Kuhn's Concept Research Articles

Historical Analysis of Interactive Gamification Research: A Literature Review with Kuhn and Lakatos’ Approaches

This literature review provides an analysis of the historical development and theoretical frameworks put forth by notable philosophers such as Thomas Kuhn and Imre Lakatos in the field of interactive gamification research. By examining the contributions and perspectives of these influential figures, the authors aimed to enhance our understanding of the evolution of gamification as a research area. This review serves as a valuable resource for individuals interested in delving deeper into the concept of gamification in interactive research. Furthermore, it offers a collection of references that can be explored in the initial stages of gamification research. By studying the works of influential philosophers such as Thomas Kuhn and Imre Lakatos, researchers can gain valuable insights into the evolution of gamification research and its theoretical underpinnings.. Kuhn's concept of paradigm shifts and Lakatos's ideas on research programs provide researchers with a framework to understand the progression of ideas and theories within the field.

Analysis of Paradigm Shift Toward the Transformation of Nahdlatul Ulama’s Political Orientation

This article discusses the process of paradigm shift of Nahdlatul Ulama (NU)’s national politics orientation. Considering Thomas S. Kuhn's paradigm shift concept, particularly the revolutionary stages, there was a separation of the national political transformation period in NU. A paradigm shift which opens awareness in understanding the science does only happens in established objectivity. The product of ijtihad, due to the deposition of knowledge, always has natural subjectivity with what they believe as the truth. Thus, innovative movements in finding alternative linear formulations that can always form dialogue with the times must always be carried out. Through literary work, this article illustrates that demarcation boundaries of the occurrence of NU's national political shift characterized by the pre-normal phase, normal phase, anomaly-crisis phase, and new-normal phase. Utilizing Kuhn’s perspective as tool of analysis, this study finds out that there are a few stages of paradigm shift experienced by NU. NU's struggles marked the pre-normal phase as an embryo before finally becoming an organization. The birth and development of NU marked the intermediate phase as a socio-political-religious organization on the track of the struggle. The anomaly-crisis phase occurred when NU metamorphosed into a political party, involved in interests, and strayed from its goals. The new-normal phase was marked by NU's return to Khittah in 1926, which meant returning to a social-religious-based organization. NU has returned to the struggle to fill and maintain independence through national politics in this phase.

Incommensurability and Communication: To the Communicative Turn in the Philosophy of Science

The article shows that Kuhn's concept of incommensurability emphasizes mainly the objective dimension of communication. To the thesis about the incommensurability of the meanings of scientific concepts in competing paradigms, we oppose the idea of a three-dimensional space of communicative dimensions. We supplement the objective dimension of communication, within which the environmental evolutionary selection of the best knowledge is carried out, with equal social and temporal horizons.

Paradigma Thomas Kuhn dan Relevansinya Terhadap Perkembangan Keilmuan Islam di Indonesia

Paradigm has an important in science. According to Kuhn, the paradigm is very influential on the steps and results of research. Because a paradigm is a pattern or framework of thinking adopted by scientists in conducting research. This article will explain Thomas Kuhn's paradigm and its relevance toward Islamic thought in Indonesia. This article is library research using a historical-philosophical approach. The historical-philosophical approach use to see the development of Islamic thought in Indonesia and analyze or find the relevance of Thomas Kuhn's paradigm concept toward the development of Islamic thought in Indonesia. The results show that the paradigm concept of Thomas Kuhn can be used in Islamic scholarship in Indonesia to produce Islamic thought that is relevant to current issues.

Paradigms and Practice

AbstractThomas Kuhn's concept of paradigm has long been a part of ordinary parlance in political science. Aside from its role in metatheoretical debate, scholars have enlisted the paradigm concept to explain policy change, particularly in the international political economy (IPE) literature. In this context, policy paradigms are defined primarily in ideational terms and with respect to a specific domain of policymaking. We argue that this stance overstates the ideational coherence of policymaking and runs a risk of reification. We re-evaluate the paradigm concept by drawing a link to the recent literature on norm change that emphasizes the importance of practice and process. This analysis highlights theoretical difficulties in using the paradigm concept, as the relation of ideas to practical logics elides the distinctness of paradigmatic frameworks. Without clear boundaries, paradigms lose much of their analytical purchase. While the paradigm concept initially proved useful in highlighting the role of ideas, it is time to recognize its limits in explaining stability and change in policymaking.

THE PUZZLE OF THE BANQUET HALL OF THE DUKES: THE PROFESSIONALIZATION OF SWEDISH HISTORICAL RESEARCH STUDIED THROUGH LUDWIK FLECK'S “THOUGHT COLLECTIVE” AND “THOUGHT STYLE”

ABSTRACTIn 1312, the Swedish dukes Erik and Valdemar Magnusson married the Norwegian princesses Ingeborg Haakonsdaughter and Ingeborg Eriksdaughter at a ceremony in Oslo, Norway. In 1313, the two couples were reunited at a purpose‐built banquet hall, believed to have been located in the medieval Swedish town of Lödöse. The main source of information concerning these events is the Swedish medieval rhyme chronicle The Chronicle of Duke Erik. However, a closer reading of the chronicle reveals that Lödöse is never mentioned in relation to the banquet hall. The article discusses the passing down of knowledge through generations of the same professional collective, in this case the professional collective of Swedish historians during the twentieth century, and demonstrates how the validity of once‐established prescientific knowledge persists. To achieve its goal, the article applies Ludwik Fleck's terms “thought collective,” “thought style,” and “tenacity in science,” as well as Thomas Kuhn's concept of the “paradigm,” to a historiographical case study of how the proto‐idea of the banquet hall being located at Lödöse has survived to become an established scientific fact. The location of the banquet hall concerns but a minor detail in the turbulent political situation of the Swedish kingdom during the first decades of the fourteenth century. However, the continuing reiteration of this minor detail is evidence of a larger phenomenon, namely how contemporary historical research is influenced by scholars in the prescientific past.

Epistemology of Thomas S. Kuhn’s Shifting Paradigm and Its Relevance to Islamic Science

This article aims to explain the epistemology of Thomas S. Kuhn's concept of Shifting Paradigm (1922-1996), a postmodernist with its philosophical, physical, and historical expertise, and the relevance of his thinking in Islamic science. The research is a qualitative study using the epistemological point of view to analyze. Kuhn’s view on the Shifting Paradigm is analyzed based on the important points in the epistemology: the source and substance of knowledge; the instrument of knowledge; how to acquire knowledge; the theory of truth; and the validation of the truth of knowledge. The study finds that, first, the source and substance of science is the history of science. Second, the instrument of knowledge is the paradigm of science. Third, knowledge is acquired from the shifting process from the pre paradigm, normal science, anomalies, crises, to a new paradigm. Fourth, normal science is the theory of the truth. Fifth, the anomaly becomes the validation of the truth. Kuhn’s thinking of the Shifting Paradigm is relevant to Islamic science because it can be used as a method to explain the transformation of Islamic science. This paper is vital in discussing the relevance of Kuhn’s thinking to Islamic science. Despite many significant numbers of text on Kuhn's thinking, researchers have not found a text that especially discusses on the epistemology of the Kuhn’s conception of Shifting Paradigme and point out its relevance to the transformation of Islamic science.

Obvious and Improbable in Kuhnian Normal Science

The article is devoted to the analysis of some specific characteristics of the language of normal science described by Thomas Kuhn. We would like to draw attention to two problems associated with some features of the concept of paradigms. The first problem relates to the question, how scientists belonging to one paradigm record the position of a group of scientists adhering to another paradigm. Precisely, the article examines how the problem of “synchronous fragmentation of knowledge” is solved in the language of science. The second issue concerns the age of “normal” knowledge and the question, how the anomalous content of knowledge can appear and accumulate, and what is the status of scientists developing the “anomalous” knowledge. We reveal some possible parameters by which we can determine the early stage of the functioning of normal science, the periods of its heyday and decline. In this article, we try to find an approach to these problems by examining the natural language of scientists, using techniques of content analysis, as well as complex linguistic analysis, including discursive, semantic and pragmatic components. Linguistic analysis can’t finally solve the problems of philosophical analysis of scientific knowledge, in particular, the state of the paradigm concept by Thomas Kuhn. But it helps us to identify the boundaries of paradigms, as well as the state of normal knowledge. The problem of fragmentation of knowledge by paradigms, as well as the problem of “aging” of knowledge inside a “normal science” are not directly expressed by scientists. But they can be recorded by analysis of everyday language, which often becomes entangled with the language of science. The high rate of words that semantically indicate the “obvious” knowledge in scientific texts points to a “good” state of the paradigm. And vice versa, the words denoting “improbable” indirectly indicate its crisis state or express an attitude to the knowledge belonging to a different paradigm. The analysis of the data shows that the alleged complete replacement of Kuhn's concept of a paradigm by the concept of “trading zones” by Peter Galison does not appear to be accomplished. Just as the concept of scientific paradigm did not completely replace the falsificationalism, the Galison’s “trading zones” do not fully reflect the real state of affairs in science. Therefore, the Kuhnian paradigms are recorded at the lexical level in the communication of scientists.

Reinterpreting the Kuhnian Paradigm in Information Systems

The goal of this paper is to raise the level of discourse surrounding paradigms by drawing out a number of observations on how paradigms are interpreted in the IS field, and to reclaim the transformative potential of the Kuhnian paradigm concept in encouraging novel, interesting and relevant research and theorizing. After positioning the contribution of the Kuhnian paradigm and its significance in the philosophy of science, we describe the negative impacts of a research community’s preoccupation with the epistemological sense of paradigm, which ignited within the organizational sciences decades of unnecessary “paradigm wars” and a misplaced focus on methodology. We show how this epistemological rendering of paradigm, which is adopted by the IS field, differs from the opinions of well-known critics of Kuhn and how this view obscures the Kuhnian paradigm’s potential for innovative research. To provide valuable insights into these issues, we introduce Masterman’s interpretation of Kuhn’s model, which Kuhn himself endorses, and unpack the paradigm concept into its metaphysical, sociological and artefactual components. Using Masterman’s interpretation to highlight the primary meaning of Kuhn's paradigm concept as model problem-solution and exemplar, we describe how this multifaceted transformative view of paradigm benefits the IS field.

Suggesting a NOS Map for Nature of Science for Science Education Instruction

Background:The aims of this research are 1) to explore the inter-relationships within the individual elements or tenets of Nature of Science (NOS), based on the dimensions of scientific knowledge in science learning, and 2) to consider Kuhn's concept of how scientific revolution takes place.Material and methods:This study suggests that instruction according to our NOS Flowchart should include the tenets of NOS. The aspects of NOS that have been emphasized in recent science education reform documents disagree with the received views of common science. Attitudes about science can have a significant effect on scientific literacy. In education theory, the understanding of content lies in the cognitive domain, whereas attitudes lie in the affective domain.Results:There are three major dimensions of learning in science: knowledge, skills, and attitudes. Additionally, it is valuable to introduce students at the primary level to some of the ideas developed by Kuhn. Key aspects of NOS are, in fact, good applications to the history of science through Kuhn’s philosophy.Conclusions:Therefore, an NOS Flow Map could be a promising means of understanding the NOS tenets and an explicit and reflective tool for science teachers to enhance scientific teaching and learning.

Collective health paradigms: a brief reflection.

The article discusses the possibility of applying Kuhn's concept of paradigm to collective health. The concept and its use in epidemiology, planning and the social sciences are reviewed briefly. The study stresses the multi-paradigmatic character of collective health, resulting from the convergence of multiple epistemologies and the involvement of diverse fields such as the biological sciences, philosophy, the social sciences and humanities.

On economic paradigms, rhetoric and the micro-foundations of macroeconomics

<section class="abstract"> This paper considers from a methodological point of view why disputes in macroeconomics over its fundamental assumptions regularly occur. It analyses the problem first using Kuhn's concept of the paradigm and then draws on McCloskey's use of rhetorical analysis. It finds the latter of limited help due to the problem of incommensurability between paradigms. It concludes with a discussion of the debate over the need for rethinking the issue and rigour of micro-foundations in macroeconomic theory, notably in terms of the representative agent model. </section>

Collective health paradigms: a brief reflection

The article discusses the possibility of applying Kuhn's concept of paradigm to collective health. The concept and its use in epidemiology, planning and the social sciences are reviewed briefly. The study stresses the multi-paradigmatic character of collective health, resulting from the convergence of multiple epistemologies and the involvement of diverse fields such as the biological sciences, philosophy, the social sciences and humanities.

Paleoindian technological provisioning strategies in the northwestern Great Basin

Great Basin populations during the Pleistocene–Holocene Transition (PHT) are often characterized as being mobile and focused on wetlands; however, the factors that influenced where Paleoindians selected residential campsites are poorly understood. Using predictions derived from optimal foraging-based patch choice models and GIS reconstructions of the PHT landscape, some researchers have argued that occupations in smaller wetlands should have been shorter than occupations in larger wetlands but such arguments have rarely been evaluated using empirical data. The PHT lithic record provides an opportunity to evaluate the relationship between wetland size and occupation span by applying Kuhn's (1995) concept of technological provisioning. Kuhn expects more mobile populations to provision individuals and more sedentary populations to provision places and suggests that: (1) a strategy of provisioning individuals should be reflected by a high proportion of more extensively used artifacts made on non-local raw materials; and (2) a strategy of provisioning places should be reflected by a high proportion of less extensively used artifacts made on local raw materials. We apply the technological provisioning concept to lithic assemblages from two of the Parman localities, extensive PHT sites in the northwestern Great Basin, and compare local and nonlocal artifacts to determine if Paleoindians shifted from provisioning individuals while moving to/from the sites to provisioning the place while occupying them. There is no relationship between artifact transport distance and artifact use intensity. We interpret these findings as evidence that Paleoindians did not alter their provisioning strategies while occupying the Parman localities, likely because occupations were brief within a small wetland poorly-suited to support groups for long periods.

Hostility or Indifference? The Marginalization of Homeschooling in the Education Profession

Reasons for neglect of homeschooling in educational research literature are explored. The ideological hostility that occasionally surfaces in policy debates is unlikely to have a major influence on mainstream researchers. An alternative explanation based on Kuhn's concept of normal science is proposed. The dominant paradigm of educational research emphasizes quantitative analyses, standardized settings, and large randomized samples. Unlike homeschooling, public schools, with their state-mandated curricula, age-graded classrooms, and tight regulation of facilities and personnel, provide an ideal setting for this paradigm. The congruence between setting and method is reinforced by universities. The training of licensed public school teachers generates most of the revenue that supports faculty positions in colleges of education. Consequently there is little incentive to study homeschooling. The article concludes that a scientific revolution in educational research is not in prospect. Moving beyond the current neglect will require a change in approach in investigating homeschooling. Rather than focusing on holistic comparisons, aimed at demonstrating the superiority of one educational mode over another, homeschool researchers can gain mainstream attention by investigating factors that affect motivation and learning across educational contexts, thereby generating results that would be useful to both public school teachers and home educators.

Revisiting Paradigm(s) in Management Research: A Rhetorical Analysis of the Paradigm Wars

Kuhn's concept of paradigm and Burrell and Morgan's paradigms continue to exert considerable influence on contemporary thinking in business and management research. Indeed, recent contributions to the ‘paradigm wars’ have provoked scholars to remark upon the longevity of this debate. Consequently, this paper argues that it is timely to revisit the concepts of paradigm(s) and the controversy surrounding them. It begins by discussing how Kuhn's and Burrell and Morgan's paradigm(s) are underpinned by structural linguistics and how scholars have argued this is problematized by deconstruction. Next, the methodology describes the literature search, offers a brief introduction to rhetoric, and introduces the form of rhetorical analysis employed in this study. Moving on, a rhetorical analysis of key articles from the paradigm wars is presented. This develops understanding of this dispute by illustrating how it is inherently dialogic; arguments for paradigm incommensurability, paradigm integration, paradigm pluralism and paradigm dissolution are constructed to counter each other. The paper identifies three main rhetorical strategies employed by scholars in these arguments: constructing identities for individuals and groups by attributing assumptions, values and interests to them; transferring agency to concepts; and managing accountability for their claims. The paper concludes by discussing the implications of the analysis for understanding of the paradigm wars, the concept of paradigm incommensurability, and the practice of reflecting on one's own metatheoretical assumptions. Finally, potential applications of rhetorical analysis to contemporary debates in management research are identified.

Fundamentos do 'Paradigma Metodológico Causal' nas ciências sociais

O presente ensaio trata da lógica subjacente dos chamados 'métodos quantitativos' nas ciências sociais. A especificação desta lógica subjacente se enquadra na tentativa de estabelecer a existência de uma lógica unitária abrangente para as duas abordagens mais gerais da metodologia nas ciências sociais, a saber, a qualitativa e a quantitativa. Esta lógica unitária é procurada a partir da noção de 'paradigmas científicos' de T. Kuhn (1975), sendo que as questões metodológicas representam, por 'hipótese de trabalho', um caso especial de paradigma científico, diferenciando-se dos outros paradigmas na ausência de generalizações simbólicas, anomalias, e 'revoluções', e pelo papel substantivo dos modelos procedimentais, principalmente de fornecimento de evidências. Com este objetivo, o trabalho realiza uma revisão esquemática dos paradigmas Kuhnianos, e depois analisa a tradição metodológica chamada quantitativa nas ciências sociais - especialmente na sociologia - , à luz de tais paradigmas, cunhando a expressão 'paradigma metodológico causal' (PMC). Através, pois, do enquadramento paradigmático das duas abordagens (sendo que a dos métodos qualitativos ainda é deixada para o futuro desta linha de pesquisa), será possível verificar se a interface entre as duas abordagens responde a uma lógica 'metodológica' unitária subjacente; em caso afirmativo se reduziriam - ou até se eliminariam - as respostas conflitantes sobre questões de escolha e combinações entre os dois tipos de práticas, subsidiando a formalização de estratégias do tipo 'quali-quanti'. Note-se, finalmente, que a lógica subjacente ao PMC envolve a combinação da noção de causa, lato sensu, com o modelo experimental e seus desdobramentos, sem que isto pressuponha que o papel instrumental dos métodos qualitativos no próprio PMC passe pela noção de causa, ou pela experimentação, ou por comparações do tipo que for.

The evolution of scientific languages in Ajdukiewicz and Kuhn

The text presents Ajdukiewicz's radical conventionalism and Kuhn's concept of scientific revolutions, especially in view of the question about progress in science and evolution of its language. It shows the similarity and complementarity of those concepts, as well as their later liberalization, which also developed similarly in many points.

Evaluating the effects of task–individual–technology fit in multi-DSS models context: A two-phase view

We investigate the effects of individual difference with the framework of task–individual–technology fit under a multi-DSS models context using a two-phase view. Our research question is: in addition to task–technology fit, does individual–technology fit or individual–task fit matter in users' attitude and performance in the multi-tasks and multi-DSS models context? We first divide the concept of task–individual–technology fit into three dimensions – task–technology fit (TTF), individual–technology fit (IT eF), and task–individual fit (T aIF) – so that we can explore mechanisms and effects of interaction among these factors (i.e., task, individual difference, and technology). We then propose a two-phase view of task–individual–technology fit (i.e., pre-paradigm phase and paradigm phase) based on Kuhn's concept of revolutionary science. We conducted a controlled laboratory experiment with multiple DSS models and decision-making tasks to test our hypotheses. Results confirmed our arguments that in the paradigm phase, the effects of individual differences on user attitudes toward DSS models can be ignored and that in the pre-paradigm phases individual differences play an important role. In addition, we found that effects of individual difference can be a two-blade sword: IT eF can enhance but T aIF can diminish users' attitude to DSS model (i.e., technology). Our results also suggested that different dimensions of fit may affect performance directly or indirectly.

The age of globalization requires a global ethic

Disastrous conflict in Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan requires new thinking at several levels. This is only possible if it can be informed by an understanding of the history of Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Using Thomas S. Kuhn's concept this paper traces a series of paradigm changes in each religion demonstrating that: religions are not static; within each particular religious community there are people living within different paradigms leading to intra-religious conflict; each religion includes some resistance to modernity. The paper argues that a precondition for global peace is better understanding between Jews, Christians and Muslims. The paper proposes identifying ethical principles common to each religion as the basis of a global ethic.