Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra Research Articles

Modern risk assessment of the influences of natural and military man-made factors on the state of the historical buildings of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra

During its thousand-year history, the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra has experiences many disasters. At the time when the fight against religion was part of the state ideology, the cathedral and monastery were closed, and its countless treasures were confiscated. Even in the turbulent 1930s, when the bolsheviks destroyed dozens of unique temples and churches in Kyiv, the Assumption Cathedral remained intact. Black days for the age-old shrine came during the German occupation in the fall of 1941. First, the shrine was looted, and many material and artistic valuables were taken. In November 1941, a series of explosions destroyed the main temple of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra, which had served as a tomb for the Kiev princes. In February 2022, the war had started again in our country, and modern scientific technology allows us to assess the impact of military events on buildings of Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra from viewpoint of the level of seismic hazard assessment, which have lasted in Ukraine for more than two years, because Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The article presents the results of the analysis of the operation of devices for various purposes ― from the recording of seismic-acoustic waves, which have a high frequency of natural oscillations, to low-frequency ones, which are recorded by a laser inclinometer. The article also presents the results of modern automated data processing using various methods ― from the spectral method of signal recognition to the modern autopicker method of determining the time of arrival of waves AIC, which allows you to clearly determine the arrival time of vibration waves of various origins ― from the formation of cracks in historical buildings of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra to vibration waves of technical and natural origin.

Yelysei Pletenetskyi: Major Milestones in His Life and Activities (On the 400th Anniversary of the Death of the Archimandrite of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra)

Yelysei Pletenetskyi: Major Milestones in His Life and Activities (On the 400th Anniversary of the Death of the Archimandrite of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra)

A Ranking Analysis of Geological and Engineering Factors of Historical Monuments’ Stability Response: A Case Study of Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra, Ukraine

The historical monuments of the National Preserve “Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra” play an important role in the context of preserving the UNESCO World Heritage. The scientific understanding of the buildings and structures safety management the priority of conducting repair and restoration works, the organization of their technical condition monitoring, and changes in the components of the geological environment in their locations is crucial. The purpose of this study is to identify potentially hazardous areas on the territory of the Lavra for the operation of structures by conducting a point-based integral assessment of the stability potential of the natural and technogenic system with the integration of geospatial methods and to rank the structures using the analytical hierarchy process. According to the modeling results by 17 stability factors and using ArcGIS, 37% (8.7 ha) of the Lavra territory is located in the zone of moderate hazard, 23% (5.4 ha) in the zone of potential hazard, where the manifestation and conditions of more than five dangerous engineering and geological processes intersect, and 40% (9.4 ha) in the zone of relative safety. In each zone, 10 representative structures were selected for ranking according to the stability of natural and technogenic operating conditions and their current technical condition, which is determined by nine criteria. The analysis using two methods identified the areas most at risk from seasonal fluctuations and possible military impacts and allowed us to scientifically substantiate the priority of repair and restoration work and the possibility of properly planning management measures for the selected structures, as well as to offer recommendations for improving the monitoring of the geological environment of the Lavra.

Impact of hydrogeology factors on geotechnical conditions of the heritage Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra Monastery complex: Lessons from three decades of monitoring

Abstract The architectural ensemble of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra monastery located in the city of Kyiv on the Right Bank of the Dnipro River, which represents historical and cultural heritage of world significance, suffers from a wide range of hazardous geological processes. The review and analysis of data of the long-term (since the 1990s) groundwater monitoring studies of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra shows that hydrogeological hazards caused by a complex combination of natural and anthropogenic factors (as well as sometimes by engineering miscalculations) have led to a significant number of emergency situations that threaten the heritage architectural monuments. Monitoring data illustrate a wide range of hydrogeological hazards (flooding, subsidence, landslides, suffusion), and emphasize the importance of consideration of hydrogeological aspects for safeguarding architectural monuments in the urbanized context. The paper also summarizes experience in engineering measures aimed at mitigating of hydrogeological hazards and discusses the pending research tasks

NON-DESTRUCTIVE METHODS OF ESTABLISHING A CAUSE-AND-EFFECT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WATER SUPPLY NETWORK ACCIDENTS AND THE CONDITIONS FOR PRESERVING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE

Accidents on water supply networks have the most significant negative consequences on the state of the historical and architectural heritage, which was formed over many centuries. The paper analyzes the cause-and-effect relationship between accidents of water-carrying networks and the conditions of architectural heritage preservation using the example of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra. The results of determining waterlogging zones and their factors by non-destructive monitoring methods on the territory of the Metropolitan Garden of the Upper Lavra are given. This area combines complex engineering and geological conditions and technogenic mastering, creating conditions for developing dangerous engineering and geological processes and emergency situations. In terms of danger, the garden’s territory belongs to unstable areas for preserving historical monuments of the UNESCO world heritage. The last accident on the water supply networks occurred in October 2022. It caused sinkholes on the surface, rising groundwater levels, significant destruction of an underground structure of historical importance – the Metropolitan Cellar. The research was carried out using the methods of electrotomography and natural electric field. The results of electrotomography were interpreted using two- and three-dimensional models. The existence of an anomalous dome (soils of low resistance), which is observed in the central part of the site, is probably the focus of waterlogging of the soil massif as a result of an accident on the heating network. The analysis of the adapted 3D model based on the results of non-destructive methods of monitoring the geological environment made it possible to indirectly establish the places of unsatisfactory technical condition of engineering networks (cold water supply), where a wetted section with low values of apparent resistance was recorded. Research has confirmed the presence of an inflow of man-made waters (leaks) from main water supply networks in the western part of all profiles as a constant source and factor of waterlogging of the array of soil bases of architectural monuments – Monastyrski walls, Kushnyka tower, etc. Based on the research results, the need to develop compensatory measures to strengthen part of the fortress walls was proposed, and a safe distance for moving networks from historical objects was substantiated to preserve them.

Historic Kyiv Polish. Between North and South Borderlands

The article discusses the specific, both sociologically and geographically determined Polish language of Kyiv, perceived by the author as a “territorial variation of the Polish literary language existing within the circle of Polish and Ruthenian intelligentsiain Kyiv in the 17th century around the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, represented by the prints of the typography of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra.” The key was the application of linguistic criteria (phonetic, inflectional and syntactic ones) and answering the question of which variation of the borderland Polish we are dealing with: the northern or the southern one. However, a review of linguistic features shows that the Kyiv Polish language situates itself between the north and south borderlands. At every level of the language, features characteristic of both the southern and northern borderlands are noticeable, with the majority accounting for features common to both regions.

Compositional analogies in the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra’s churches painting at the beginning of the 21st century

Compositional analogies in the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra’s churches painting at the beginning of the 21st century

Digital collections as way of preserving and using documentary heritage of Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra

Digital collections as way of preserving and using documentary heritage of Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra

To the 950th anniversary of the death of Reverend Feodosius Pecherskyi

The article highlights the life path of one of the founders of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra, Reverend Feodosius Pecherskyi. The attention is focused on the period of the ascetic's monastic life, his ascetic exploits, devotion to spiritual service, active civic position in difficult historical periods. The contribution of Feodosius Pecherskyi to the development of the monastery, the organization of monastic life, the introduction of the Studio Statute, and the establishment of book writing are considered. The teachings of Feodosius Pecherskyi are analyzed from the perspective of the Christian worldview.

Classicism Style in Mural Painting of Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra Churches

Classicism Style in Mural Painting of Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra Churches

ВТРАЧЕНІ ЕЛЕМЕНТИ АРХІТЕКТУРНИХ ПАМ’ЯТОК КИЄВА УКРАЇНСЬКОГО БАРОКО

The article is dedicated to the research of the loss of important architectural and compositional elements in Kyiv architectural monuments of the Ukrainian Baroque of the XVIIth – XVIIIth centuries. The author analyzes the architectural development of such Kyiv buildings as the Onufriivska Tower and the Church of Conception of Ann of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra, the Resurrection Church, the st. Illia Church, the Temple of Nikolas, the Intercession Church, the Old Building of the Kyiv-Mohyla academy, cookhouse and Church of the Holy Spirit of the Brotherly Epiphany Monastery, St. Sophia Cathedral, Church of the Ascension of the Phlor’s Monastery. All these objects have common destiny because of loss of their important Baroque details during XVIII–XIX centuries. Instead, they gained the forms of other styles, which did not detract from the national signs of these monuments. Such changes were made for various reasons: changes in fashion and styles in architecture, functional and utilitarian needs. However, such transformations were often anti-Ukrainian in nature, and they even ended up replacing Ukrainian symbols with Moscow ones. Let us highlight this very incident with the butt of the story: the reconstruction of the St. Sophia Cathedral in 1882. This unique monument and shrine was adorned with characteristic elements of the Ukrainian Baroque – sloping pediments on western and eastern façades. In fact, the temple was redecorated with elements of Byzantine and Russian architecture. During the Soviet time, the practice of replacing Ukrainian architectural symbols with Russian ones continued. Let us illustrate this with the example of the Ascension Cathedral of the Phlor’s Monastery in Podil. For a long time, researches did not pay attention on such a facts, but now it is time to restore justice to our national symbols. In the author’s opinion, today it is necessary to carry out in-depth research on historical monuments with a view to developing a concept and developing large-scale restoration projects that would restore their original beauty and completeness.

Academicism in the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra Mural Painting the Late 19th and Early 21st Centuries

The purpose of the article is to introduce into scientific circulation, to attribute modern compositions of the academic mural painting in the Dormition Cathedral of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra, to study their genesis. The research methodology consists in the complex application of historical and cultural analysis, art study, diachronic ones, as well as empirical observation. The scientific novelty of the study. The materials of the survey and proposals for restoration (1998) the compositions of academic mural painting in the Dormition Cathedral of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra of the late 19th – early 20th centuries have been introduced into scientific circulation. The academic mural painting in the Dormition Cathedral, the 21st century, has been introduced into scientific circulation. Its attribution has been performed. The names of the artists have been introduced into scientific circulation and it has been detailed who among them is the author of the project, who painted the holy images and who painted the ornaments. The dating of the compositions in different compartments of the Cathedral and the technique of their performance have been determined. The main thematic and plot lines have been revealed. The thematic, plot, iconographic, decorative, coloristic connections of the modern academic mural painting with the murals of the late 19th – early 20th centuries and with visual records have been studied. The similarities and differences of the academic compositions of 1897–1901 and 2018–2022 have been analysed. The principle of forming the colouring of modern academic murals has been revealed. Conclusions. In the modern decoration of the Dormition Cathedral of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra, the Academicism painting (1897–1901) is presented in the apse of the southern nave (diaconicon). In this compartment, authentic fragments of academic compositions have been restored, the painting system has been revived based on archival photos, and some new academic compositions have been introduced to it. Mural paintings have been performed by artists under the supervision of Oleksandr Pashkovskyi in 2018–2019. They also performed new murals in the academic tradition in the altar part of side-altar of the Saint Apostle Andrew the First Called in the southern part of choirs in 2020–2021. In the northern part of the choirs, paintings have been started and then suspended in 2022. In the new murals complex the artists cite in extenso or in part the compositions of the late 19th – early 20th centuries using archival photos. The murals have been performed in mixed techniques: holy images in oil, ornaments in acrylic paints. The composition ‘Glorification of Theotokos’ differs in the techniques; it is painted with oil on canvas. In the modern interpretation, the cited compositions can keep or change the primary location. The colouring of the new murals is formed on the basis of fragments of authentic compositions. A considerable part of the decoration is occupied by stylised ornaments as well as in murals of 1897–1901. The new and primary mural painting combine same academic principles of visual language, iconographic and colour principles, thematic and plot lines. Same general thematic lines are such as Theotokos theme, the theme of the Last Judgment, the Christianization of Ancient Rus, images of the saints of Ancient Rus and saints associated with the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra.
 Keywords: sacral culture, Orthodoxy, academic painting, mural painting, sacral painting, Ukrainian painting, Dormition Cathedral.

Theological Programme, Analogies, Innovations in Mural Painting of the Exaltation of the Precious Cross Church of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra in 1894

The purpose of the article is to investigate the theological programme, continuity and originality of the mural paintings of the Exaltation of the Precious Cross Church of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra in 1894. The research methodology is based on historical and cultural analysis, as well as art historical analysis. The scientific novelty of the study. The theological programme of the mural painting of the Cross Exaltation Church of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra in 1894 has been studied: its genesis, ideological basis, main theme, thematic plot lines, and thematic hierarchy have been determined. The continuity principle is defined as the basis of the connection between the original (the 18th century) and renewed (1894; Daniil Davydov) decoration of the Cross Exaltation Church. The pictorial compositions analogies to the paintings of the compartments of Lavra Great Church (Dormition Cathedral) according to the programme of the 1720s are observed. Secondary analogies with some compositions in the Lavra Trinity Gate Church are also indicated. Along with analogies, the differences in the thematic, compositional, and stylistic interpretation of the paintings have been investigated. The academicism features in the mural painting of 1894 have been analysed. The originality of themes and plots addition in the mural paintings with icons in the iconostasis and the altar has been revealed. Conclusions. The mural painting programme’s primary source of the Cross Exaltation Church of the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra has been the programme of painting the interior of Lavra Great Church (Dormition Cathedral) in the 1720s. The renewed mural paintings of 1894 inherited the original decoration of the Cross Exaltation Church. Analogies with the paintings of the Great Church can be traced to the theme and general compositional schemes. A partial analogy to the mural painting of the Trinity Church narthex has been used as a component for another theme. Innovations in the paintings of the Cross Exaltation Church have been manifested in the formation of a peculiar thematic hierarchy, a change in compositional elements, and a transition from the baroque style to the traditions of academic sacred painting. The originality is manifested in the presentation of emotionally saturated subjects in the altar icons and paintings, due to which a calm and sublime rhythm of the wall compositions are created. Some icons are a plot addition to the murals. Several thematic lines are revealed in the mural painting, namely the sacrifice of the Saviour on the cross, the sacrifice of a man to God, the meeting of a man with God, the Divine Liturgy and Church of Christ. The main theme of the church painting decoration is the glorification of Christ’s atoning sacrifice and the Precious and Life-giving Cross of the Lord as the instrument of His victory and our salvation. The ideological basis of the mural paintings theological programme is a line from the Epistle of the Apostle Paul to the Hebrews [Hebrews 19:39–40, 20:1–2]. Keywords: sacral culture, Orthodoxy, academic painting, baroque painting, mural painting, sacral painting, Ukrainian painting, Great Church, Dormition Cathedral, Cross Exaltation Church, Holy Trinity Gate Church, Daniil Davydov.

Main characteristics of 11th -15th centuries bricks from monumental buildings of the Pechersk monastery in Kyiv

The relevance of the proposed work lies in the fact that the powerful collection of building materials has been assembled in the scientific funds of the National Preserve „Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra” over a 100-year history of archaeological research into architectural monuments from the 11th-15thcenturies (the Dormition Cathedral, chapel of St. John the Baptist, Trinity Gatech church, a brick refectory, and a stonewall from the 12thcentury). It consists of bricks (plinthois), ceramic tiles and stone floor slabs, roof tiles, glass hutters, frescoes, mosaics, samples of stones and solutions, marble decorative elements, etc. Among the most massive and informative materials is a plinthoi. The study of its characteristics and historical and cultural significance is aimed at acquiring a body of knowledge about building materials. M. Kholostenko, G. Ivakin, O. Syromyatnikov, and D. Jolshin were engaged in the study of bricks from the Pechersk monastery. However, no generalizing work on construction materials of the 11th-15th centuries of these monuments of ancient Kyiv has been carried out till now.

Ukrainian Orthodoxy after the Start of Russia´s Great War against Ukraine

Abstract The conservative yet diverse religious landscape of Ukraine has been evolving rapidly since February 2022. These developments include the formal renunciation by the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate (UOC MP) of its connection with the Russian Orthodox Church, as well as the establishing by the Orthodox Church of Ukraine (OCU) of its monastery in the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra. The number of communities changing their affiliation from UOC MP to OCU has also increased dramatically during this period. The onset of the conflict marked a transformative shift, elevating the role of the church from an internal matter for those directly involved to a significant factor in state policy and security.

HISTORICAL RETAINING WALLS MONITORING: A CASE STUDY OF DEBOSQUETTE WALL OF KYIV-PECHERSK LAVRA

Geospatial monitoring of historic buildings has a valuable meaning for their restoration and preservation measures. The preparation and accomplishment of such monitoring have their features and cannot be standardized. Therefore, in each particular case, monitoring is carried out for specific requirements and conditions. The paper presents the results of geospatial monitoring for a part of the UNESCO object Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra. The primary subject of geospatial monitoring is a retaining wall known as the Debosquette Wall. The wall was built in the XVIII century and underwent restoration in 2014. A geospatial monitoring system has been established to prevent undesirable damage and displacements. Assigning the necessary observation accuracy for such a complex object is difficult. In the paper, the modern approach to observation accuracy calculation has been suggested and studied. The approach is based on the application of structural mechanics principles. The structural analysis of the Debosquette Wall has been accomplished. The output of the analysis was applied to calculate the required observation accuracy. The geospatial network and monitoring scheme were developed based on the calculated accuracy. The monitoring proceeded for half a year in 2012-2013, was interrupted for one year, and kept on in 2015. The primary stress was made on the horizontal displacements in that these displacements are the primary threats to the wall stability. The in-depth analysis of the monitoring results has been accomplished. It was found that the displacements have stayed within the allowable values. The developed monitoring approach is recommended for similar projects.

“Sacred Images” in the Interior of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra’s Great Church: the Factual System of Sacral Murals, 1897 – 1901

The purpose of the article is to introduce into scientific circulation documents presenting the factual system of sacred compositions 1897 – 1901 in the interior of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra’s Dormition Cathedral (Great Church). The research methodology is synthesis of historical and cultural analysis, as well as art study analysis. Scientific novelty. The author has introduced the album of drawings by the artist Andrii Lakov into scientific circulation: “V. І. Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine. Lakov A. A. The album of plans and detailed drawings the inside of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra’s Great Church showing the locations of sacred images. 1905. Paper, mixed technique. 19 sheets”. Based on this document, the author has performed three research tasks using examples. First, she reconstructed the system of sacral murals of the Church’s compartment. Second, she revealed the difference between the project and the actual mural. Third, she improved and determined the location of a number of compositions. The author has revealed the important theoretical and practical significance of the album as a presentation of the factual system of sacred compositions of 1897 – 1901 in the interior of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra’s Great Church (Dormition Cathedral). Conclusions. The album of drawings by the artist Andriі Lakov (1905) presents the factual system of sacral mural painting of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra’s Great Church (Dormition Cathedral) of the late 19th – early 20th century. The album permits the determination of the compositions’ location on architectural surface. It is the evidence that artists partially changed the project in terms of the location of some compositions. This album provides an opportunity for the authentic historical reconstruction of the Cathedral’s painting decoration.
 Keywords: sacral culture, Orthodoxy, sacral mural painting, Ukrainian painting, Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra, Great Church, Dormition Cathedral, Andrii Lakov.

Documents of monasteries of the Kyiv Metropolis synodal period in Ukrainian archives

The investigation of this topic is relevant as the documents of the monasteries of the Kyiv Metropolis Synodal period contain important evidence of religious life, social customs, and economic relations in the historical context of Ukraine, which allows for a better understanding of the dynamics of the development of church institutions and their influence on society. The purpose of the study was to analyse the documentary base of the monasteries of the Kyiv Metropolis Synodal period in Ukrainian archives, its scope, and main content. The methodological basis of the research was the principles of logic and objectivity, as well as methods of classification, generalisation, structural and functional analysis, statistical and historical-comparative methods. The archival funds of Ukraine were examined for the presence of documents from the monasteries of the Kyiv Metropolis Synodal period. It was established that the documents of the monasteries of the Kyiv Metropolis during the Synod period constitute an important archival fund in Ukraine, containing valuable information about the activities of church institutions, as well as about the economic, social, cultural, and political aspects of that time. The main places of their preservation were identified – in the Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Kyiv, the State Archives of Cherkasy Region, and the Manuscript Institute of the Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine. It was determined that the peculiarity of monastery funds should be considered in accordance with the peculiarities of the existence of the monasteries themselves within the Kyiv Metropolis, which is due to the heterogeneity of the historical process of the formation of monasteries, as a result of which two groups can be distinguished within the metropolis – Kyivan and southern groups. The available archival collections were analysed, and it was found that the largest complex of archival documents that has survived belongs to the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra; at the same time, it was noted that archival documents in Ukrainian institutions are unevenly distributed. The practical value of the work lies in the possibility of further in-depth study of issues related to the study of archival funds of Ukraine, as well as in improving their organisation

Oryginał cyrylickich starych druków Ewangelii tetr wydanych w Poczajowie. Analiza świąt i świętych obecnych w menologionach

Out of 110 early printed Cyrillic liturgical Tetraevangelia, five were issued by the printing house of the Holy Dormition Pochaiv Lavra. All of them appeared in the 2nd half of the 18th century and were intended for the use in the Uniate, i.e., Greek-Catholic, Church. A text critical study of different texts from various parts of Tetraevangelia has suggested that the Gospel edition issued in Kyiv in 1746 was used by printers in Pochaiv to prepare their first liturgical Tetraevangelion.
 This publication is focused on the textual analysis of menologia present in early printed Cyrillic Tetraevangelia, with particular attention given to the saints and feasts, as well as verbatim correspondence of commemorations and liturgical rubrics. Its results allow to conclude that the first Tetraevangelion issued at the Holy Dormition Pochaiv Lavra in 1759, was prepared on the basis of the Gospel edition issued at the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra in 1746. Liturgical rubrics in the first Pochaiv Tetraevangelion were adjusted to the liturgical tradition of the Greek-Catholic Church. Four further Pochaiv liturgical Gospel editions copied, with some minor corrections, the menologion of the first one.

LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AS MEANS OF FORMING AN EMOTIONALLY POSITIVE CONTEXT IN BUFFER ZONES OF CULTURAL HERITAGE OBJECTS

The article presents the results of the author's research on the formation of an emotionally positive context in the buffer zones of cultural heritage objects by means of landscape architecture; considered scientific and theoretical base of world research. 
 Buffer zones (according to I. Korotun) are divided into 3 categories: I direct use of the territory; II multifunctional; III combined. The most difficult is the II category of buffer zones "non-direct multifunctional usage". In Ukraine, 4 out of 8 World Heritage sites have buffer zones of non-direct multifunctional use ("Kyiv: St. Sophia Cathedral and nearby monastery buildings, Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra, Church of the Savior on Berestov" (1990); "Ensemble of the historical center of Lviv" (1998); "Residence of the Metropolitans of Bukovina and Dalmatia" (2011) and "Historical Center of Odesa" (2023)). The historical city center belongs to the II category of buffer zones, and it is the core of the urbanized environment, where the administrative, transport or combined functions of the city can be concentrated. Multifunctionality makes the city center the place of the greatest activity of people, which in turn forms a prerequisite for the formation of an emotionally positive context. 
 Landscape organization of buffer zones as places of constant circulation of people is a prerequisite for the creation of high-quality space. So, we determined that the formation of an emotionally positive context in the buffer zones of cultural heritage objects can be carried out through the method of "green corridors," which will be connections between activity points or will be multifunctional zones. 
 The formation of an emotionally positive context is a universal method for the landscape organization of urban space within the buffer zones of cultural heritage objects under various urban conditions.