Kyoto Scale Of Psychological Development Research Articles

Impact of intracerebroventricular enzyme replacement therapy in patients with neuronopathic mucopolysaccharidosis type II

This open-label, phase 1/2 study (JMACCT CTR JMA-IIA00350) evaluated the efficacy and safety of intracerebroventricular idursulfase beta in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis II (MPS II). Herein, we report the 100-week results. Six patients with severe MPS II aged 23–65 months were enrolled. Idursulfase beta (increasing from 1 to 30 mg between weeks 0 and 24, followed by a 30-mg final dose) was administered intracerebroventricularly once every 4 weeks using an implanted cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) reservoir; intravenous administration of idursulfase was also continued throughout the study. Efficacy endpoints included developmental age by the Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development 2001 and heparan sulfate (HS) concentration in CSF (primary outcome). In all six patients, HS concentrations decreased (40%–80%) from baseline to week 100. For overall developmental age, the difference in change from baseline to week 100 in each patient compared with patients treated by intravenous idursulfase administration (n = 13) was +8.0, +14.5, +4.5, +3.7, +8.2, and –8.3 months (mean, +5.1 months). Idursulfase beta was well tolerated. The most common adverse events were pyrexia, upper respiratory tract infection, and vomiting. The results suggest that intracerebroventricular idursulfase beta is well tolerated and can be effective at preventing and stabilizing developmental decline in patients with neuronopathic MPS II.

Discrepancy between the survival rate and neuropsychological development in postsurgical extremely low-birth-weight infants: a retrospective study over two decades at a single institution.

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), focal intestinal perforation (FIP), and meconium-related ileus (MRI) are major diseases that cause gastrointestinal disorders in extremely low-birth-weight infants (ELBWIs). We conducted a review to compare the postoperative outcomes of ELBWIs with these diseases in our neonatal intensive-care unit. A retrospective chart review of ELBWIs surgically treated for NEC (n = 31), FIP (n = 35), and MRI (n = 16) in 2001-2018 was undertaken. This period was divided into early (2001-2005), middle (2006-2010), and late (2011-2018) periods. Data were analyzed with the Cochran-Armitage test. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05. The survival rates in ELBWIs with NEC (early/middle/late: 36.4%/42.9%/61.5%; p = 0.212) and FIP (20%/50%/70.6%; p = 0.012) improved over time; all patients with MRI survived. The neuropsychological development of 24 cases was assessed with the Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development in the Postural-Motor, Cognitive-Adaptative, and Language-Social domains. The mean developmental quotient of all domains was 68.4 (range 18-95) at corrected 1.5years of age and 69.1 (range 25-108) at chronological 3years of age, both were considered as poor development. There was no improvement over time (p = 0.899). Ideal neuropsychological development was not observed with the improvement of survival rate. Less-invasive surgical intervention and adequate postoperative care are required to encourage further development.

Neurodevelopmental Outcomes at 18 Months of Corrected Age for Late Preterm Infants Born at 34 and 35 Gestational Weeks

To date, the difference in neurodevelopmental outcomes between late preterm infants (LPI) born at 34 and 35 gestational weeks (LPI-34 and LPI-35, respectively) has not been elucidated. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate neurodevelopmental outcomes at 18 months of corrected age for LPI-34 and LPI-35, and to elucidate factors predicting neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI). Records of all LPI-34 (n = 93) and LPI-35 (n = 121) admitted to our facility from 2013 to 2017 were reviewed. Patients with congenital or chromosomal anomalies, severe neonatal asphyxia, and without developmental quotient (DQ) data were excluded. Psychomotor development was assessed as a DQ using the Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development at 18 months of corrected age. NDI was defined as DQ < 80 or when severe neurodevelopmental problems made neurodevelopmental assessment impossible. We compared the clinical characteristics and DQ values between LPI-34 (n = 62) and LPI-35 (n = 73). To elucidate the factors predicting NDI at 18 months of corrected age, we compared clinical factors between the NDI (n = 17) and non-NDI (n = 118) groups. No significant difference was observed in DQ values at 18 months of corrected age between the groups in each area and overall. Among clinical factors, male sex, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), hyperbilirubinemia, and severe hyperbilirubinemia had a higher prevalence in the NDI group than in the non-NDI group, and IVH and/or severe hyperbilirubinemia showed the highest Youden Index values for predicting NDI. Based on the results of this study, we can conclude that no significant difference in neurodevelopmental outcomes at 18 months of corrected age was observed between LPI-34 and LPI-35. Patients with severe hyperbilirubinemia and/or IVH should be considered to be at high risk for developing NDI.

Unsatisfactory Short-Term Neurodevelopmental Outcomes of Preterm Infants Who Received Polymyxin B-Immobilized Fiber Column-Direct Hemoperfusion for Septic Shock.

Sepsis and septic shock are associated with high mortality and neurodevelopmental impairment in preterm infants. Recently, endotoxin and mediator removal using a polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column for direct hemoperfusion (PMX-DHP) has been used for the management of septic shock even in neonates. Although early withdrawal from shock with PMX-DHP contributes to survival, its effect on neurodevelopment after discharge is unclear. This study aimed to examine short-term neurodevelopmental impairment in preterm infants with septic shock who were treated with PMX-DHP. We retrospectively assessed five infants who received treatment with PMX-DHP (median 25.5 [interquartile range: 24.8-28.3] weeks and 817 [interquartile range: 667-954] g). Neurodevelopmental outcomes were assessed with the Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development 2001 at a median 34.5 (interquartile range: 29.5-44.5) months of corrected age after discharge. The short-term neurodevelopmental prognosis of preterm infants treated with PMX-DHP for septic shock was delayed (overall developmental quotient < 70) with an average quotient of 57.3. Furthermore, four (80%) of five patients presented with intraventricular hemorrhage and another four (80%) with periventricular leukomalacia. In conclusion, preterm infants with septic shock treated with PMX-DHP had unsatisfactory short-term neurodevelopmental outcomes. Hence, the effect of PMX-DHP in improving neurodevelopmental prognosis even in preterm infants with septic shock should be further evaluated.

The Efficacy of Early Start Denver Model Intervention in Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Within Japan: A Preliminary Study.

ObjectivesAmong the many intervention programs for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the Early Start Denver Model (ESDM) is one of the few approaches that has succeeded in demonstrating clinical efficacy in randomized control trials. Here, we investigate the clinical efficacy of ESDM intervention in young children with ASD in a community setting within Japan.MethodsAll subjects were children with ASD who received ESDM intervention during the study period. Each ESDM session lasted 75 min and occurred once per week for at least 12 weeks. The outcome measures consisted of the Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development (K-test), Aberrant Behavior Checklist-Japanese version (ABC-J), and the Clinical Global Impression-Severity scale (CGI-S).ResultsTwenty-seven subjects (29.4±6.4 months old) received ESDM intervention that lasted for 8.0±2.6 months on average. The score on Language and Social developmental quotient on the K-test increased significantly after the intervention. The total scores on the ABC-J and CGI-S significantly decreased after completion of the ESDM intervention.ConclusionOur results suggest that ESDM intervention could reduce the severity of distinct clinical features of ASD, such as impairments in social interaction and communication assessed by the K-test, and maladaptive behavior rated by the ABC-J and CGI-S. We believe that the ESDM adapted to each institution might become one of the standard options for children with ASD in Japan.

Analyses of the Task-Goal Recognition of the Plan of Search Test Adopted in the Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development

Analyses of the Task-Goal Recognition of the Plan of Search Test Adopted in the Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development

Developmental Evaluation of Infants Who Have Received Tadalafil in Utero for Fetal Growth Restriction

To assess the long-term effects of tadalafil, a therapeutic agent for fetal growth restriction (FGR), we evaluated the developmental progress of 1.5-year-old infants whose mothers had taken tadalafil during pregnancy. Twenty-four infants were assessed. We evaluated infant body weight, height, and head circumference, and performed the Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development (KSPD) test, a standardized developmental assessment covering Postural–Motor (P–M), Cognitive–Adaptive (C–A), and Language-Social (L–S) functions. The sum score was converted to a developmental quotient (DQ). The mean gestational week of the included cases was 36.1 (29–39) weeks, and the mean birth weight was 1841 (874–2646) g. Twenty-one and 20 out of the 24 cases, respectively, attained body weight and height similar to those of age-matched normal infants (within the 3rd percentile); all cases caught up in head circumference. KSPD was performed for 18 cases at 1.5 years of corrected age. The mean DQ scores were 87 (in total): 82 in P–M, 90 in C–A, and 88 in L–S. The total DQ score in one case (5.6%) was less than 70, and ranged from 70 to 85 in five cases (27.7%), and was more than 85 in 11 cases (61.1%). The growth and development of infants born of tadalafil-treated mothers seem to show good progress at a corrected age of 1.5 years.

Neurodevelopmental outcomes following intravitreal bevacizumab injection in Japanese preterm infants with type 1 retinopathy of prematurity.

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate neurodevelopmental outcomes in 18-month old (corrected age) preterm infants who received an intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) injection for the treatment of type 1 retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).MethodsIn this ten-year retrospective study, we reviewed the medical records of patients who underwent ROP screening at Kyushu University Hospital. Among the patients who received IVB or laser photocoagulation (LPC) for the treatment of type 1 ROP, we included infants whose neurodevelopmental examination (the Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development [KSPD]) results at 18 months corrected age were available. Then, the effect of IVB on the developmental quotient (DQ) in each KSPD domain (Postural-Movement, Cognitive-Adaptive, or Language-Social domain) or the overall DQ was investigated by performing linear regression analysis.ResultsOut of the 513 patients reviewed, 53 were included in the study. IVB and LPC were performed for 14 and 39 patients, respectively. Administration of IVB was significantly associated with neurodevelopmental delay in the Language-Social domain (p = 0.01). The observed association remained even after adjusting for gestational age and birth weight (p = 0.03).ConclusionsAdministration of IVB may introduce a risk of developmental impairment of interpersonal relationships, socializations, and/or verbal abilities of preterm children. We recommended that preterm infants who received IVB undergo a neurodevelopmental reassessment during their school years or in adulthood.

Psychometric profile of the Ages and Stages Questionnaires, Japanese translation.

BackgroundThis study assessed the psychometric profile of 10 questionnaires (every 6 months, from 6 to 60 months) from the Japanese translation of the Ages and Stages Questionnaires, third edition (J‐ASQ‐3).MethodsData from 439 children in a birth cohort were used to identify the J‐ASQ‐3 score distribution, establish cut‐off scores, and calculate the instrument's internal consistency. Data were also collected from 491 outpatients to examine J‐ASQ‐3 test–retest reliability and concurrent validity, which was examined using the Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development (KSPD) and the Japanese version of the Denver Developmental Screening Test II (J‐Denver II). Both the original and the alternative screening criteria of the ASQ‐3 were used (failure in at least one and at least two domains, respectively).ResultsCronbach's alpha for each J‐ASQ‐3 subscale on each questionnaire ranged from 0.45 to 0.89. Test–retest reliability was >0.75 for the subscales on almost all questionnaires. Concurrent validity was also adequate. In comparison with the screening results of the KSPD, the overall sensitivity and specificity were 96.0% and 48.8%, respectively, when the ASQ‐3 original criterion was used, and 92.1% and 74.9%, respectively, when the alternative criterion was used. In comparison with the screening results of the J‐Denver II, the overall sensitivity and specificity were 75.6% and 74.7%, respectively, when the ASQ‐3 original criterion was used, and 56.3% and 93.0%, respectively, when the alternative criterion was used.ConclusionsThis study quantified the psychometric profiles of the Japanese translations of 10 ASQ‐3 questionnaires. We demonstrated the validity of the J‐ASQ‐3 and determined new cut‐off scores. Further studies with larger samples from a greater range of locations are required to clarify the suitability of this tool for all Japanese children.

Prediction of poor neurological development in patients with symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus diseases after oral valganciclovir treatment

ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the neurodevelopmental outcomes of infants with symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus (SCCMV) disease after antiviral treatment and investigate the symptoms at birth associated with a developmental quotient (DQ) < 70. MethodsIn this prospective study conducted from 2009 to 2018, infants with SCCMV disease who received oral valganciclovir (VGCV; 32 mg/kg/day) for 6 weeks (November 2009 to June 2015) or 6 months (July 2015 to March 2018) were evaluated for their neurodevelopmental outcomes at around 18 months of corrected age. Sequelae were categorized as follows: no impairment with a DQ ≥ 80 and no hearing dysfunction; mild sequelae including unilateral hearing dysfunction or a DQ of 70–79; and severe sequelae with a DQ < 70, bilateral hearing dysfunction requiring hearing aids, blindness or epilepsy requiring anti-epileptic drugs. DQ was assessed using the Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development. Symptoms at birth associated with a DQ < 70 were determined using univariate and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses. ResultsOf the 24 treated infants, 21 reached > 18 months of corrected age. Six (29%) were no impairment, 4 (19%) had mild sequelae, and 11 (52%) developed severe sequelae. The symptoms at birth associated with a DQ < 70 were microcephaly and/or small for gestational age. ConclusionIn our cohort of infants with SCCMV disease after VGCV treatment, the incidence of severe sequelae at 18 months of corrected age was around 50%. When microcephaly and/or small for gestational age are seen at birth, a low DQ may appear even after oral VGCV treatment.

A longer body length and larger head circumference at term significantly influences a better subsequent psychomotor development in very-low-birth-weight infants

AimTo clarify the influence of intra- and extra-uterine growth on subsequent psychomotor development in very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants. MethodsTwo hundred and eighty VLBW infants (28.4 ± 2.6 weeks, 1000 ± 294 g) were enrolled. Psychomotor development was determined at 37.1 ± 2.1 months after birth using the Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development (KSPD), which includes Postural-Motor (P-M), Cognitive-Adaptive (C-A) and Language-Social (L-S) subscales. Subjects were divided into two groups based on whether each developmental quotient (DQ) was ≥85, and the perinatal variables that contributed to a DQ of ≥85 (for each DQ) were determined. The twelve variables that were evaluated included the z scores for body weight (zBW), body length (zBL), head circumference (zHC), which were obtained at birth and at term. ResultsThe median P-M, C-A, L-S values and total DQ were 92, 83, 81 and 83, respectively, and the percentage of patients with a DQ of ≥85 were 53%, 44%, 35% and 39%, respectively. A multivariate analysis revealed significant associations between the following variables and the DQs: P-M ≥ 85, GA [odds ratio; OR = 1.11] and zBL at term [OR = 1.26]; C-A ≥ 85, male gender [OR = 0.30], GA [OR = 1.14] and zHC at term [OR = 1.84]; L-S ≥ 85, male gender [OR = 0.55], GA [ OR = 1.20] and zHC at term [OR = 1.45]; total DQ ≥ 85, male gender [OR = 0.39], GA [OR = 1.19] and zBL at term [OR = 1.69]. ConclusionIn addition to less prematurity and female gender, a longer body length and larger head circumference at term were important indicators that influenced better psychomotor development in VLBW infants at three years of chronological age.

Motor and cognitive development of children with Down syndrome: The effect of acquisition of walking skills on their cognitive and language abilities

ObjectiveThis study investigated the relationship between motor and cognitive/language development in children with Down syndrome (DS). We also tested the hypothesis that acquisition of walking skills facilitates later cognitive/language development. MethodsParticipants were 156 children with DS who were less than 48 months old and had undergone a health checkup by medical doctors and received rehabilitation treatment between April 2013 and March 2017 in Yokohama, Japan. To assess their development, the Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development (KSPD) 2001 was used, which measures development in three subdomains: Posture-Motor (P-M), Cognitive-Adaptive (C-A), and Language-Social (L-S). To investigate the relationship between motor and cognitive/language development, partial correlation analyses were conducted that controlled for participants’ age. To test the effect of achieving walking skills, regression analyses were conducted using only data from participants who took the KSPD at least twice and could not walk at the initial test. ResultsP-M developmental age (DA) was significantly and positively correlated with both C-A DA and L-S DA in children 1–3 years old. The relationship strengthened with increased age. Acquisition of walking skills had a significant positive effect on both the C-A DA and L-S DA at the second test when controlling for the C-A DA and L-S DA at the first test and age at the second test. ConclusionMotor development was correlated with both cognitive and language development in young children with DS. Results also suggested that achievement of walking could facilitate later cognitive/language development in children with DS.

Relationship between the use of lower extremity orthoses and the developmental quotient of The Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development in children with Down syndrome.

[Purpose] The Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development is an evaluation scale developed in the field of psychology. The initial aim of this study was to determine whether the quotient of the Postural-Motor area in the scale was correlated with the use of orthosis in patients with Down syndrome. The second aim was to examine a correlation among Postural-Motor, Cognitive-Adaptive, and Language-Social areas in the participants. [Participants and Methods] Patients with Down syndrome who had received a developmental examination, the Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development, were retrospectively investigated. The sample included 78 participants. Data on the participants’ calendar ages ranged from 4.1 to 6.0 years, and the mean age was 4.9 at the examination. The investigated parameters were the number of participants who used an orthosis or insole and the mean developmental quotient for the Postural-Motor, Cognitive-Adaptive, and Language-Social areas. [Results] Twenty participants who completed the exam used an orthosis, and 18 of these had an insole as a first orthosis. The mean Postural-Motor quotient was significantly lower in participants who used an orthosis than in those who did not (52.3 ± 14.7). [Conclusion] The mean quotient of the Postural-Motor area was significantly lower in patients with Down syndrome who were prescribed some kind of orthosis than in those who were not. There was a significant correlation among the quotients of the three areas. The use of orthosis was expected to positively influence the Cognitive-Adaptive and Language-Social areas through the future in people with Down syndrome who have some difficulty with posture and movement.

Developmental trend of children with Down’s syndrome – How do sex and neonatal conditions influence their developmental patterns?

ObjectiveThis study investigated factors that would influence developmental trend of children with Down’s syndrome (DS) in three different domains (motor, cognitive, language), specifically focusing on the effect of sex and neonatal conditions, including preterm birth, low birth weight, and congenital heart disease (CHD). MethodsThe participants were 158 children with DS (mean age at the initial test = 25.5 months) receiving clinical service at a rehabilitation center in Yokohama, Japan. Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development was used to measure developmental level, which derive total developmental age (DA), Posture-motor DA, Cognitive-adaptive DA, and Language-social DA. For the analyses, a multilevel model for change was adopted, as the model allowed us to investigate intrapersonal growth and the between-personal factors that are associated with individual differences in the pattern of growth. ResultsThe developmental speed of children with DS was found to be slower than that of typical children in all the three developmental domains assessed (i.e., the estimated coefficient of the slope for chronological age on DA was less than 1). DS Girls developed significantly faster than boys in non-verbal cognitive and language abilities. Low birth weight and CHD had a significant negative impact on development of non-verbal cognitive abilities for boys, but had a somewhat positive effect for girls. ConclusionAs was shown in previous studies, the result of this study indicated that the children with DS develop slower than non-disabled children. Low birth weight and CHD were found to influence developmental trend of children with DS, differently for boys and girls.

Psychomotor Ability in Children Prenatally Exposed to Methylmercury: The 18-Month Follow-Up of Tohoku Study of Child Development.

Fish contain nutrients essential to the developing fetal brain, but they are contaminated with methylmercury. The Tohoku Study of Child Development, now underway in the Sanriku coastal area of Miyagi prefecture, Japan, follows mother-child pairs to examine the risks and benefits of fish consumption during pregnancy, especially the effects of prenatal exposures to methylmercury, selenium, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on child neurodevelopment. Children aged 18 months were administered the Bayley Scales of Infant Development second edition (BSID-II) and Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development (KSPD) in 2004-2008. Complete data of cord-blood total mercury (THg), cord-plasma selenium, maternal-plasma DHA, the above test scores, and confounders for 566 mother-child pairs were available. The median cord-blood THg level was 15.7 (range, 2.7-96.1) ng/g. Since the BSID-II and KSPD scores were significantly lower in the 285 boys than in the 281 girls, analyses were conducted separately. The Psychomotor Development Index (PDI) of BSID-II was significantly correlated with cord-blood THg only in the boys, and significance of the association remained unchanged after adjusting for possible confounders; i.e., a 10-fold increase in cord-blood THg was associated with a 8.3-point decrease in the score of the PDI. Other significant correlations of THg were not seen in the boys or girls. Selenium and DHA showed no significant correlations with the BSID-II or KSPD scores in either sex. In conclusion, intrauterine methylmercury exposure may affect psychomotor development, and boys appear to be more vulnerable to the exposure than girls.

Early and intensive nutritional strategy combining parenteral and enteral feeding promotes neurodevelopment and growth at 18 months of corrected age and 3 years of age in extremely low birth weight infants

AimTo evaluate whether aggressive nutrition can improve long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes and growth in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants born appropriate for gestational age (AGA). MethodsThis single-center cohort study included 137 ELBW AGA infants born in two epochs. The first group received standard nutrition (SN; n=79) consisting of amino acids started at 0.5g/kg/day on Day 4 of life and increased to 1.0g/kg/day. The second aggressive nutrition (AN) group received amino acids started at 1.5–2.0g/kg/day within 24h of life and increased to 3.5g/kg/day. Parenteral and enteral feedings were combined in both groups. Neurodevelopmental outcomes by the Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development and growth were followed up to 18months of corrected age or 3years of age and compared by univariate and multivariate analyses. ResultsBaseline characteristics were similar between the two groups. At 3years of age, AN children had a significantly greater mean value of head circumference, but not length or weight, than SN children (49.1 vs 48.0cm, p=0.014). The cognitive-adaptive (C-A) score in the AN group was also significantly higher than that in the SN group (98.3 vs 91.9 at 18months, p=0.039 and 89.5 vs 83.1 at 3years, p=0.047). AN infants born ≥26weeks of gestation were less likely to develop borderline disability in C-A, language-social and overall developmental scores compared to gestational age-matched SN infants. ConclusionParenteral and enteral AN after birth improved the long-term cognitive neurodevelopment in ELBW AGA infants, especially in those born ≥26weeks of gestational age, however results need to be confirmed in a larger, multi-site randomized trial.

Developmental quotient to estimate intelligence in autism spectrum disorder.

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across contexts, and are associated with restricted patterns of behavior. The developmental quotient (DQ) is based on the developmental age and chronological age of children. This study investigated the utility of the DQ to estimate cognitive ability in young children with ASD. The DQ and intelligence quotient (IQ) were assessed using the Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development 2001 (KSPD) and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III (WISC-III), respectively. The correlation between the DQ and IQ was then analyzed among children with ASD. We enrolled 18 children with ASD (16 boys, two girls; age, 63.6 ± 9.4 months; age range, 45-83 months). Overall, Cognitive-Adaptive and Language-Social DQ scores were significantly correlated with IQ score in the full scale, verbal, and performance domains. Full-scale IQ and overall DQ had a linear correlation (y = -22.747 + 1.177x, R2 = 0.677, R = 0.823). The DQ scores obtained using the KSPD were a reasonable estimate of cognitive ability in children with ASD. The KSPD may be a useful alternative to the WISC-III for young children with ASD and could facilitate earlier assessment.

Comparison of the Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development 2001 with the parent-rated Kinder Infant Development Scale (KIDS)

ObjectiveThe purpose of the study was to extend our understanding of the Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development (KSPD) by comparison with a parent-rated scale, the Kinder Infant Development Scale (KIDS). MethodsThe participants of this study were 229 children aged 0–4, who were referred to the Developmental Evaluation Center of the National Center for Child Health and Development, due to a suspected developmental disorder/delay. The participants were divided into subgroups, depending on age and overall DQ. For each group separately, correlation analyses were conducted between the Developmental Quotient (DQ) of each KSPD domain and DQ of each KIDS subscale. ResultsFor high DQ group, in all ages, the KSPD Postural-Motor (P-M) domain DQ demonstrated a high correlation with the KIDS Physical–Motor DQ, and at young ages, it was also found to be moderately or strongly associated with the KIDS Manipulation DQ. For high DQ group, the KSPD Cognitive–Adaptive (C–A) domain DQ was most consistently related to the KIDS Manipulation DQ, and was also moderately correlated with the KIDS Physical–Motor DQ, Receptive Language DQ, Social Relationship with Adults DQ, Discipline DQ, and Feeding DQ, depending on age. For high DQ group, the KSPD Language–Social (L–S) DQ most consistently showed a moderate or high correlation with the KIDS Receptive Language DQ and the Manipulation DQ, and also related to Physical–Motor DQ, Expressive Language DQ, Language Conception DQ, Social Relationship with Adults DQ, and Social Relationship with Children DQ for some age groups. The low DQ group demonstrated stronger relationships on many of the pairs of the DQ of a KSPD subdomain and the DQ of a KIDS subscale, regardless of the type of subdomains and subscales. ConclusionsFor high DQ group, the KSPD P-M domain was consistently related to parent-reported physical/motor development, the C–A domain primarily reflected a child’s fine motor skills and his/her ability to understand and follow verbal instructions provided by adults, while the L–S domain was associated with parent-reported language ability. For low DQ group, the effect of global delay increased overall correlations between each domain and subscale. Further studies are necessary to replicate the findings in a larger sample including typical children.

Developmental assessment of VLBW infants at 18 months of age: A comparison study between KSPD and Bayley III

AimTo assess the developmental characteristics of very low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants using the Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development (KSPD) and to compare with those using the Bayley Scales, third edition (Bayley III). MethodsKSPD and Bayley III were performed on 124 Japanese VLBW infants at 18months of corrected age at a 2-week interval by trained psychologists. The relationships between KSPD and Bayley III in corresponding pairs: Cognitive–Adaptive (C–A) developmental quotient (DQ) and cognitive composite (Cog) scores, Language–Social (L–S) DQ and language composite (Lang) scores, and Postural–Motor (P–M) DQ and motor composite (Mot) scores were analyzed. ResultsThe means [SD] of C–A DQ, L–S DQ, P–M DQ, and overall DQ of KSPD were 94 [15], 90 [17], 89 [15], and 93 [14], respectively. The means [SD] of the Cog, Lang, and Mot scores of Bayley III were 96 [13], 84 [12], and 91 [12], respectively. The DQ of KSPD strongly correlated with the corresponding composite score of Bayley III; Spearman rank correlations between the Cog score and C–A DQ, the Lang score and L–S DQ, and the Mot score and P–M DQ were 0.65, 0.71 and 0.55, respectively. The selected cut-off of the Cog score of <85 accurately identified development delay, defined by KSPD, with sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 85%. ConclusionAlthough absolute value of the Bayley III score may not represent the degree of impairment, the developmental characteristics on KSPD well correlated with those on Bayley III. The developmental outcomes of Japanese VLBW infants were verified by the two tests.

Suitability of the game rock-paper-scissors as an item newly added to the Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development

Suitability of the game rock-paper-scissors as an item newly added to the Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development