Kure Beach Research Articles

Rapid-response observations on barrier islands along Cape Fear, North Carolina, during Hurricane Isaias

Hurricane Isaias struck the Cape Fear Region of North Carolina around 23:00 EDT on 3 August 2020, making landfall at Ocean Isle Beach as a Category 1 storm with peak wind speeds of 80 mph. An array of nearshore Sofar Spotter wave buoys captured the wave field at two beaches off the coasts of Bald Head Island (south-facing and east-facing beaches) and Masonboro Island. Local variations in significant wave height and peak wave direction were observed along the Lower Cape Fear Region, due to large shoal features impacting the regional wave climate. A cross-shore transect of five pressure sensors was installed at the north end of Masonboro Island 2.5 days prior to landfall to measure storm surge, wave runup, and variation of gravity/ infragravity wave energy across the barrier island. The three fast-sampling wave gauges along the backshore became buried before Hurricane Isaias peak storm surge, and the two gauges on and behind the dune were never inundated. A low-cost (< $250) Storm Surge Observation Camera (SSOC) prototype captured storm surge and coastal erosion at Kure Beach, in conjunction with pre- and post-storm RTK GPS beach profile surveys. Kure Beach experienced more than 1.0 m of vertical erosion of the berm, while Masonboro Island experienced around 0.1 m of accretion across the backshore, despite nearly identical wave and wind forcing conditions at the two beaches separated by ~20 km. Pre-storm berm height and width (higher and wider at Kure Beach), as well as foreshore slope (steeper, 1:9, at Kure Beach), are likely factors influencing significant erosion at Kure Beach, while slight accretion was observed at Masonboro Island.

Depositional sequence stratigraphy of Turonian to Santonian sediments, Cape Fear arch, North Carolina Coastal Plain, USA

ABSTRACT: A new sequence stratigraphic framework for Turonian to Santonian (94-84 Ma) sediments is established using data from the USGS Kure Beach and Elizabethtown cores collected from the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North Carolina (NC). These sediments represent some of the oldest marine units deposited on the southeastern Atlantic Coastal Plain and record the early development of a clastic wedge atop crystalline basement. Sediments were deposited as transitional marginal-marine to marine units in a complex interplay of fluvial, estuarine, and shelf environments. Repetitive lithologies and minimal biostratigraphic control requires an integrated analysis of grain-size data, geophysical logs, biostratigraphy, and 87Sr/86Sr isotopic data to identify systems tracts and establish a sequence stratigraphic framework. From this integrated approach, three Turonian to Santonian sequences in the Elizabethtown core and six in the Kure Beach core are identified. The new sequences from oldest to youngest are Clubhouse II, Fort Fisher I, Fort Fisher II, Collins Creek I, Collins Creek II, Pleasant Creek I, and Pleasant Creek II. Sequences from North Carolina document significant shifts of global and regional sea-level during greenhouse conditions in the early Late Cretaceous. Maximum sea-level rise occurred globally during the early Turonian and is documented from the marine sediments of the Clubhouse II sequence. This sequence is unconformably overlain by terrestrial sediments deposited during a major fall in sea level and maximum progradation of the shoreline, as evidenced by the Fort Fisher I sequence. Global sea-level rise in the Coniacian resulted in the deposition of the Fort Fisher II sequence, which is present only in the Kure Beach core. Local marine circulation and erosion on the shelf is suggested by the absence of the Collins Creek I sequence at Kure Beach; this sequence is present only in the up-dip Elizabethtown core. Activation of a possible buried fault structure along the Cape Fear arch resulted in the formation of a regional depocenter during the late Coniacian to early Santonian and is reflected in the unusual thickness of the Collins Creek II and Pleasant Creek I sequences. The return to a more global sea-level influence occurred in the late Santonian with the deposition of the Pleasant Creek II sequence. A comparison of temporal distribution of sequences in the Elizabethtown and Kure Beach cores to corresponding sequences in New Jersey indicates significant differences in erosional and tectonic processes in the Cape Fear region during the Turonian and Santonian.

Drawn to Water

Drawn to Water Bryce Lankard (bio) Click for larger view View full resolution Lifeguard games, Kure Beach, North Carolina, 2013 We are drawn to water for many reasons: for our health and survival, for rites and rituals, for athletic endeavors, and often for the pure pleasure of social engagement. Water cleanses and invigorates. It is both life-giving and an unstoppable force. In the heat of a southern summer it cools us and invites recreation and play, bringing us together across every race and social strata. It can be a place of isolation and lone meditation—or a location where one lets down one’s guard (along with much clothing) to commune with strangers. Water motivates us to dare and cushions our fall. Having spent thirty years away from my native state, I returned to North Carolina in 2012 with an idea to rediscover this beloved place with fresh eyes. I found myself drawn to the old landmarks of my memory and discovered that water was the common thread among them. Flowing down out of the Blue Ridge Mountains and finding its way to the Atlantic Ocean, it meanders its way across my southern landscape. My youthful fantasies were of Huck Finn floating down the Mississippi, and my realities were tubing down mountain streams in water so cold it turned your lips blue. I did build a raft once . . . It sunk. Undeniably, water is at the center of myriad political and environmental debates; my interest in these images, however, is to examine the social significance of water in our lives. These photographs capture the variety of human interactions found around beaches, lakes, and quarries, and along rivers, waterfalls, and swimming holes. [End Page 49] Click for larger view View full resolution Aiden, Deep River, Yadkinville, North Carolina, 2015 [End Page 50] Click for larger view View full resolution Taking a selfie at Looking Glass Falls, Brevard, North Carolina, 2015 [End Page 51] Click for larger view View full resolution Peeking out, Lost Cove Creek, North Carolina, 2014 [End Page 52] Click for larger view View full resolution River rocks, Lost Cove Creek, North Carolina, 2013 [End Page 53] Click for larger view View full resolution Couple in the Eno Quarry, Eno River, Durham, North Carolina, 2014 Click for larger view View full resolution Johnnie Mercer’s Pier, Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina, 2013 [End Page 54] Click for larger view View full resolution Lost Cove Creek, North Carolina, 2013 Click for larger view View full resolution Brothers under Johnnie Mercer Pier, Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina, 2013 [End Page 55] Click for larger view View full resolution In the surf, Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina, 2013 [End Page 56] Click for larger view View full resolution Rock circle, Eno River, Durham, North Carolina, 2014 [End Page 57] Click for larger view View full resolution Tubes, Lost Cove Creek, North Carolina, 2013 Click for larger view View full resolution Dripping tube, Lost Cove Creek, North Carolina, 2013 [End Page 58] Click for larger view View full resolution Tubes, Wilson Creek Gorge, North Carolina, 2014 [End Page 59] Click for larger view View full resolution Beach wedding, Tybee Island, Georgia, 2015 [End Page 60] Click for larger view View full resolution Baptism, Upward Holiness Church Bible Camp, Hungry River, Henderson, North Carolina, 2015 [End Page 61] Click for larger view View full resolution Walking the dog at dawn, Carolina Beach Pier, North Carolina, 2013 Click for larger view View full resolution Metal detection, Tybee Island, Georgia, 2014 [End Page 62] Click for larger view View full resolution Cliff leaper, Eno Quarry, Durham, North Carolina, 2015 Click for larger view View full resolution Leaping child, Looking Glass Falls, Brevard, North Carolina, 2015 [End Page 63] Bryce Lankard Bryce Lankard has been immersed in photography his entire adult life as an editorial and fine art photographer, as an art director, photo editor, educator, curator and principal photographer, from New Orleans to New York City. He was a co-founder and creative director of the award-winning Tribe Magazine in New Orleans and following Hurricane Katrina he co-founded the non-profit New Orleans Photo Alliance. Copyright © 2016 Center for the Study of the American South

Long-term study of dune infiltration systems to treat coastal stormwater runoff for fecal bacteria

The discharge of untreated stormwater runoff into recreational waters places swimmers at risk of contracting various illnesses and often results in beach closures or swimming advisories. In an effort to safeguard the public, two experimental Dune Infiltration Systems were installed beneath the sand dunes in Kure Beach, NC. The systems diverted stormwater from two existing beach outfalls, which drained 1.9ha (4.7ac) and 3.2ha (8.0ac) watersheds, into subsurface chambers for temporary storage and infiltration into the existing sand dunes. A 3-year study examined the long-term performance of the two systems during which 14,584m3 (515,046ft3) of stormwater was diverted into the dunes, with only 438m3 (15,457ft3) bypassing the systems, a nearly 97% capture rating. Enterococci concentrations in stormwater runoff from the watersheds exceeded the state's single sample maximum for Tier I waters (104MPN/100mL) in >70% of samples, with geometric means ≥278MPN/100mL. Groundwater enterococci concentrations tended to remain below the state limit (≤11% exceedance), with geometric means ≤7MPN/100mL. Groundwater monitoring in the control dune, with no direct input of stormwater, had a geometric mean of 5MPN/100mL and a 6% exceedance rate. The influences on the local water tables were temporary, as the water table would mound around the systems during infiltration events and dissipate to within pre-storm variations from the control within hours or up to approximately 2 weeks. The Dune Infiltration System appears appropriate for installation in small watersheds (<4ha (10ac)), though further research is recommended to identify bacterial removal processes and residence times, and to quantify the lateral extents of the water table mounds.

Clinical report: hyperplastic adipose lids in mackerel scad, Decapterus macarellus (Cuvier)

1 South Carolina Aquarium, Charleston, SC, USA 2 North Carolina State University, Center for Marine Sciences and Technology, Morehead City, NC, USA 3 Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA 4 College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA 5 Northwest ZooPath, Monroe, WA, USA 6 North Carolina Aquarium at Fort Fisher, Kure Beach, NC, USA 7 Western University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Pomona, CA, USA

Feasibility of a Dune Infiltration System to Protect North Carolina Beaches from Fecal Bacteria Contaminated Storm Water

Storm water ocean outfalls discharging into recreational waters pose a human health threat because of increased potential exposure to bacteria and other pathogens. The dune infiltration system (DIS) was designed and implemented at two ocean outfall sites in response to concerns by the North Carolina Department of Transportation and the town of Kure Beach, North Carolina The systems were designed to divert storm water runoff from 1.9 ha (4.7 acre) and 3.2 ha (8.0 acre) watersheds into the beach dunes. Following construction, data were collected from 25 storms during March through October 2006. The systems captured a combined total of nearly 1,800 m3 (63,500 ft3), or 95% of the influent storm water runoff—a significant reduction of runoff volume and peak flow discharging directly onto the beach (p<0.0001). Fecal coliform and enterococci concentrations were measured in the inflowing storm water runoff and groundwater downslope of the systems. Both groundwater bacteria concentrations near the systems were s...

Impact of Storm-Water Runoff on Clogging and Fecal Bacteria Reduction in Sand Columns

Storm-water runoff has been identified as a major cause of coastal water quality degradation. Storm-water outfalls, common in many coastal towns, convey bacteria and other pollutants into the ocean and estuaries. In an effort to minimize this impact, the Town of Kure Beach, North Carolina, installed Dune Infiltration Systems (DIS) at two storm-water outfalls to receive storm-water runoff and allow infiltration beneath the beach dunes. A laboratory column experiment was performed to supplement this installation and determine the potential hydraulic and bacterial removal efficiency of the sand comprising the Kure Beach dunes. Columns constructed using sand collected at different depths of the dune were used to analyze the affect of bacteria application on infiltration and to examine the changes in bacteria removal that occur as infiltration rates are affected by bacteria-laden water application. Sand columns were loaded over a 60-day period with either bacteria-free storm water or storm water spiked with Es...

Natural and artificial weathering characteristics of stabilized acrylic–urethane paints

Depth-profiling by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), microhardness and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations have been used to monitor degradation chemistries in two-package acrylic–urethane coatings when exposed to different exposure conditions. Three artificial and three natural weathering protocols (QUV, ASTM D5894, ISO20340, Pipady (south of France), Bandol (south of France) and Kure Beach (USA)) were selected for this study. The same chemical events were found to occur under all conditions, particularly under natural and artificial exposures. Both loss of the amide II band at 1520 cm −1 and carbonyl growth occurred but at relatively low rate owing to the presence of hindered-amine light stabilizers in the film. A less typical loss of urea biuret linkages also occurs during all exposures and results in a change in the balance between urethane and urea links across the depth of the film during weathering. The chemical degradation of the polymer matrix involves the formation of species that are readily ablated from the surface and results in loss of gloss, increase in hardness and a rougher topology. The dramatic loss of gloss observed after Pipady and Bandol exposures show that loss of gloss should not be systematically correlated to the advance in chemical degradation.

Evaluation of physico-chemical changes in sub-layers of multi-layer anticorrosive marine paint systems: Plasticizer and solvent release

Increased awareness of the environmental impact of solvent-based anticorrosive marine coatings has urged to predict long-term performance of a coating in order to make dry-docking less frequent. Each coating system was composed by three layers: topcoat, \\ and primer. All samples were exposed to four different standard artificial weathering tests: a neutral salt spray test (NSS ISO 9227) and three cycles (QUV ASTM G53, ASTM D5894 and ISO 20340). Besides, the same samples were exposed to a natural weathering during 4 years in three different locations: Pipady (south of France), Kure Beach (North Caroline, USA) and Bandol (south of France). This research project focused exclusively on the degradation of the basecoat and primer by FTIR spectroscopy, PyGC/MS and dynamical mechanical analysis. Basecoat and primer binders formulated with dibutylphtalate as a plasticizer were found to strongly evolve during artificial cycle tests. An extensive diffusion of plasticizer was observed with a rise in T g of the epoxy binder as high as 40 °C. The impact of these physico-chemical changes on the corrosion protection properties of the whole system were discussed based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in 3 wt% NaCl solution, SEM observations, pull-off test and measurements of delaminated areas.

Front Porch

Front Porch Harry L. Watson Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 1. In "Kure Beach to Asheville: Snapshots from North Carolina's I-40 Corridor," Gyoung-Youl Jeong photographs some of the state's sights along its longest highway. Southerners, unite. It's time we put a stop to pernicious innovations. Even nostalgia is not what it used to be. In the good old days, I'll have you know, "nostalgia" was just a fancy term for homesickness. Nowadays, in an unforgivable neologism, linguistic barbarians define it as sentimental longing for times past. How dare they tamper with nostalgia? If you don't believe me, check the Oxford English Dictionary. O tempora! O mores! While we fight that rearguard action, however, we might as well admit that nostalgia by either definition has long been a standard option on southern sensibilities. Before the "late unpleasantness," for example, popular romances portrayed the plantation as a fond anachronism that was sadly doomed to fade against the pressure of modernity. Decades ago, critic William Taylor aptly pegged these images [End Page 1] as efforts to soothe the sting of booming northern capitalism by contrasting it with a kinder, gentler South. Nostalgia of place and time also suffused the nineteenth-century minstrel show, especially in famous tunes like "Carry Me Back to Ol' Virginny," "Old Folks at Home," and "My Old Kentucky Home." And we all remember that pensive line from the most famous minstrel tune of all: "Old times there are not forgotten." Fed by sentiments like these, some people could ignore the plantation's real brutality and start feeling nostalgic for the Old South before it was even old. Both as homesickness and as longing for the good old days, nostalgia is still a powerful force in southern culture. The minstrel show is gone, but southern singers still "wanta go home," as Flatt and Scruggs put it. For while southerners are famously attached to place, migration and dispersal have been central to their modern experience, from the African American Great Migration to the lesser known journeys that took whites to outposts like Bakersfield, California. The resulting regrets transcend the usual racial barriers—compare the passenger on the "Midnight Train to Georgia," who is "goin' back to find the simpler place and time," to "The Man of Constant Sorrow," whose troubles started when he "bid farewell to old Kentucky, the place where [he] was born and raised." Nostalgia isn't necessarily a bad thing. Some of it's just plain inevitable, as when parents try to pass along memories to baffled children. Bland Simpson starts this issue off with a beautiful example of that kind of nostalgia, as he tells the story of Machelhe Island, located in the Pasquotank River near Elizabeth City, North Carolina. Simpson grew up on that river, and in this excerpt from his latest book, he reflects on his memories of the place and the many barriers between those memories and the perceptions of his son. Simpson's admiration for times past is palpable but realistic, as he reviews the human procession of Indians, slaves, boatmen, and industrialists who have passed along the Pasquotank for centuries. He does not seem to want to return to past time so much as to honor the people who struggled then by holding them in memory. Simpson struggles with the difficulty of conveying all these fading memories to his boy, but I think he will succeed. After all, Simpson learned these stories from others before him, and with his help, we and his son can do the same. Nostalgia has an innate affinity for the natural world. Beloved memories always seem to lean toward times when things were cleaner, greener, and purer than they are in the world of industry and pollution. But industry has now been around the South for a pretty long time, and if you look at Bland Simpson's memories closely, the Pasquotank's industrial past seems more prominent than its older wildness. Whether it's the exhausted oyster beds or the bankrupt lumber mill or the vanished boat traffic, Simpson keeps evoking the people who tried to get rich off his river, some succeeding for a time...

Kure Beach to Asheville: Snapshots from North Carolina's I-40 Corridor

Kure Beach to Asheville: Snapshots from North Carolina's I-40 Corridor

Corrosion protection assessment of sacrificial coating systems as a function of exposure time in a marine environment

The present investigation assessed the corrosion protection performance of 17 different Zn and Al sacrificial coating system configurations during marine atmospheric exposure at Kure Beach, NC. The coating systems incorporated several conversion coating layers, primers and organic topcoats. Visual observations and electrochemical measurements (including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, EIS) were made on six different occasions throughout the 20-month exposure time. Milled scribes on each of the coating specimens allowed for defect protection as well as barrier protection to be investigated. A novel corrosion analysis technique utilizing a specialized conducting agar (SCAR) cell enabled impedance measurements to be made on both intact and defect areas. Visual observations, E oc's, and EIS as a function of atmospheric exposure time provided complementary results. Impedance results were found to be useful in determining a coating's barrier protection and scribe damage analysis accurately represented defect protection.

Late Cretaceous base level lowering in Campanian and Maastrichtian depositional sequences, Kure Beach, North Carolina

Campanian through Maastrichtian mixed carbonate and siliciclastic sediments in a 422 m continuous core drilled at Kure Beach, NC provide a record of sea-level change. Based on lithology and stratigraphy, depositional sequences are defined, and calcareous nannofossil zones and 87Sr/86Sr ratios and corresponding ages using the LOWESS Table determined. Campanian and Maastrichtian sediments comprise six depositional sequences. The oldest is Tar Heel 1 and contains calcareous nannofossils that indicate assignment to the upper part of Zones CC18a, CC18c and the lower part of CC19. 87Sr/86Sr ratios indicate ages from 83.2 to 80.0 Ma or lower Campanian. Tar Heel II contains calcareous nannofossils that indicate assignment to the upper part of Zone CC19 and CC20. 87Sr/86Sr ratios indicate ages from 78.0 to 76.3 Ma or middle Campanian. Donoho Creek I and II are thin and contain calcareous nannofossils referable to upper Zone CC21 and Zone CC22, and to CC23, respectively. The top of Donoho Creek II marks the Campanian-Maastrichtian boundary. Donoho Creek I 87Sr/86Sr ratios cluster into two groups, and provide ages from 78.0 to 76.2 Ma and 73.7 to 72.3 Ma, respectively. 87Sr/86Sr ratios in Donoho Creek II indicate ages from 71.4 to 69.6 Ma. Two Maastrichtian sequences are present; the lowermost Peedee I contains calcareous nannofossils that place it in Zones CC25a and CC25b. 87Sr/86Sr r ratios indicate an age from 69.3 to 66.9 Ma or late Maastrichtian. Peedee II is assigned to calcareous nannofossil Zone CC26a. 87Sr/86Sr ratios indicate ages from 66.4 to 65.2 Ma or late Maastrichtian. The four Campanian sequences correlate to three depositional sequences in New Jersey; the sequence boundary between upper Campanian Donoho Creek I and Donoho Creek II is not recognized in New Jersey. This boundary is interpreted to result from Gulf Stream impingement and subsequent erosion on the outer shelf. The two Maastrichtian sequences recognized in the Kure Beach core correlate to the two identified Maastrichtian sequences in New Jersey. These data support base-level lowering of sea-level during the Campanian-Maastrichtian, and suggest that the western margin of the North Atlantic may contain one of the best Late Cretaceous records of sea-level change.

Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance of Skyward- and Groundward-Exposed Surfaces of Zinc- and 55% Al-Zn Alloy-Coated Steel Sheet

Abstract Zinc-coated (galvanized) and 55% Al-Zn alloy-coated steel sheet was tested for atmospheric corrosion resistance for 20 years in rural (Saylorsburg, Pennsylvania), industrial (Bethlehem, Pennsylvania), moderate marine (250-m [880-ft] lot, Kure Beach, North Carolina), and severe marine (25-m [80-ft] lot, Kure Beach, North Carolina) environments. Corrosion losses were determined separately for skyward- and groundward-exposed surfaces and compared to results for conventional two-sided coupons, which gave only an average of skyward and groundward surfaces. Results were fitted to exponential equations of the form C = ATB, where C is the corrosion loss, T is time, and A and B are constants. Coating lives were estimated based upon extrapolation of these equations to the time to reach a corrosion loss equal to the coating thickness. On average, the estimated life of a skyward-exposed 55% Al-Zn alloy coating was 12 times that of a galvanized coating of equal thickness (25 μm).

Atmospheric corrosion in the Gulf of México

The corrosion products on steels exposed at two sites in Campeche, Mexico and one site at Kure Beach, USA, have been investigated to determine the extent to which different marine conditions and exposure times control the oxide formation. The corroded coupons were analyzed by Mossbauer, Raman and infrared spectroscopy as well as X‐ray diffraction, in order to completely identify the oxides and map their location in the corrosion coating. The coating compositions were determined by Mossbauer spectroscopy using a new parameter, the relative recoilless fraction (F-value) which gives the atomic fraction of iron in each oxide phase from the Mossbauer sub‐spectral areas. For short exposure times, less than three months, an amorphous oxyhydroxide was detected after which a predominance of lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH), and akaganeite (β-FeOOH) were observed in the corrosion coatings with the fraction of the later phase increasing at sites with higher atmospheric chloride concentrations. The analysis also showed that small clusters of magnetite (Fe3O4), and maghemite (γ(Fe2O3), were seen in the micro-Raman spectra but were not always identified by Mossbauer spectroscopy. For longer exposure times, goethite (α-FeOOH), was also identified but little or no β-FeOOH was observed. It was determined by the Raman analysis that the corrosion products generally consisted of inner and outer layers. The protective layer, which acted as a barrier to slow further corrosion, consisted of the α-FeOOH and nano-sized γ-Fe2O3 phases and corresponded to the inner layer close to the steel substrate. The outer layer was formed from high γ-FeOOH and low α-FeOOH concentrations.

Effect of clamping pressure and joint geometry on corrosion induced bowing and distortion of bolted joints in weathering steel

Field experience with bare weathering steel indicates that bolted joints of sufficient stiffness will resist the distortion caused by the pressure of corrosion products forming within the joint. As a result of these observations, guidelines were previously written for the design of joints in transmission towers and similar structures. To gain more information on the pressure caused by corrosion-product formation, specimens were exposed to the atmosphere for test periods of up to seven years. The test specimens include stacks of Cor-Ten A steel (A242 Type 1) and carbon steel compressed together with spring washers and exposed at Monroeville, Pennsylvania, and the 800-foot lot, Kure Beach, North Carolina. Also, stacks of Cor-Ten A steel and carbon steel compressed together at lower pressures were exposed in Monroeville. Various joints of Cor-Ten B steel (A588 Grade A), including geometries that did and did not meet the previously developed guidelines, were exposed at both sites, along with test joints similar to those used on a transmission tower and comparison joints modified to meet the guidelines. The results of the stack tests indicate that at sufficiently high initial force no expansion of the stacks occurs, but at very low pressures there will be continuous expansion of stacks. Cor-Ten A steel was found to produce more expansion than carbon steel at similar initial pressures. Bolting, as specified, with A325 bolts minimized distortion caused by corrosion product pressure for a given joint design. At both sites, stiffer joints produced less distortion at free edges; however, joints that met the guidelines of free edge distance did not eliminate the distortion. Joint designs that met the guidelines developed very little bowing between bolts during exposure at either site. Also, tests of comparison specimens showed that the bowing between bolts in a transmission-tower joint with A325 bolts can be reduced significantly by simply reversing one set of details so that the spacing meets the guidelines. All observations confirm that the use of the previously published guidelines for the design of bolted joints in bare Cor-Ten steel transmission towers and similar structures will prevent excessive bowing and joint distortion.

Hydraulic probing: One solution to overburden and environment

International Journal of Nautical ArchaeologyVolume 9, Issue 1 p. 76-81 Hydraulic probing: One solution to overburden and environment Gordon P. Watts Jr., Gordon P. Watts Jr. Underwater Archaeology Branch, North Carolina Diviswn of Archives and History, P. 0. Box 58. Kure Beach, North Curolina 28449, USA.Search for more papers by this author Gordon P. Watts Jr., Gordon P. Watts Jr. Underwater Archaeology Branch, North Carolina Diviswn of Archives and History, P. 0. Box 58. Kure Beach, North Curolina 28449, USA.Search for more papers by this author First published: February 1980 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.1980.tb01279.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume9, Issue1February 1980Pages 76-81 RelatedInformation

Five-year corrosion of aluminium alloys at several marine sites

Eight aluminium alloyswereexposedat marine sites at Kure Beach, North Carolina; Arenzano, Italy; and Bohus-Malmon, Sweden. Panels were removed at the end of 1-, 2- and 5-year exposure periods and evaluated for depth of pitting, corrosion rate and loss of mechanical properties. The high-purity aluminium and certain aluminium–magnesium alloys showed the lowest corrosion rates based on weight losses. The site at Arenzano generally was most severe as regards depth of pitting and weight loss with the Kure Beach, North Carolina, 80-foot lot being next in severity. Both pit-depth growth and corrosion rate decreased with exposure time for all alloys and locations. Several alloys, at the more severe sites, showed some decreases in some mechanical properties as measured by elongation of tensile specimens,but these changes are not of such magnitude as to be structurally significant.Aluminium–magnesium alloys 5050, 5052, 5086 and 5154 are among the best for use in marine environments. The structural alloy 6061 is also highly satisfactory for marine atmospheres. A maximum pit depth for all alloys of about 15 mils was found after five years at Arenzano and about 9·5 mils for the same period at Kure Beach 80-foot lot.

ATMOSPHERIC TEST PROGRAMME

With the completion last year of a tropical marine site on the island of Aruba, Reynolds Metals Co., Richmond, Virginia, USA, now has long‐term atmospheric test facilities covering a wide range of natural environments. This report is compiled by the company's senior corrosion engineer. Testing locations include Richmond, Virginia; Phoenix, Arizona; Corpus Christi, Texas; Kure Beach, North Carolina; McCook, Illinois; Manila, Philippine Islands; and Denge Marsh and Widnes, England. Panels are on test also at Arenzano, Italy; Bohus‐Malmon, Sweden; and on a Gulf of Mexico's drill platform. Exposed materials include specimens of bare, painted and colour anodised wrought and extruded aluminium as well as screen wire, fencing, busbar and special products. Stressed and unstressed aluminium is exposed, together with zinc, steel and copper alloys, for calibration and comparison. The programme started in 1956 now includes over 20,000 test specimens. Data on changes in mechanical properties and corrosion rates derived from the tests are handled on a computer.

Coating Performance in a Marine Environment Evaluated by Statistical Methods

Abstract Painted steel drums were tested at Kure Beach, North Carolina, and a comparison made of four paints (both for one and two coats) in two colors, on four different steel pretreatments. A method of evaluating the condition of paint is described, and its use illustrated by the tests on the painted steel drums. Statistical analysis of the observed data provides satisfactory assurance of correct interpretation of the results. Film thickness is most important in obtaining durability. Specification TT-E-485 paint was confirmed as being suitable as a drum enamel. 5.4.5