L9 Experimental Design Research Articles

Experimental evaluation of different coated cutting tools effects on machinability in turning of 17-4 PH stainless steel and optimization of the cutting parameters

Generally, coated cutting tools are preferred in machining of stainless steel. Especially, CVD coated cutting tools come to the forefront owing to its multilayer structure in the industry. In this study, the effects of CVD and PVD coated cutting tools on machinability were investigated in dry turning of 17-4 PH stainless steel. The cutting tools have exactly the same tool geometry. Based on the Taguchi L16 experimental design, experiments were performed for each coating type at different cutting speeds, feed rates and cutting depths. The evaluation parameters were selected as cutting force, surface roughness, tool life and chip formation. The effect ratio of input parameters to output parameters was evaluated with ANOVA and optimum cutting parameters were determined for each coating type with regression analysis. As a result of this study, PVD coated cutting tools showed superior performance than CVD coated cutting tools. It can be said that PVD coated cutting tools are a great alternative to CVD coated cutting tools in machining of 17-4 PH stainless steel.

Optimizing EDM for titanium alloys: an in-depth comparison of five MCDM techniques

This experimental study investigates the effect of the cutting parameters of the Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) process of Ti-6Al-4V alloy material on surface roughness (Ra), cutting time (t) and Material Removal Rate (MRR) then solve the Multiple Objective Optimization Problem using separate Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) methods namely Entropy-Weighted TOPSIS (E-TOPSIS), MOORA, SAW, VIKOR, and WPM. Focusing on nine 3-levels variants including Operating Voltage (OV), Pulse-On Time (Ton), Pulse-Off Time (Toff), Short-Circuit Off Time (AFF), Secondary Voltage (SV), Feed Rate (WF), Tension (WT), Water Pressure (WL) and Material Cutting Speed (F). Due to the large number of variants studied, the Taguchi L27 experimental design was chosen to reduce the number of experiments while still ensuring reliability in assessing the impact of technological parameters on responses in the study. The optimization results from the different methods indicated two distinct optimal outcomes. According to the E-TOPSIS, MOORA, and SAW, the optimal result is a Ra of 3.27 µm, a t of 7.37 min, and an MRR of 7.45 mm3/min. This result suggests a balanced and harmonious optimization among all criteria. On the other hand, the figures VIKOR and WPM methods are 2.87 µm, 9.57 min, and 5.74 mm3/min, respectively. These results indicate a higher priority for certain criteria, reflected in the lower Ra, longer cutting time, and a smaller MRR in comparison to the figures for the remaining MCDM methods. The different optimal results achieved by various methods highlight that each method is suited to and excels with different sets of values. Therefore, in each specific research or production process, comparing and choosing results calculated by different methods provides a comprehensive view, aiding in making appropriate decisions

Experimental Investigation on Surface Characteristics of Finish Hobbed Gear using Grey Relational Analysis

Introduction: Spur gears are important for transferring motion and power among shafts. The surface characteristics of these gears are important for their life and smooth operation. To improve profitability and customer satisfaction, a study was conducted to analyze the surface quality of spur gears produced through CNC hobbing machining. Objectives: The objective this investigation is to conduct experimental trials to estimate the best hobbing parameters to minimize surface roughness and microgeometric deviations. In this investigation, effect of varying cutting speed and feed rate on surface finish have been reported. Methods: An experiment are conducted according to Taguchi L9 experimental design. Grey Relational Analysis is performed to estimate the optimum machining parameters. Results: The experimental finding reveals, at cutting speed 400 rpm, the feed rate 8 mm/min, and depth of cut 3.91 mm gives good quality of surface (Ra 0.5530). The gear hobbing process has increased to a greater level of performance. The roughness of the flank surface and microgeometry deviations decreases with an increase in hob cutter speed. Conclusions: This ultimately reduces the inherent vibrations between the hob cutter and the gear blank, thus minimizing microgeometric deviations. The variation in feed rate was noticed and had a very significant impact on the efficiency and surface quality of the gear. The study recommends that a cutting speed of 400 rpm is the most effective for obtaining the best results.

MULTI-OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION OF ROTARY ASSISTED ELECTROCHEMICAL ARC DRILLING (R-ECAD) PROCESS USING GRA

Electrochemical Arc Drilling (ECAD) has demonstrated its effectiveness in micro-machining a variety of materials notwithstanding the inherent properties of materials. The increased machining properties of the ECAD method are a result of the inclusion of rotational effect of the working material. Better electrolyte replenishment, effective debris flushing, thin gas layer development, and spark uniformity are all credited with this improvement. Several input factors affect the machining characteristics of ECAD, making it difficult to simultaneously optimize these factors for several objectives. In order to maximise Material Removal Rate (MRR) and minimising Hole Overcut (HOC), this paper focuses on the multi-objective optimization of rotary-assisted ECAD (R-ECAD) input factors. Taguchi's L9 experimental design is used to produce micro-holes, and then Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) is used to perform the multi-objective optimization. The chosen input factors are working material rotation (WR), tool feed rate (FR) and applied voltage (V), whereas the chosen response factors are MRR and HOC. Results indicate that the rotating effect of the working material, which aids in the replenishment of electrolyte and the creation of a stable gas layer surrounding the tool, is notably the most significant input factor. For maximising the MRR and minimising HOC, the GRA-based optimised factors were found to be AIICIIBIII (60 rpm, 40 V, 0.8 mm/min). The responses are greatly improved by 39% as compared to the original machining, as demonstrated by microscopy images obtained during the GRA-based input factor optimization.

Physical and Hardness Performance at Different Surfaces for Titanium Alloy (Ti6Al4V) Printed Using Selective Laser Melting Process (SLM)

elective laser melting (SLM) 3D product is capable of producing varied surfaces such as top, core and bottom surface depending on the product dimensions and building orientation. Each surface may have differences in physical and mechanical properties such as surface roughness, microhardness, and microstructure. Therefore, this study examined the effects of SLM processing parameters as well as volumetric energy density (VED) on surface roughness, microhardness and microstructure on different 3D product surfaces. In this study, a sample of titanium alloy cube (Ti6Al4V) with different surfaces of up skin 1 (US1), up skin 2 (US2), core skin (CS) and down skin (DS) are printed on a 30° building orientation printed through the SLM process. There are nine sets of parameters printed based on the Taguchi 𝐿9 experimental design method. All printed cube samples were heat treated to remove the residual stresses generated during the printing process. The effect of processing parameters on micro hardness as well as microstructure on each surface has been studied. This study found that SLM printed Ti6Al4V produced almost identical surface quality for different surfaces of the cubic samples. Surface roughness of US2 ranging between 15.38 µm and 26.22 µm, while DS is slightly rougher with surface roughness in the range of 16.05 µm and 27.64 µm. Microhardness in the nine processing sets however was found to have a bigger difference in values of 387 ± 10 HV (US2) and 362 ± 10 HV (DS). In general, US2 surfaces were found to have high microhardness compared to the DS surfaces due to the formation of long, straight needle-like martensitic microstructure.

Multi‐response optimization of characteristics for graphite reinforced biodegradable PVA‐fumaric acid cross‐linked composite: A gray‐fuzzy logic‐based hybrid approach

AbstractIn the current investigation, enhancement in the mechanical properties, thermal stability, and decrement in the moisture absorption capabilities of polyvinyl alcohol was observed by cross‐linking it with different weight percentages (wt. %) of fumaric acid and reinforcing them along with sulfuric acid‐modified graphite particles. The effects of altering the cross‐linking duration and fumaric acid wt. % were investigated in the resulting composite using the Taguchi L16 experimental design method. As in this contemporary era of rapid industrial expansion and fierce competition, the primary goals of manufacturers revolve around the production of high‐quality goods at optimal costs within a specified timeframe. Therefore, to save both cost and time, the authors have utilized a technique known as “gray‐fuzzy optimization” to balance competing goals between mechanical (toughness, elongation and strength) and physical (water intake capacity) attributes. The present approach aimed to reduce the experimentation expenses and increase the effectiveness of composite manufacturing by considerably reducing the intricacy of practical multi‐response optimization issues. Response graphs and analysis of variance tests were also utilized to calculate the percentage contribution of the input variables and provide model significance.Highlights Polyvinyl alcohol is cross‐linked with different weight percentages (wt. %) of fumaric acid, and reinforced them with sulfuric acid‐modified graphite particles. Enhancement in mechanical properties, thermal stability, and decrease in moisture absorption capabilities were perceived for the fabricated composite. Effects of altering the cross‐linking duration and fumaric acid wt. % were investigated in the resulting composite using the Taguchi L16 experimental design. Gray‐fuzzy optimization technique was utilized to balance competing goals between water intake and mechanical attributes like toughness, elongation and strength. Response graphs and analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were also utilized to evaluate the percentage contribution of input variables and provide model significance.

Rational Design of a Portable Chemometric-Assisted Voltammetric Sensor Based on Ion-Imprinted Polymeric Film for Co(II) Determination in Water.

Herein, chemometric-assisted synthesis of electrochemical sensors based on electropolymerised ion-imprinted polymeric (e-IIP) films was explored. Co(II)-IIPs sensors were prepared by performing electropolymerisation procedures of polymerisation mixtures comprising varying concentrations of an electroactive o-aminophenol (o-AP) monomer and Co(II) ions, respectively, according to the Taguchi L9 experimental design, exploiting the simultaneous evaluation of other controlled parameters during electrosynthesis. Each e-IIP developed from Taguchi runs was compared with the respective non-imprinted polymer (NIP) films and fitted according to Langmuir-Freudlich isotherms. Distinctive patterns of low and high-affinity films were screened based on the qualities and properties of the developed IIPs in terms of binding kinetics (KD), imprinting factor, and the heterogeneity index of produced cavities. These results can provide a generic protocol for chemometric-assisted synthesis of e-IIPs based on poly-o-AP, providing highly stable, reproducible, and high-affinity imprinted polymeric films for monitoring purposes.

THE APPLICATION OF THE TAGUCHI METHOD FOR OPTIMIZING THE COMPRESSION STRENGTH OF PLA SAMPLES PRODUCED USING FDM

In this study, the Taguchi method was applied to optimize the compressive strength of PLA samples produced using Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM). The study used Taguchi L9 experimental design to optimize three different process parameters (wall thickness, filling pattern, and printing speed). S/N ratios and ANOVA methods were used to analyze the experiments. The results of the experiments using the Taguchi technique were analyzed according to S/N ratios and the parameter levels with the best results were determined. The best levels for wall thickness, filling pattern, and print speed parameters were determined and the effects of these parameters were analyzed. It was concluded that wall thickness was the most effective parameter and filling pattern and print speed were less effective. ANOVA analysis confirmed the influence of the parameters on the compressive strength. It was observed that wall thickness contributed the most (70.20%) and filling pattern contributed the second most (29.11%).

Experimental investigation of mechanical and comfort properties of banana/cotton blended woven fabrics

Purpose Through this study, four different types of woven fabric structures were created by using cotton/banana blends with a 70:30 ratio by varying the weaving specifications. This study aims to investigate the comfort and mechanical properties of these woven materials. Design/methodology/approach Taguchi L16 experimental design (5 factors and 4 levels) with response surface methodology tool was used to optimize mechanical and comfort characteristics. The yarn samples used in this study are cotton/banana with a blend ratio of 70:30. Fabric type (A), grams per square metre (GSM; B), yarn count (C), fabric thickness (D) and cloth cover factor (E) are the chosen process characteristics. Findings The highest tensile strength and tearing strength of the cotton/banana blended fabric samples were obtained as 326.3 N and 90.3 k.gf/cm, respectively. Similarly, the highest thermal conductivity and overall moisture management capacity values were found to be 0.6628 and 3.06 W/mK X10−4, respectively. The optimized process parameters for obtaining maximum mechanical properties were using canvas fabric structure, 182 GSM, 36s Ne yarn count, 0.48 mm fabric thickness and 23.5 cloth cover factor. Similarly, the optimized process parameters for obtaining maximum comfort properties were achieved using a twill fabric structure, 182 GSM, 32s Ne yarn count, 0.4 mm fabric thickness and 23 cloth cover factor. Originality/value In contrast to synthetic fabrics, banana fibre and its blended materials are significant ecological solutions for apparel and functional clothing. Products made from banana fibre are a sustainable and green alternative to conventional fabrics. Banana fibre obtained from the pseudostem of the plant has an appearance similar to ramie and bamboo fibres. Numerous studies showed that banana fibre could absorb significant moisture and be spun into yarn through ring and rotor spinning technology. On the other hand, this fibre can be easily combined with cotton, jute, wool and synthetic fibre. The present utilization of pseudostem of banana plant fibre is very minimal. This type of research improves the usability of bananas their blended fabrics as apparel and functional wear.

Optimization of jute nonwoven fabric reinforcement for the development of a rigid composite

An attempt has been made to optimize areal density and number of layers of needle-punched jute nonwoven fabric for the development of a rigid composite with desirable performance properties using Taguchi L9 experimental design. The hand lay-up followed by compression molding protocol was used to prepare composite sheet with jute nonwoven fabric as reinforcement and unsaturated polyester resin as matrix. We evaluated the tensile strength, flexural strength, and volume of reinforcement of the developed composites, and analyzed the data in Minitab 18.0 software to optimize the processing conditions. Results inferred that the areal density of jute fabric reinforcement positively influenced the mechanical properties of the composite sheet, while the number of layers had a negative impact. Statistical analysis revealed that 400 GSM jute nonwoven fabric in three layers could be an optimum condition to develop a rigid composite sheet with the desirable properties of an automobile product.

Continuous Treatment of Refractory Wastewater from Research and Teaching Laboratories via Supercritical Water Oxidation–Experimental Results and Modeling

Teaching and research laboratories generate wastes of various compositions and volumes, ranging from diluted aqueous solutions to concentrated ones, which, due to milder self-regulation waste-management policies, are carelessly discarded, with little attention given to the consequences for the environment and human health. In this sense, the current study proposes the application of the supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) process for the treatment of complex refractory wastewater generated in research and teaching laboratories of universities. The SCWO, which uses water in conditions above its critical point (T > 647.1 K, p > 22.1 MPa), is regarded as an environmentally neutral process, uniquely adequate for the degradation of highly toxic and bio-refractory organic compounds. Initially, the wastewater samples were characterized via headspace gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Then, using a continuous tubular reactor, the selected operational parameters were optimized by a Taguchi L9 experimental design, aiming to maximize the total organic carbon reduction. Under optimized conditions—that is, temperature of 823.15 K, feed flow rate of 10 mL min−1, oxidizing ratio of 1.5 (50% excess over the oxygen stoichiometric ratio), and sample concentration of 30%—TOC, COD, and BOD reductions of 99.9%. 91.5% and 99.2% were achieved, respectively. During the treatment process, only CO2, methane, and hydrogen were identified in the gaseous phase. Furthermore, the developed methodology was applied for the treatment of wastewater samples generated in another research laboratory and a TOC reduction of 99.5% was achieved, reinforcing the process’s robustness. A thermodynamic analysis of SCWO treatment of laboratory wastewater under isothermal conditions was performed, using the Gibbs energy minimization methodology with the aid of the GAMS® 23.9.5. (General Algebraic Modeling System) software and the CONOPT 4 solver. Therefore, the results showed that SCWO could be efficiently applied for the treatment of wastewater generated by different teaching and research laboratories without the production of harmful gases and the addition of hazardous chemicals.

Enhancing wettability of sapphire (Al2O3) substrate through laser surface texturing

Sapphire (Al2O3) has emerged as an incredibly versatile ceramic material, attracting significant interest across various fields due to its superior properties. The potential to control its wettability offers opportunities for enhancing the functionalities of sapphire-based devices. This study focuses on achieving superhydrophilic surfaces on sapphire substrates using a 355 nm nanosecond laser. The effects of the Laser Surface Texturing (LST) parameters on the morphology and wettability of the samples were examined through a Taguchi L16 experimental design. The results showed that the repetition rate and scanning speed influenced the Contact Angle (CA) and Surface Roughness (Ra) of the laser-textured sapphire. Lower repetition rates and higher scanning speeds resulted in rougher surfaces and smaller contact angles. The minimum CA of 4.5° was obtained at a repetition rate of 50 kHz and a scanning speed of 1100 mm/s. The study highlights the importance of controlling processing parameters to achieve desired wetting properties for superhydrophilic surfaces. The findings of this research provide insights into the application of LST for achieving superhydrophilic surfaces on sapphire substrates.

Effect of roller burnishing on the mechanical behavior and surface quality of Ti6Al4V alloy

A low-cost and effective surface treatment technique that has gained popularity recently is roller burnishing. In this procedure, the rolling element is forced against the surface with a specified amount of force, which results in small plastic deformations that reduce surface roughness without removing chips from the surfaces. The method results in a considerable decrease in surface roughness while the material's surface hardness rises. The effects of roller burnishing process parameters (burnishing pressure, number of passes, and feed rate) on Ti6Al4V tensile strength and surface roughness were investigated experimentally in this study. In the study, the burnishing procedure was carried out via a specifically created disc-shaped equipment using the Taguchi L16 experimental design approach. The study's findings showed that the roller burnishing technique improved the Ti6Al4V alloy's surface quality, microhardness and ultimate tensile strength. It was shown that roller burnishing increased the surface roughness, microhardness and ultimate tensile strength by 64%, 16,25%, and 94%, respectively.

Multi-objective optimization of a novel butterfly-wing vortex generator fabricated in a rectangular microchannel based on CFD and NSGA-II genetic algorithm

A novel butterfly-wing vortex generator is fabricated inside the microchannel of 1 mm width (W), 0.63 mm height (H) and 50 mm length (L) by micro milling process using KERN EVO micro machining center. The Numerical model is validated by the experiments performed in the microchannel with the butterfly-wing of 0.36 mm bigger width (w), 0.18 mm smaller width (b), 0.2 mm wing height (h), 1 mm wing length (l), and a fixed number of wing (n) i.e., 5. Further, the numerical simulation is carried out to study the thermo-hydraulic performance and entropy-generation in the microchannel by employing Taguchi’s design of experiment. Thus, the L27 experimental design is formed by varying the input variables in 3 levels, i.e., w (0.24–0.48) mm, b (0.12–0.24) mm, h (0.2–0.5) mm, l (1–3) mm, and Reynolds number (Re) (142–544). A sensitivity analysis is performed to know the influence of each input parameter by calculating the signal-to-noise ratio for the friction factor (f), average Nusselt number (Nuavg), and total entropy-generation (SG), and the same is verified by the CFD simulation results. A multi-objective optimization is carried out to balance the trade-off between the increment of Nuavg and the decrement of f and SG. In this optimization study, the performance factor (Pf) and augmentation entropy-generation number (Ns,a) are considered as output responses because both the parameters explain the phenomenon of fluid flow, heat transfer and entropy-generation in the microchannel. Further, utilizing the simulation results, an empirical model is developed by response surface method for both the output responses. With the developed empirical model, the optimization is performed using NSGA-II to maximize the Pf and minimize the Ns,a. A decision-making technique, i.e., TOPSIS is used to get the best optimal solution from the acquired pareto-front. The optimal input parameters obtained from the TOPSIS are 0.48 mm (w), 0.12 mm (b), 1 mm (l), 0.38 mm (h) and 544 (Re) with the output responses of Pf = 1.35 andNs,a = 0.67.

Effect of Organic Powders on Surface Quality in Abrasive Blasting Process

Abrasive blasting, sometimes known as sandblasting, is a method used to change the surface condition of materials, clean surfaces, and prepare surfaces for applications such as paint, bonding, coating, etc. The abrasive materials used in abrasive blasting are applied to the surface with compressed air or water and vary according to the purpose of application. The abrasive materials used have negative effects on the environment and human health. So far, organic materials have been used in limited applications in abrasive blasting. However, these materials have a high potential of usage since they are environmentally friendly, safe for human health, and have non-toxic and sustainable properties. In this study, the usability of three different organic wastes (walnut shell, olive pomace and mussel shell) recovered by recycling in abrasive blasting was investigated. In addition, the effect of blasting distance (5, 10 and 15 mm), blasting time (10, 20 and 30 s), powder type (mussel shell, olive pomace and walnut shell) and grain size (38, 45 and 63 µm) on surface roughness have been investigated using the Taguchi L9 experimental design. Regression models were built using ANOVA (Analysis of Variance). Moreover, the surface condition after abrasive blasting was examined using an Al2O3 abrasive and compared with other samples. As a result, 5 mm, 30 s, mussel shell and 45 µm test sets were recommended for “larger is better” and it was determined that the blasting time had the greatest effect on the surface roughness by 50.19%. On the other hand, 10 mm, 20 s, walnut shell and 63 µm test sets were recommended for “smaller is better”, and it was determined that blasting time had the greatest effect on the surface roughness by 39.02%. While there was an increase compared to the surface roughness values before abrasive blasting in the first set of experiments, it was determined that the organic material had a polishing rather than an abrasion effect in the second set of experiments.

Cutting zone temperature reduction in by using novel nanofluid in SAE1144 machining

CNC Lathe is generally utilized for motor shaft machining. The cost of machining is high as it is machined in CNC machining as well as high cutting speed employed whereas heat generation is more. High cutting zone temperature causes thermal defects in the products. This research focused to create novel nanofluids with the use of waste cooking oil and Molybdenum disulfide Nanoparticles for cutting fluid for machining the SAE 1144 steel shaft. Two independent groups with Taguchi L16 experimental design were employed in this research. This investigation aims to make a shift from CNC-based machining to conventional machining practices without compromising the quality requirements by the reduction of cutting zone temperature with the use of a Novel nanofluid to provide cooling and lubrication at the cutting zone. This study investigates the effect of Molybdenum disulfide Nanoparticles’ concentration on waste cooking oil (Nanofluid) to reduce Cutting zone temperature while machining SAE1144 shaft. The observations were statistically validated. The base fluid is waste cooking oils from the largest sweets and savouries manufacturer as well as a widespread hotel network source. Green machining principles are compared with the findings. The results pass the statistical threshold for validity. That is the proposed clean machining practices reduced the average cutting zone temperature from 271.06 °C (dry/ green machining) to 194.94 °C. A low concentration of 0.1% gives better results at low as well as high cutting speeds. The cutting zone temperature is highly influenced by cutting speed.

Tool wear effects on green and WCO/MoS2 nanofluid clean machining

The philosophy of conventional machining is use of hard tool to machine soft or less hard materials. Though the hard tool is used for machining, the high friction at interface causes the wear or damage of tool. The tool wear or damage effects on the machined surfaces and degrades the quality gradually. Hence tool wear is considered as an important measure of performance in the machinability investigation. This investigation compares the tool wear on conventional green machining and proposed wet machining of SAE1144 steel. Four different Grade Nanofluids prepared with four different concentration of Molybdenum disulfide Nano-particles (0.10 wt%, 0.15 wt%, 0.20 wt%, 0.25 wt%). Other process independent parameters are also varied at four levels like Cutting Velocity (40, 90, 140 and 190 m/min), Tool Feed (0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20 mm/rev) and Nose Radius (0.30, 0.60, 0.90 and 1.20 mm). Taguchi L16 experimental Design used for conducting experiments. The experimental results are statistically validated and found significant and acceptable. The proposed novel nanofluid based wet machining reduced the average tool wear of 38% than conventional green machining.

17-4PH Paslanmaz Çeliğin Kuru Ortamda Frezelenmesinde Kesme Parametrelerinin İşlenebilirlik Kriterlerine Etkilerinin Araştırılması

17-4 PH steel is a martensitic precipitation hardening stainless steel with an excellent convenience of good corrosion resistance and high mechanical properties. At the same time, it has been determined from the literature that very little research has been done on the milling of this steel, which is one of the materials that are difficult to process. Therefore, an experimental research was focused on the milling of the steel with coated carbide inserts in a dry cutting environment, which is an eco-friendly cutting regime. In the experiments performed with the up milling technique, the changes in the resultant cutting force (Fr), surface roughness (Ra) and total cutting power or energy consumption (PcT) during machining were investigated. Experiments were performed according to the L9 experimental design by choosing three different cutting speeds (V), feed rate (f) and cutting depth (ap). Fr values were calculated with the help of cutting force components measured with Kistler brand dynamometer and equipment. The magnitude of Fr mostly depends on the cutting depth (64.92%) and then the feed rate (30.26%), and it was determined that the forces relatively decreased with the increase in cutting speed. While Ra was mainly affected by the feed rate (65.52%), it was observed that the cutting speed had a substantial positive effect (33.78%). According to the PcT results, although the energy consumption owing to the spindle speed increased at high cutting speed without changing the chip cross-section, the decrease in material strength as a result of the increased cutting temperature led to a decrease in the total energy consumption. However, the lowest value was obtained at the smallest levels of the machining parameters. In the light of all the results, it is recommended to use optimized cutting parameters in industrial applications in terms of contributing to sustainability.

Investigation of Mechanical Properties of FDM-Processed Acacia concinna–Filled Polylactic Acid Filament

In this work, an Acacia concinna filler was blended in a polylactic acid matrix using a single-screw extruder. A composite filament material made from an extruder was used to fabricate polylactic acid/25 wt% A. concinna (PLA/25 wt% AC) composites via a fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique. Composites were fabricated by varying layer thickness, infill density, and printing speed based on Taguchi L9 experimental design. Tensile, flexural, and impact tests were conducted on the printed composite samples as per the ASTM standards. The significance of factors impacting the mechanical properties was determined using analysis of variance. To estimate the strength of PLA/AC composites, mathematical models were developed. In addition, the fractured specimen was examined using scanning electron microscopy to determine the mechanism of fracture. Both the layer height and the infill percentage exhibited a positive influence on strength, which suggests that the layer height or the infill percentage, or both, will increase the material’s strength. The printing speed had a negative influence on the strength, which indicates that the strength decreases as the printing speed increases. The findings suggested that PLA/AC composites could be used to fabricate high-strength, lightweight components using FDM.

TI–6AL–4V SICAK İŞLENMESİ ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİNİN SONLU ELEMANLAR YÖNTEMİ İLE İNCELENMESİ

Sıcak işleme olarak bilinen ısı destekli işleme, kesilmesi zor metallerin ve alaşımların işlenebilirliğini artırmak için alternatif bir işleme yöntemidir. Bu çalışma, endüstride yaygın olarak kullanılan Ti–6Al–4V alaşımının sıcak işlenmesinde kesme kuvvetlerinin sonlu elemanlar yöntemi ile incelenmesini içermektedir. İşleme deneyleri sonlu elemanlar analiz yazılımı olan ThirdWave AdvantEdge programında yapılmıştır. Bu analizlerde sabit kesme derinliğinde, kesme hızı (V), ilerleme hızı (f), ve sıcaklık parametreleri üçer seviye olarak belirlenmiştir. Deney listesi Taguchi L9 ortagonal dizilim ile oluşturulmuştur. L9 deney tasarımına göre kesme kuvvetleri değerleri kaydedilmiştir. Nümerik analiz sonuçlarına göre oda sıcaklığı koşullarının sıcak işleme koşullarına göre karşılaştırıldığında kesme kuvvetlerinin azaldığı görülmüştür. En düşük kesme kuvveti değeri 600°C sıcak işleme şartlarında gerçekleştirilen sayısal analizlerde ölçülmüştür.