Kurdish Poets Research Articles

The Structure of the Muwashah in the Poems of (Bakhtiar Zewar)

Abstract The title of this research is The Structure of the Muwashah in the Poems of (Bakhtiar Zewar), an attempt to show the style with a description of the creative characteristics in the structure of his Muwashahs. Muwashah originated in Andalusian poetry in the third century AH, when music, singing and dancing flourished. This art of poetry appeared in Kurdish literature in the 1930s. The poet Bakhtiar Zewar is considered one of the Kurdish poets who tried to renew poetry with new forms, including the Muwashah. Which was not present in the ancient Kurdish poetry. There are clear peculiarities in the Kurdish Muwashahs and its different types of Arabic Muwashahs in terms of structure and composition. The aim of this research is to show the artistic structure of the Kurdish Muwashahs, especially in Bakhtiar Zewar's muwashah. There is a clear void compared to the creativity of Kurdish poets in this field. Through this research, we reached new results on which this art form was based in the poems of Bakhtiar Zewar

Instructions and semantic indications of the nature terms in the Bazyar's Divan by poet Salim Barakat

Abstract This research conducts (instructions and semantic indications of the nature terms in the Bazyar's Divan by poet Salim Barakat) the divan is by narrator and Kurdish poet writer Salim Barakat. And, the divan consists of four long prosaic poetry by the names of (Asry itaqasmuna-al kunuz, Mhabad, Mahmud Darwish, and Tadabir al-Aliya ). For studying Arabic terms in the Arabic culture by using semantics theory, because it is most beneficial theory for indication studying. And, the theory is applied in this divan by categorizing the semantic features of terms and knowing their functions in the Salim Barakat poetry's language. Also, the research consists of six requirements based on semantic theory for categorizing terms and introducing them, also it conducts the understanding of semantic theory and its instructions. Finally, the requirements are: First: Earth's terms Second: weather's terms Third: bird and insects' terms Fourth: animals' terms Fifth: trees' terms Sixth: times' terms

Poetic Prose in Kurdish Literature as an Example in the Text (Snow Anthems or Burnt Colors)

This research, tagged with “Prose poem in Kurdish literature as an example, it is included in the text of the poet Dl shad Abdullah, “Anthem of Snow Writing or Burning Colors.” It attempts to show the form of “prose poetry” in Kurdish literature, especially in modern literature. In this historical era, it highlights the choice of the beginning of the emergence of the prose poem in modern Kurdish literature. However, the statement problematic of the research and its study, which is based on the principles and sections of the research, as for the results of the research, which includes the most prominent results that were reached at the end of the study. the most prominent of which is a description Genres of the prose poem, the principles and artistic features upon which the prose poems are based, including the study text (Anthem of Snow Writing or Burning Colors) in the poems (Beauty and Some Pages of Life the Snow Writer or Baw Balkan) by the contemporary Kurdish poet Dl shad Abdullah on the scale of prose poems in modern Kurdish poetry.

The identity of classical Kurdish Poets from a symological point of view. like; mullah Jaziri, Mawlawi, Safi Herani. It's a symological analysis study

Our research is focused under the title"The identity of classical Kurdish Poets from a symological point of view. like; mullah Jaziri, Mawlawi, Safi Herani . Which includes an introduction with two sections as well.The first section is the theoritical so contains four parts: The first part is the term "simeology". The second part is the relationship between symology and literature itself. The Third part is the relationship between symology and literary text as well. The fourth part is The Simotica (Pers). Also being any connection to the second part is practical٫ consists of practicing symology upon the identity of Kurdish Classical Professional Poets.Then the results were shown through some points, and the sources were scientifically sorted and classified. Finally, the summary of the research has been translated into Arabic and English.

A comparative study of the romantic poetry of Dr. Ebrahim Nagi and Taher Beg Jaff

Human life has always been connected to the concept of love; it has recurred in the works of poets and writers creating a tremendous attraction. The manifestation of love has been influenced by cultural, literary, and social events of humankind through different times and places. Nagi and Jaff are among the most important Arab and Kurdish sonnet writing poets of the contemporary period. Unfortunately, Jaff is less known to the world due to the lack of research by authors and scholars in this regard; however, Jaff is one of the most prominent Kurdish poets. Nagi and Jaff were highly determined in writing sonnets; therefore, it is appropriate to consider them as pioneers of sonnet form particularly romantic sonnets. Nagi views his beloved differently and has a pure innocent love; he expresses a life full of love and adoration along with sorrow and grief. "All expressions of nature and objects are reflected in the poet's sorrow and grief, no wine will ever soothe this sorrow even the attainment of the beloved" Ehsan Abbas explains. However, Jaff reflects on the physical and material aspects of love and his beloved. Jaff's material and formal stance is rooted in his great love for the beloved. Mostly, Kurdish poets are influenced by poets and writers of other nations. The relationship between material love and pure love is different in the viewpoint of these two poets. Nagi believes that material or formal love is the beginning of pure divine love, provided that this love is not associated with lust; yet such viewpoint is not strong in Taher Beg Jaff's work probably due to his living condition which was aristocratic and carefree to some extent. Perhaps the impact of this factor can be observed in Jaff's formal and material love

Textual thresholds and its Aesthetic in history: "Mamo Zain" by its author, the famous Kurdish poet Sheikh Ahmad Al-Khani, deceased (1118 AH / 707 AD), translated by Sheikh Dr. Muhammad Saeed Ramadan al-Bouti. Research on the connotation and manifestations of interconnection

تشتمل الأعمال الأدبية، في الغالب، على عتبات نصية، تعد المدخل الأول لقراءتها وفهم دلالاتها، وتتفاوت (الأعمال الأدبية) في اعتمادها على العتبات النصية، فبعضها يقتصر أصحابها على العُنوان ولوحة الغلاف فقط، وبعضها الآخر، بالإضافة إلى هاتين العتبتين، يستند إلى عتبة الإهداء أيضا، وغيرها... تتخذ هذه الدراسة قصة" مَمُو زين" لمؤلفهاالشاعر أحمد الخاني، ومترجمها الشيخ محمد رمضان البوطي مجالا للدراسة، باعتبارها عملا أدبيا فريدا، اشتمل على جملة من العتبات النصية التي ساندت بعضها، وتعاضدت ومتنَ العمل. فلقد شكلت عتبة الإهداء في قصة"مَمُو زين" خطابا، إلى جانب العُنوان ولوحة الغلاف والمتن، وانسجمت والعُنوانَ ولوحةَ الغلاف والمتنَ، حيث تجلت فيها القضية الاجتماعية التي عالجها المتن، كما تجلت في العُنوان الفرعي( قصة حب نبت في الأرض و أينع في السماء). وستحاول(الدراسة) الوقوف على دلالات العتبات النصية للعمل المدروس، وبيان علاقتها بالنص؛ لتخلص إلى أن العتبات النصية لها دور في فهم النص، فغالبا ما تختزل معنى النص، وتقدم صورة عن انسجامه (النص)، وذلك من حيث ارتباط مضمون النص بعتباته

Phonetics Study in Turksh Poem of Shex Reza Talebani

Writing poem in Turkish at the nineteenth century by a Kurdish poet whose most of his poetry consists of satire, drew our attention to conduct this research. Due the cultural influence of Ottoman Empire, most of the Kurdish poets have chosen Turkish as a second or third language for their poetry. This research consists of abstract, introduction, main body results and the sources. The abstract is a discussion to introduce the research. In the introduction the main features of research have been illustrated which are the bibliography of the poet and the language tone has been used in his poetry, especially when composing Turkish poems. In the first section of this research, literature review during the Ottomans which is simultaneous with Shex Reza Talebani. Phonics has been discussed extensively as the basic language in his Turkish poetry. In the second section sound features, sound changes and sound events in Shex Reza’s Turkish poetry have been explained. At the end we reached some conclusions of his research and listing the references benefitted from for this work. In the final section the findings of this research have been elucidated as well as the list of references that have been used in this research. Reference: Bozkurt, K. (2020). Filoloji Alanında Akademik Çalışmalar. Ankara: Gece Kitaplığı. İNAL, İ. M. (1969). Son Asrın Türk Şairleri,. İstanbul: 2.cilt. Taqane, A. (2010). Şeyh Rızâ’yı Talebânî. Erbil: Aras. Terzibaşı, A. (2006). Kerkük'lü Şeyh Rızâ . Kerkük: 1.baskı. Uçak, S. (2014). Tarihte Türkler ve Kürtler Sempozyomu. Ankara: C.3. , B. (2007). Hiciv ve Meyhane Sohbetleri. İstanbul: Kastaş Yayınevi. TOPALOĞLU,Ahmet(1989),Dilbilgisi Terimleri Sözlüğü, Ötüken yayınları,İstanbul Ediskun, H. (1993). Yeni Türk Dilbilgisi. Remzi Hatipoğlu, Vecihe(1972), dilbilgisi Terimleri Sözlüğü, TDK yayınları, Ankara Bozkurt, Fuat. (2004). Türkiye Türkçesi Türkçe Öğretiminde Yeni Bir Yöntem. İstanbul: Kapı Yayınları. Yıldız, Osman(1999), Dilimizdeki Arapça ve Farsça Kökenli Kelimelerde Görülen Fonetik Değişmeler, Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Sayı 4; s321-338. EKER,Süer (2015),Çağdaş Türk Dili, Grafiker Yayınları, 9.baskı, Ankara. VURAL,Hanifi- BÖLER,Tuncay (2011), Ses Ve Şekil Bilgisi, Kesit yayınları, İstanbul. ERGİN,Muharrem(2009), Üniversiteler için Türk Dili, Bayrak yayınları, İstanbul BANGUOĞLU, Tahsin. (2011), Türkçenin Grameri. (9. Baskı), TDK Yayınları, Ankara. GENCAN, T. N. (2001), Dil Bilgisi. (1. Baskı), Ayraç Yayınevi,Ankara BORAKAYİ,Sadiq (2008).Mejuy Wejeyi Kurdi,Aras yay. Erbil MUSTAFA,Şukur(2010).Şeyh Rıza Talebani Divanı, Aras yay.Erbil TERZİBAŞI,Ata(2011).Kerkük’lü Şeyh Rıza ve Türkçe Şiirleri, Aras yay.Erbil

The Art and Literature Areativity, Kurdish Poets and Poems As An Example

Abstract The art and literature creativity, Kurdish poets and poems as an example is the name of a theoretical and practical research. It is theoretical because in the first part it presents the principles and the regulations of the research for the first time. And it is practical because in the second and third parts of the the research is : Supported in a way of practicing the ideas in Kurdish pomes and the experiences of Kurdish poets, the situation of stopping creativity is a situation of repletion, fullness, giving up, satisfaction,missing creativity and initiative for creativity that happens to the producers person in which the producer is not able to produce new products or things. This repletion could be temporary or permanent. It has two types ( psychological and formational repletion) This research can be applied to all types of practical arts but in this research it is just practiced on Kurdish pomes only. This research is based on both the psychological and the formational terms. The research presents the important aims of the research , defining the terms, classifying the motivators of creativity and it is effects on the poets products.

The titl e function in the Sherko bekas poetries

The title in the modern literary criticism is considered an important basic gender of the text,for example in modern Kurdish poetry the title takes a wide space with evidence that there are many researches on this subject.(sherko bekas) the Kurdish poet who is interested in modern poetry has a role in renewing Kurdish poetry creatively by showing the titles with several purposes . because of the reason , this is the title of the research ( the title function in the sherko bekas poetries).this research also is summarized in Arabic and Kurdish. Reference: به‌زمانی كوردی: یه‌كه‌م:كتێب: _ قورئانی پیرۆز. _ ئورمانی( نزار سلمان طاهر)،2009،ناڤونیشان وه‌كو ناسناما تێكستێ هۆزانێ(هۆزانێن"محسن قۆچان"ی وه‌كو نمونه‌،_ڤه‌كۆلینه‌كا سیمیۆتیكی شلڤه‌كارییه‌_)، چاپا ئێكێ،چاپخانه‌ی هاوار،دهۆك. _ ئه‌‌سوه‌د(نه‌وزاد ئه‌حمه‌د)،2010،شیعرییه‌تی ده‌ق و هه‌نگوینی خوێندنه‌وه‌، چاپخانه‌ی ڕه‌نج، سلێمانی. _ بێكه‌س(شێركۆ)،2002،دیوانی شێركۆ بێكه‌س،به‌رگی دووه‌م،(1974-1986)،سلێمانی. _ بێكه‌س(شێركۆ)،2009، دیوانی شێركۆ بێكه‌س،به‌رگی یه‌كه‌م(1968-1980)،سوید. _ بێكه‌س(شێركۆ)، 2006، دیوانی شێركۆ بێكه‌س،به‌رگی سێیه‌م،(1971-1993)،كوردستان. _ بێكه‌س(شێركۆ)،2006، دیوانی شێركۆ بێكه‌س،به‌رگی چواره‌م(1993-1998)،كوردستان. _ بێكه‌س(شێركۆ)، دیوانی شێركۆ بێكه‌س،به‌رگی پێنجه‌م(1999-2003)،كوردستان. _ بێكه‌س(شێركۆ)، دیوانی شێركۆ بێكه‌س،به‌رگی شه‌شه‌م(2004-2006)، كوردستان. _ بێكه‌س(شێركۆ)،2010،هه‌ست و نه‌ست،ده‌زگای چاپ و په‌خشی سه‌رده‌م،سلێمانی. _ بێكه‌س(شێركۆ)،2007،ملوانكه‌،چاپخانه‌ی ڕه‌نج،سلێمانی. _ ڕه‌شید(فوئاد)،2007،ده‌قی ئه‌ده‌بی(ئه‌دگار.چێژ.به‌ها)چه‌ند نوسینێكی ڕه‌خنه‌یی تیۆری و پڕاكتیكییه‌،چاپی یه‌كه‌م،چاپخانه‌ی ده‌زگای ئاراس.هه‌ولێر. _ ڕه‌ئوف(لوقمان)،2016،ده‌قی شیعری كوردی له‌ ڕوانگه‌ی سیمیۆلۆژییه‌وه‌(1950-1975)كرمانجی خواروو،چاپخانه‌ی حه‌مدی. _ كانه‌بی(دلێر سادق)،2009،هه‌ندێ لادانی زمانی لای سێ شاعیری نوێخوازی كورد،چاپی یه‌كه‌م،چاپخانه‌ی خانی،دهۆك. _ له‌تیف(دیار)،1399،ناونیشان و ده‌ق،چاپی یه‌كه‌م،چاپخانه‌ی خانی،سه‌قز. _ مه‌نتك(حه‌مه‌)،2019،سیمیۆلۆژیای گێڕانه‌وه‌ (هه‌قاییه‌تی ئه‌فسانه‌ی فۆلكلۆری كوردی به‌ نموونه‌)،چاپخانه‌ی سه‌رده‌م،سلێمانی. دووه‌م: نامه‌ی ئه‌كادیمی : _ محه‌مه‌د ئه‌مین(عه‌بدولكه‌ریم مسته‌فا)،2016،شیعرییه‌تا ناڤونیشانی د كورته‌ چیڕۆكێن"ئیسماعیل هاجانیدا كومه‌له‌یێن(مه‌دانا كوچكان و كفنی پیرێ وه‌كو نموونه‌)،نامه‌ی ماسته‌ر،كۆلیژا په‌روه‌دا بنیات،زانكۆیا دهۆك. _ وه‌رارا ده‌لاله‌تا ناڤونیشانی د ڕۆمانا كوردیدا/ژ ده‌ستپێكێ تاكو(2010)ێ هه‌رێما كوردستانا عێڕاقێ وه‌كو نموونه‌،ڤه‌كۆلینه‌كا هونه‌ری شلۆڤوكارییه‌،نامه‌ی ماسته‌ر،فاكولتیا زانستێن مرۆڤایه‌تی،زانكویا زاخو. سێیه‌م: گۆڤار : _ ئاواره‌(موحسین)2017،ناونیشان تا ئاستێك كاریگه‌ره‌،گۆڤاری ڕامان،ژماره‌ (236). _ عه‌لی(سامان محمد)،2015،كارنامه‌ی ناونیشان له‌ ده‌قه‌ واڵاكانی شێركۆ بێكه‌سدا،گۆڤاری زانكۆی كه‌ركوك،ژماره‌(3). به‌زمانی عه‌ره‌بی: یه‌كه‌‌م: كتیب : _ النورالدین(صدوق)،1994،البدایة فی انص الروائی.دار الحوار للنشر والتوزیع،الاذقیة. _ خمری(د.حسین)2007،نظریة النص(من بنیة المعنی الی سیمیائیه‌ الدال)،دار العربیة للعلوم. _ قاسم(عدنان حسین)،2000،الاتجاه الاسلوبی البنیوی فی نقد الشعر العربی،الدار العربیة للنشر والتوزیع،مصر. _ مفتاح(محمد)،1990،دیتامیه‌ النص(تنظیر وانجاز).المركز الثقافی العربی،دار البیضاء،بیروت. دووه‌م: گۆڤار(المجلات) : _ المطوی(د.محمد الهادی)،شعریة عنوان كتاب الساق علی الساق فی ما هو الفاریاق،مجله‌ عالم الفكر،تصدر عن المجلس الوطنی للثقافة والفنون والاداب،المجلد(25)،العدد(3)،الكویت. _الماضی(نریمان)،العنوان فی شعر عبدالقادر الجنابی(حیاة ما بعد الیاء نموذجا)،مجلة(ایلاف)،الموقع ایلاف. _ حلیفی(شعیب)،1992،النص الموازی للروایة(استراجیة العنوان)،مجلة الكرمل،العدد(46)،قبرص. _ حمداوی(د.جمیل)،1997،السیمیوطیقا والعنونه‌،مجلة(عالم الفكر)،مجلة دوریة محكمة تصدر عن المجلس الوطنی للثقافة والفنون والاداب،العدد(3)،الكویت

Humanism in the Poems of Sherko Bekas between (1970-1973)

Sherko Bekas, A Kurdish poet and scholar, is regarded to be one of the founders of the rwanga. He is a poet of a suppressed nation. lives within the sufferings and melancholy of his own nation. He never feels tranquility. Human or individual is the center in his poems. The greatness and holiness of the country is bound to the greatness and elevation of the man. Racial discrimination, gender discrimination and religious discrimination are what Bekas wants to eradicate. The task is to familiarize our readers with his ideology. is what he announces in his poems. That is why Humanism in Sherko Bekas's Poems is written to evaluate the humanistic notion of in his poems. The illustration is if two grounds: One is the idea of humanism and its history. The second is the depiction of the humanism in his poems. Finally the conclusion sums up the resuts of the study.

The Art of Paradox in Wafai’s Poems

The paradox is an artistic expression used for beautifying the poetic language, the poems of Kurdish poets like Arabic, Persian, and Western nations include these arts and the plays of the poetic language. This type of poetic art can be seen noticeably in every era of the Kurdish classic poems which is a reason for enriching and empowering the poetic language. It will also, produce modern imagination and expressions which will be thoughtful and speculative and it will attract readers’ attention due to its’ closeness to the contradictory art which is again a type of beautifying the semantic art. According to the earlier researches in this field, paradoxical art is a type of contradictory art but it has specific liberty by itself. The appearance of paradoxical expressions will be in the shape of semantical, lexical, and in one or two sentences. The Diwan of Wafay was focused on for this research amongst the diwans of classical Kurdish poets. Wafay (1844-1904) was a poet in the second half of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth. He had a warm poetic language and meaningful and vivid sentences. His poems are full of semantics and lexical artistic beautifications. For this purpose, the researcher will investigate the placement shapes of the generic paradoxical composition and analyzing them according to grammar and rhetorical in Wafay’s poems.

Comparison of Mahwi's and Plato's Philosophical Texts on Theology

This study deals with the comparison between Mahwi’s poems and Plato’s philosophical texts on theology. It draws the assimilations and the differences between both views by analyzing Mahwi’s selected poems and Plato’s selected works including; The Timaeus and The Republic. It shows how a Kurdish poet delivers a philosophical idea within his poetry, and that great poetry is often deeply philosophical. The paper also proves that there is a strong relationship between literature and philosophy. However, many do not see the correlation between them, but if we look back into history, we see that some philosophers delivered their philosophical ideas through one of the literary genres. Such as Voltaire, Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche, Maulana Jaladini Romi, and Plato himself at first attempted to write tragedy in verse and he was reading great Greek poetry.

In memoriam: Izzaddin Mustafa Rasul (1934-2019), Iraqi Kurdish man of letters and Soviet-trained scholar

The literary scholar Izzaddin Mustafa Rasul (1934-2019) was one of the greatest Iraqi Kurdish scholars trained in the Soviet Union. He was one of a cohort of Iraqi students who received scholarships for study in the USSR in the wake of the 1958 coup that overthrew the Iraqi monarchy, and his time in the USSR coincided with the period of flourishing of Kurdish studies there. Rasul’s PhD dissertation analyzed the development of Kurdish literature within a schematic Marxist-Leninist developmental framework. In his major work, however, which focused on Ahmed Khani and his Mem û Zîn, he went well beyond the standard Soviet treatment of literary works and focused especially on the dimensions of Sufi theosophy and other Islamic content in the work. In this respect, Rasul’s work stands out as a rare exception in Soviet Oriental studies. It remains one of the most ambitious studies of the early modern Kurdish poet Khani.

تەكنیكی دیالۆگی ناڕاستەوخۆ له‌ شیعری نوێی كوردیدا

Obviously Dialog in the world has been having beneficial effects on drawing together, unite and collecting various ideas about life's humanity,Therefore it is a possible reason for communication and discovering the truth. This is a motive to keep alive human development, It is considered an important role in both the artistic and the literary side, especially in the literary side, it played a prominent role Therefore, we shed light on the importance of this technique in the artistic and literary side in the field of poetry, we find this technique in the literary models and genres that are in conflict with each other, such as (poetry - prose), with the overlapping of the technical aspect, meaning the intent, the means and the artistic and literary mechanisms, especially the art of (dialogue). This research is devoted to (the technique of indirect dialogue in modern Kurdish poetry). The research depended on the analytical descriptive method and applied it to models and examples of the poetry of modern Kurdish poets.

Kurdish poets: from the history of Kurdish literary studies

The article presents an account of the history of Kurdish literary studies (based on sources available to the author). The literature, discussed in this work, covers the period from the late Middle ages to the middle of the 20th c. The article gives an extent survey of the researches on Kurdish literature which exists in various dialects. It also defines the tasks for the studies of the Kurdish literature.

Reflection of The Relations Between Human Beings & Animal in Kurdish Poetry

Since the beginning of its appearance on this planet, human being has felt alien in one hand because he has not been familiar to anything in the wide nature he has lived in and in the other hand he has been afraid and felt hesitated due to his fear to from all other creatures. But gradually he has been familiar with nature and his environment and tried at the beginning to align himself with it then to overcome it and to use them for his own interest, especially the animals which are the second sequence after human being in the planet. This align and controlling is not a matter of one night and day, but it has gone through certain stages and periods and has taken certain forms until it reached to the form, we can see it today. This thesis has tried to point out the types of those relationships based on sequences and their reflections in Kurdish poetry which show the perspective of Kurdish poets towards animals.
 The thesis points out five types of relationships between human being & animals based on their sequence and appearance as following:
 
 Conflict Relationship.
 Interest Relationship.
 Friendship Relationship.
 Spiritual Relationship.
 Artistic Relationship.
 
 Each of those relationships is explained theoretically except the spiritual relationship, examples are given for all other relationships in Kurdish poetry. The reason why we have not seen example in Kurdish poetry for spiritual relationship is to the fact that we believe Kurdish society is an Islamic society and its religious perspective has not allowed this relationship to exceed friendship relationship and to reach spiritual relationship. Even, the friendship relationship sometimes has been based on interest relationship.

Delawar Qaradaghy’s Poems in the lights of picture’s

     Actually, modern Kurdish poets have a high educational level, they lived in the reality of their nations and they faced many calamities and catastrophes as their nation. They perceived all the miserable conditions and genocide confronted Kurdish people. This has been an observable factor in their modern poetry, and they have also been aware of all the changes happened in the field of poetry in the outside world. This has given a beautiful poetic image to the structure of Kurdish poetry. That is why the readers have highly appreciated their poetry. The Kurdish poets, especially Qaradaxy, could gather various types of poetic images in his poetry, such as single, compound, general, stable, mobile images as well as the images perceived by the five senses (sight, tasting, hearing, smelling, and touching). By manipulating these nice images, this poet could make a beautiful realistic image to attract the readers’ attention. Another feature of their poetry was that they didn’t look at nature as it is, but as human which has been widely used in their poetry. 

الاتساق بالإحالة في ديوان رشپوژان للشاعر عماد الدين الكوردي البدليسي

(Referral) is one of the most present and important coherent linking tools in achieving the textual of the text, and it is a linguistic phenomenon that contributes to the consistency of parts of the text, of its two types: textual and denominational, and referral performs its function through a group of means, including: pronouns, nouns, demonstrative pronouns, comparative tools and (al) of definition. This research’s aim to highlight the importance of referral of all kinds in the production of consistent and coherent texts. It also aims to clarify those referral criteria found in the poems of the poet (Imad al-Din al-Kurdi al-Badlisi) in his poems (Rashpozhan). The research deals theoretically with referral and its role in the consistency of the text, and it examines the referral means that achieve the textual of the text, because these criteria and means have a prominent role and importance in achieving consistency and coherence of the text. The research took the poems from of the Kurdish poet (Imad al-Din al-Badlisi) in his divan (Rashpozhan) as a field of application, with the aim of identifying those referring criteria in his diwan and how the poet resorted to them to achieve a consistent text and a tight link between the parts of the text.

Psychological Dimensions of Corona Virus in Kurdish poetry

The word Corona (Covid 19) has been used by the population over the world and studied by the health sections widely. It has stopped the movements of people in their daily life which caused the psychological tension of human beings. This non stable situation adapted the Kurdish poets with tens of poetic texts at the aim of showing the influence of this virus and under (Psychological Dimensions of Corona Virus in Kurdish Poetry) title, this research has been written. In it, first the definition of Corona virus is presented, then the connection between it and (Literature and Psychology) and it with (Literature and Illness) are shown. After that, under the title (The Psychological Phenomena of Corona Virus in Kurdish Poetry), both the influence and the reflection of scaring and shock are clarified depending on the poetic samples of the poets which most of them have been posted on the social media. Fearing of getting this virus and losing lovers are two poetic images in a section of the texts. In another section, the shock of the poets which goes back to the new fact of this pandemic is presented. Finally, insisting on following the healthy guidelines is another prominent subject in the research. The mentioned are some of the points which the researcher has achieved.

Salīm Barakāt as Arbiter between Good and Evil: According to His Long Poem al-Mu‘jam (The Obscure)

Salīm Barakāt, Syrian Kurdish poet, completed his thirty-page poem al-Mu‘jam (The Obscure) in 2004 . [1] The poem deals with the relationship between the poet and Evil, the relationship of Evil to Good, and the failure of Good to persuade in the face of Evil’s deceptive ways. We see the poet as a failed arbiter between Evil and Good. Reason and rationality do not prevail. Consequently, there is a need for an intercessor on the Day of Judgment. The poet is convinced that remorse will win an acceptable intercessor, the Mercy of Allah. The poem throughout is a journey through the Qur’ān from beginning to end. It is also the poet’s journey towards the Sufi goal. [1] Salīm Barakāt. (2007). al-Aʽmāl al-Shi ‘ riy y ah Salīm Barakāt (The Poetry Works of Salīm Barakāt), pp. 559-592. Barakat wrote his poem al-Mu ‘ jam (The Obscure) between January 2003 and August 2004. I will include my translation of the entire poem in my forthcoming book Creativity Itself: According to Salim Barakat and Mahmud Darwish.