study provides the first broad characterization of coral rubble associated communities and their role in biogeochemical cycling, suggesting a potential view of a world where coral reefs are no longer dominated by corals.

Detrital-zircon geochronology and provenance of the El Oro Metamorphic Complex, Ecuador: Geodynamic implications for the evolution of the western Gondwana margin

The El Oro Metamorphic Complex (EOMC) in SW Ecuador has been the subject of debate for several decades. While previous studies have focused on the metamorphic and deformation history of the complex to determine its geodynamic evolution, the pre-metamorphic history and its association to units in the north-central Andes remains poorly understood. Here we present a U-Pb detrital zircon provenance study to provide insights into the depositional history and the geodynamic setting of the EOMC. Our results imply that the southern portion of the EOMC (the Tahuín division) is composed of an older Palaeozoic (pre-Famatinian) sequence in the south (El Tigre unit; c. 525-510 Ma), and younger Palaeozoic (post-Famatinian) sediments in the central and northern parts of the Tahuín division (La Victoria and La Bocana units; c. 370-360 Ma). The provenance of the sedimentary sequences correlates with autochthonous post-Famatinian units (440–340 Ma) in the Eastern Cordillera of Peru and the southern Cordillera Real of Ecuador. Importantly, our data provide evidence for a genetic link between the northernmost (the Birón Complex) and the southern (La Victoria and La Bocana units) sequences of the EOMC. Post-Famatinian sediments were identified in the Birón Complex (Palenque Mélange division; c. 400-390 Ma) and are derived from the same sedimentary sources as the sediments of the southern EOMC. The depositional range of post-Famatinian sediments in the EOMC is therefore constrained to c. 400-360 Ma. Furthermore, we identified a Middle to Upper Triassic sedimentary sequence in the Birón Complex (Limón Playa unit; c. 240-215 Ma) that likely developed contemporaneously with c. 240–217 Ma syn-rift continental epiclastics of the Mitu Group in Peru. Combined, these new detrital zircon data demonstrate that the existing lithostratigraphic scheme is erroneous and that three temporally distinct sequences are present in the complex, with the oldest units in the south and the youngest in the north. Separation of the southern EOMC (the Tahuín division) from the autochthonous Gondwanan margin of the north-central Andes was likely due to a change in the regional subduction direction from SE to ENE at c. 140Ma, with the southern EOMC rotating in a clockwise direction into its present-day E–W orientation. This rotation also could have been a response to the first accretion of proto-Caribbean terranes, such as the Alao–Quebradagrande terrane at c. 120 Ma, with a maximum age for rotation constrained by the earliest sediments (Early (?) to Middle Albian, c. 113-105 Ma) arriving into the Celica-Lancones Basin, which unconformably overlie the Tahuín Group in the southern EOMC.

Fecundidad en gónadas maduras de Haliotis fulgens y Haliotis corrugata (Vetigastropoda)

Background: The term fecundity in abalone is defined according to an estimate of its absolute fecundity, which is the number of mature oocytes present in the gonad, or as potential fecundity, i.e., the total number of oocytes present in the gonad. In Mexico, few studies have estimated the fecundity of mollusks and these have been performed on gonads in different phases of gonadal development, obtaining values that are very different or overestimated, for example, values ranging from 80000 to 22 million oocytes in a gonad. Goals: Estimate the fecundity of Haliotis fulgens (blue abalone) and Haliotis corrugata (yellow abalone), using ma­ture gonads and a particle counter (Multisizer 3) to count only mature oocytes. Methods: Each month from October 2011 to February 2013, 30 adult organisms of each species were collected in two localities of Baja California Sur, Mexico (La Bocana and Bahia Tortugas). A histological analysis identified those that were mature females. To obtain the number of eggs per gram, triplicate oocyte counts were performed in a coulter counter Multisizer 3, in a solution of 4 g wet weight of mature oocytes diluted to 50 mL of filtered seawater (μm). Absolute fecundity was calculated by multiplying the total weight of the gonad by the number of mature oocytes present in one gram of oocytes. Results: The fecundity in La Bocana was found to be 2x106 eggs in H. corrugata and H. fulgens, while in Bahia Tortugas it was 4x106 eggs in H. fulgens. Conclusions: This study suggests that estimating absolute fecundity in species with partial spawning, such as H. fulgens and H. corrugata, should be per­formed on all females regardless of the degree of gonadal development. However, only mature oocytes should be considered as an indicator of absolute fecundity. Therefore, the use of an apparatus that counts and measures mature oocytes, such as a particle counter, facilitates and guarantees a good estimate of fecundity.

Development of a Gill Assay Library for Ecological Proteomics of Threespine Sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus)

A data-independent acquisition (DIA) assay library for quantitative analyses of proteome dynamics has been developed for gills of threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). A raw spectral library was generated by data-dependent acquisition (DDA) and annotation of tryptic peptides to MSMS spectra and protein database identifiers. The assay library was constructed from the raw spectral library by removal of low-quality, ambiguous, and low-signal peptides. Only unique proteins represented by at least two peptides are included in the assay library, which consists of 1506 proteins, 5074 peptides, 5104 precursors, and 25,322 transitions. This assay library was used with DIA data to identify biochemical differences in gill proteomes of four populations representing different eco- and morpho-types of threespine sticklebacks. The assay library revealed unique and reproducible proteome signatures. Warm-adapted, low-plated, brackish-water fish from Laguna de la Bocana del Rosario (Mexico) show elevated HSP47, extracellular matrix, and innate immunity proteins whereas several immunoglobulins, interferon-induced proteins, ubiquitins, proteolytic enzymes, and nucleic acid remodeling proteins are reduced. Fully-plated, brackish-water fish from Westchester Lagoon (Alaska) display elevated ion regulation, GTPase signaling, and contractile cytoskeleton proteins, altered abundances of many ribosomal, calcium signaling and immunity proteins, and depleted transcriptional regulators and metabolic enzymes. Low-plated freshwater fish from Lake Solano (California) have elevated inflammasomes and proteolytic proteins whereas several iron containing and ion regulatory proteins are reduced. Gills of fully-plated, marine fish from Bodega Harbor (California) have elevated oxidative metabolism enzymes and reduced transglutaminase 2, collagens, and clathrin heavy chains. These distinct proteome signatures represent targets for testing ecological and evolutionary influences on molecular mechanisms of gill function in threespine sticklebacks. Furthermore, the gill assay library represents a model for other tissues and paves the way for accurate and reproducible network analyses of environmental context-dependent proteome dynamics in complex organisms.

Imposex in Stramonita haemastoma from coastal sites of Cartagena, Colombia.

Imposex is the development of male sexual characteristics caused by the toxic effects of some chemicals that acts as an endocrinal disruptor. Antifouling paints contain these chemicals. Cartagena lacks studies to indicate the extent of imposex in its coastal waters. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of imposex in the gastropod Stramonita haemastoma in Cartagena, Colombia. Specimens were collected during 2013 from locations of high and low influence of port activity. Morphometric measurements and the frequency of the occurrence of imposex were registered. The comparison among morphometric variables showed statistically significant differences between the two sites studied. Furthermore, the females of the S. haemastoma species presented an imposex frequency of 93.1% in Birds' Island, Cartagena Bay, compared to 31.8% in La Bocana. The relative penis size index or RPLI (10.145 and 3.231) and vas deferens sequence index or VDSI (2.83 and 1.16), showed possible contamination by organotin compounds in both places.

Caracterización de la geomorfología costera y sus coberturas vegetales asociadas, a través de sensores remotos en la bahía de Buenaventura, Valle del Cauca

La presente investigación comprendida entre La Bocana y Punta Limones, en el municipio de Buenaventura (Valle del Cauca), describe las características geomorfológicas y de cobertura vegetal a lo largo de 95.61 km de la costa Pacífica de Colombia, utilizando el sensoramiento remoto a través de la técnica de Light Detection and Ranging–LiDAR aerotransportada e imágenes satelitales y de sus productos. Geomorfológicamente, el territorio está repartido casi que equitativamente entre planicies costeras y colinas, siendo un poco mayor el área de las planicies costeras con un 53.06 % del área total estudiada (5637.56 ha), que a su vez se constituyen por planos y llanuras con vegetación halófita, planos de inundación, plataformas intermareales no vegetadas, y en menor proporción de lagunas costeras y playas. Sobre las dos primeras geoformas predomina el manglar y sobre la última predominan las herbáceas de playa. Las colinas y lomas (46.93 %) también se hacen presentes con los bosques densos altos de tierra firme y los helechales no inundables. En general, para el área de estudio, la cobertura vegetal que más abunda es el bosque denso alto de tierra firme con un 44.94 % (3690.47 ha), seguido por el manglar con 37.65 % (3092.54 ha). La idea de relacionar las características geomorfológicas con las coberturas vegetales surge de la necesidad de contar con herramientas geográficas para el ordenamiento y manejo de la costa Pacífica.

Identificación de las ideas de negocio para la creación de empresa en la población desplazada de Florencia, Colombia

El objetivo del presente trabajo es identificar las ideas de negocio en la población desplazada en la ciudad de Florencia, Colombia, como insumo fundamental para la generación de emprendimientos viables. Se trabajó con 56 personas del conjunto residencial la Bocana de Florencia - Caquetá. De los cuales el 32% son hombres y el 68% mujeres. Se aplicó una encuesta que permitió conocer las ideas de negocio, así como las acciones que han realizado para ponerlas en marcha. Los resultados permiten evidenciar que el 75% de los encuestados han pensado en crear una idea de negocio. Las ideas de negocio más relevantes son: modistería, tienda y artesanías, las cuales están en concordancia con la conformación de los hogares, ya que éstos son monoparentales encabezados por mujeres. Igualmente, las ideas de negocio se relacionan con la dinámica mercantil del municipio, donde el comercio constituye una parte fundamental de su economía, seguida por la pequeña industria que trabaja la guadua, madera y artesanías indígenas. En este sentido, es pertinente utilizar el plan de negocios como herramienta que permita la generación de empresas viables, como alternativa para mejorar la situación económica en una población tan vulnerable como los desplazados.

Arsenic from gold mining in marine and stream sediments in Baja California Sur, Mexico

The environmental impacts associated with arsenic (As) from historical mining areas may persist for many years. We evaluated the influence of As in smelter and tailing wastes from a historic gold mine near San Antonio in the south-east of the Baja California, Mexico, on fluvial and marine sediments in the San Juan de Los Planes Basin and La Ventana Bay, respectively. Arsenic levels in the smelter and in the surrounding tailing wastes ranged from 82,000 to 208,000 mg kg−1, and from 4220 to 92,000 mg kg−1, respectively. The As concentrations in fluvial sediments were much lower, as these derived from wastes that had been scattered and had been subject to weathering for some time. As concentrations in surface sediments in the San Antonio stream close to the smelter and further downstream ranged from 477 to 1100 mg kg−1, and from 64 to 613 mg kg−1, respectively. As concentrations were between 0.05 and 9 mg kg−1 in surface shelf sediments from the coast adjacent to La Ventana Bay; the concentration was highest in sediment collected close to the outlet of the main stream (La Bocana) of the Los Planes Basin. The As concentrations in all the solid waste samples from near San Antonio exceeded the Effect Range Medium (ERM) of the Sediment Quality Guidelines (70 mg kg−1). Overall, 71 and 43 % of the stream samples exceeded the Effect Range Low (ERL; 8.2 mg kg−1), and the ERM, respectively, indicating potential risks for biota and humans.

Biochemical Changes During the Reproductive Cycle ofHaliotis fulgens(Philippi, 1845) (Gastropoda: Archaeogastropoda) on the Baja California Sur West Coast

ABSTRACT This article describes the changes in the concentration of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates in the gonad, digestive gland, foot and mantle of Haliotis fulgens over a reproductive cycle. An average of 30 specimens was collected each month between September 2011 and August 2013 from La Bocana, Baja California Sur, Mexico. The biometrics of each specimen were recorded, and gonads were processed using a standard histological method. Additionally, from February 2012 to February 2013, portions of nonfixed organs were frozen at -54°C for use in proximal analyses. This species showed gonadal development and spawning throughout the study period, with a peak in spawning from September through February, coinciding with sea surface temperatures near 20°C and the beginning of the decline in daylight. This study demonstrates that this species utilizes proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates stored in the foot during gonadal development and that lipid levels decrease in both the digestive gland and the gonad dur...

Diatomeas epifitas consumidas por adultos de abulón (Haliotis spp.) en Baja California Sur, México

In order to construct the floristic list of diatoms that are grazed by adult abalone, we examined gut contents of wild specimens of green (Haliotis fulgens) and pink abalone (H. corrugata). The hypothesis that mostly epiphytic forms of diatoms, particularly those from Macrocystis pyrifera would be found in the gut contents was tested. To do that, 7 samplings were carried out between March and September (2012) at La Bocana, BCS, México. Four to ten specimens of H. fulgens and H. corrugata ranging from 96 to 173mm were collected every month approximately. These were dissected and their gut contents extracted, part of which were oxidized in a mixture of commercial alcohol and nitric acid. The cleaned diatoms were mounted on permanent slides using Pleurax mounting media. Diatoms were observed and photographed under a compound microscope with phase contrast and planapochromatic optics. The first floristic list of diatoms that are grazed by adult abalone was thus constructed. This yielded 151 taxa including species and varieties, and 2 new records for the region: Navicula johanrossi and Navicula cluthensis. The best represented among the 61 identified genera were: Cocconeis with 17 especies, Navicula (15), Amphora (15) and Nitzschia (11). These were mostly epiphytic forms, albeit not particularly of M. pyrifera. The high species richness observed confirms that adult Haliotis spp. are not selective when grazing on diatoms.

Butterfly (Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea) Rapid Assessment of a Coastal Countryside in El Salvador

Conservation organizations often must rely on data collected quickly and cheaply to make informed decisions in unstudied regions. Butterflies represent an opportunity in this respect, in that many species can typically be sampled and identified in a short time and provide an indication of habitat or conservation value as well. During nine days of sampling in June 2008, we found and identified 84 butterfly species and 1,856 butterfly individuals at Playa El Icacal, Department of La Unión, El Salvador, using transect counts. Through species richness estimators and a ratio extrapolation based on a list of species expected to be found onsite, we sampled 40–60% of the butterfly community present. Species richness at the site is estimated to be between 100 and 200 species. Sites with small patches of dry forest (La Bocana and La Laguna) had higher species richness than sites without dry forest (Hacienda Casco, El Manglar, and El Esteron). While two weeks is not enough time to fully document the butterfly community in 20 km2of neotropical coastal countryside, we were able to provide a valuable estimate of species richness and provide some information as to which areas in the region hold the most conservation value. We suggest using a list of widespread species with modified habitat associations for use as an inventory index for ratio extrapolation and discuss specific guidelines for future butterfly rapid assessments in Mesoamerica.