Kuder-Richardson 20 Research Articles

Turkish Validity and Reliability Study of Psychosocial Assessment Tool Oncology Version.

Children diagnosed with cancer and their families may not be able to overcome the effects of cancer diagnosis. Because there may be risk factors for some psychosocial problems. It is important to evaluate these risk factors and plan early interventions for risks such as depression, anxiety, suicide, and cessation of treatment. Psychosocial Assessment Tool was adapted to many languages. This study aimed to conduct the Turkish language adaptation of the Psychosocial Assessment Tool oncology version in families of 2- to 18-year-old children with newly diagnosed cancer. The steps used in the cultural adaptation of the scale were content validity, construct validity, criterion-related validity, surface validity, standard deviation and item analysis, internal consistency analysis, and test-retest reliability. We used the following scales for receiver operating characteristic analysis and correlations: the Pediatric Quality of Life Scale, the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale, and Negative Problem Orientation Questionnaire. The reliability of Psychosocial Assessment Tool was strong [Kuder Richardson-20: 0.84], and the KR-20 values of the subdimensions ranged from 0.524 to 0.798. The Psychosocial Assessment Tool was moderately correlated with Pediatric Quality of Life Scale and Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale. Most families (49.4%) were classified in medium-risk category (targeted), 34.9% in low-risk category (universal), and 15.7% in high-risk category (clinical). The study confirms that the Turkish version of the Psychosocial Assessment Tool is a valid and reliable scale and could be used in pediatric oncology units for psychosocial evaluation and interventions in families of children with cancer.

Adaptation of the Keele Assessment of Participation into Turkish: Validity and Reliability Studies

Purpose: The purpose of the current study is to adapt the Keele Assessment of Participation into Turkish to assess the participation of individuals aged 50 and over and to conduct its validity and reliability studies Method: The study included 150 individuals between the ages of 50 and 78 who came to Izmir Palmiye Shopping Center between February 2018 and April 2018, who could read and write in Turkish. All the participants were administered the Turkish version of Keele Assessment of Participation, Socio-demographic Questionnaire Form, Impact on Participation and Autonomy, Reintegration to Normal Living Index and Short Form 36 Quality of Life Questionnaire. For the reliability, test-retest reliability, item-total correlation coefficient, Kuder Richradson-20 and Cronbach’s Alpha (α) analyses were conducted. For the construct validity, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted and for the concurrent validity, its correlations with Impact on Participation and Autonomy, Reintegration to Normal Living Index and Short Form 36 Quality of Life Questionnaire were examined. Results: For the reliability, the test-retest correlation coefficient was found to be r=0.631; p<0.01, Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient was found to be 0.655, Kuder Richardson-20 coefficient was found to be 0.655 and item-total score correlation coefficients were found to be ranging from 0.232 to 0.506. Exploratory factor analysis revealed that the questionnaire has a single factor. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed that the factor loadings of the questionnaire are suitable. In the concurrent validity, the highest correlation with the Turkish version of Keele Assessment of Participation was found for, Impact on Participation and Autonomy’s sub-group of Impact on Participation and Autonomy 1.5 (r=-0.467; p<0.001). Conclusion: Turkish version of Keele Assessment of Participation was found to be valid and reliable measurement tool to be used to assess the social participation of individuals aged 50 and over.

ADAPTATION INTO TURKISH OF THE COMPUTATIONAL THINKING TEST FOR PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

Computational thinking is recognized as a vital skill related to problem-solving in technological and non-technological fields. The existence of different sub-domains related to this skill has been pointed out. Therefore, there is a need for tools that measure these different sub-domains. Because of its structure that includes different skills, computational thinking has a structure different from that of the tools used to measure academic skills. Moreover, no special programming knowledge is required for tools that measure this ability. In order to measure this skill in younger age groups, it is possible to apply the measurement tool without adult support. At this point, it is aimed to reveal the computational thinking skills of Turkish children by adapting a test developed for the 7-9 age groups into Turkish. For this purpose, an adaptation research study was performed for TechCheck-2 developed by Relkin et al. (2020). In the study, a total of 372 primary school students studying in Ankara were contacted. Item and test analyses were performed on the data obtained as a result of the application of the test. The distinctiveness and difficulty values of the items making up the test and Kuder Richardson-20 scores were calculated. At the end of the analyses, it was seen that the test could be used as a valid and reliable measurement tool for Turkish children. Keywords: computational thinking, item analysis, test adaptation, primary school student

The heat wave knowledge, awareness, practice and behavior scale: Scale development, validation and reliability.

Heat waves are extreme weather and climate events that threaten public health by increasing morbidity and mortality. To reduce the health effects of heat waves, it is necessary to increase the knowledge level of the public, conduct awareness and protection activities and monitor these activity outcomes. The present study aimed to develop and validate a Turkish language scale of heat wave knowledge, awareness, practice and behavior for Turkish nationality. After item generation and creating dimensions, content validity analysis was performed. To evaluate the validity and reliability of the knowledge construct, the difficulty index, discriminant index and Kuder Richardson 20 (KR20) were used. The validity and reliability of the awareness, practice and behavior constructs were evaluated with exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, and Cronbach's alpha was used. The 15 items had a good difficulty, discrimination index and KR20 in the knowledge construct. The 14 items were yielded in EFA; 13 items were retained in CFA, and Cronbach's alpha values of 0.878, 0.768, 0.855, and 0.858 were obtained for total items, practice, awareness and behavior, respectively. Eventually, a Turkish language scale was developed that is reliable and valid for assessing heat wave knowledge, awareness, practice and behavior.

INTEGRATED STEM PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING APPROACH: A STUDY ON MALAYSIAN UNDERGRADUATES’ ACHIEVEMENT IN LEARNING GENETICS CONCEPTS

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education should focus on producing scientific and innovative society as emphasized in the Malaysia Education Blueprint for Higher Education (2015-2025). The blueprint states STEM education to be practised at higher education institutions to produce competent graduates. This study echoed the initiatives of implementing STEM at higher education institutions. Hence, STEM education module integrated with Problem Based Learning (PBL) approach was developed. PBL approach was chosen as means to deliver STEM education because PBL approach fosters teamwork and engagement in learning. The Integrated STEM-PBL module was used to measure the achievement towards genetic concepts. A pre-experimental research design with one group-posttest design was applied. A total of 50 participants who are first-year undergraduates from the faculty of biology from a public university in Malaysia were studied. Genetics Concepts Achievement Test (GCAT) was used to measure the achievement towards genetics concepts in this study. The GCAT was validated by experts with Kuder-Richardson 20 (KR-20) internal consistency reliability measure. The administration of GCAT at pretest and posttest showed that the integrated STEM-PBL module enhanced and retained the students’ achievement in genetics concepts

Analyzing the science achievement test: Perspective of classical test theory and Rasch analysis

Assessment in teaching and learning allows both instructor and students to evaluate the achievement, performance and improve upon it. The achievement test appears as one of the most commonly used assessment tools to determine students' gains in the cognitive domain. The study analysed science achievement test (SAT), a multiple-choice test for grade 10 senior secondary school students. The 50 SAT items were developed in compliance with the Malaysian science curriculum specification. The face and content validity of SAT were validated by experts in the science field. The SAT was administered with 50 students in a pilot study. The collected data was analysed using item analysis based on classical test theory (CTT) and Rasch analysis. In terms of difficulty index (p), item analysis showed that there were five difficult items, 33 moderately difficult items, and 12 easy items. Findings also reported eight items presented as poor items due to the poor discriminating power. The SAT showed a good coefficient of 0.862 for Kuder-Richardson 20 (KR-20) and 0.851 for the split half method. While the Rasch analysis showed a reliable and good separation for both item and person. Besides, the Rasch analysis displayed that there are two items should be refreshed or removed. The study revealed that the SAT was a solid, valid, and reliable tool, which is suitable to be used to measure the student’s achievement in science.

Predicting The Risk of Fall in Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Iran

Background The European Assessment System (EASY) Care Standard is a self-report fall screening tool for the community-dwelling older adults. A study demonstrated that the EASY-Care Standard 2010’s fall subscale (ECSF) is a valid tool for predicting the risk of fall in a nursing home; however, the validity of ECSF in community-dwelling older adults is still not clear. We aimed to evaluate the performance of the instrument as a screening tool to predict the risk of fall among community-dwelling older adults in Iran for a six-month follow-up period. If this tool is useful for the prediction of fall, it can be used for primary health-care services to detect subjects at a higher risk of fall. Method This is a longitudinal validation study that was carried out among 101 community residents ≥60 in Tehran, Iran. The participants were selected using a convenience cluster sampling based on Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA) score categorization. The follow-up period of this study was 6 months. The ECFS scores at the baseline of the study were compared between subjects who had fallen and those who had not fallen during the six-month follow-up period. The cutoff was determined using a Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve analysis. Internal consistency and the sufficient intra-rater reliability were determined. Results The mean age of the participants was 71.87 years. The Spearman’s correlation coefficient between ECSF and POMA scores was equal to 0.829. There was also a correlation coefficient >0.8 between ECFS scores and Timed Up and Go test (TUG) seconds. Two components were detected in the factor analysis of the ECSF. The ECSF cutoff point was four out of eight with the sensitivity and specificity of 76.6 and 87.5%, respectively. The total Kuder-Richardson 20 (KR-20) coefficient was calculated as 0.852. Conclusion It seems that the EASY-Care Standard 2010 is a valid and reliable tool to predict the risk of fall in the next 6 months in the community-dwelling older adults. A valid simple and useful tool that is a good predictor of fall might help the health providers at primary health care level to easily recognize the older adults who are at a high risk of falling. What is already known about this topic? (Including key points and/or knowledge gaps Several tools exist for the predication of fall among older people. The ESAY–Care has been translated into numerous languages. In Iran, there is not a report assessing the validity and reliability of this tool. What this paper adds: (research findings/key new information The Persian version of ESAY-Care tool has a high inter-rater reliability and specificity. The Persian version of ESAY-Care tool could predict the risk of fall for the next six months. The ESAY Care tool is used to identify the risk of fall for the older adults who live in the community. The implications of this paper ESAY-Care can be incorporated into health providers and family caregivers’ measures, especially at primary prevention levels. Falling in older adults can be predicted in every community in the future. ESAY-Care will provide an efficient method to identify older people at the risk of fall during a routine community level assessment.

Health Literacy Assessment Tool related to Antenatal Care (HLAT-ANC) for Pregnant Women: A Methodological Research from Turkey

Objective: It is important to provide adequate antenatal care (ANC) for the lowest maternal-
 fetal complications in pregnancy. The increase in the level of health literacy increases the
 quality of the ANC, and compliance with the follow-up. To develop a tool to evaluate health
 literacy (HL) levels of pregnant women in antenatal care (ANC).
 Methods: This study is methodological research conducted between 15.02.2016-01.07.2018.
 "Health Literacy Assessment Tool related to Antenatal Care (HLAT-ANC)" was developed.
 Its validity-reliability was tested by item analysis, exploratory factor analysis (EFA),
 concurrent criterion validity, intergroup dissociation, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA),
 and determination of the Kuder-Richardson-20 (KR-20) coefficient.
 Results: The discrimination coefficients of the items in HLAT-ANC varied between 0.20-
 0.57 and factor loads between 0.34-0.85. It was determined that HLAT-ANC has KR-20≥0.85
 in each subdomain. The scores of fit criteria obtained in the confirmatory factor analysis were
 within acceptable limits.
 Conclusions: HLAT-ANC was found to be a valid and reliable scale.

Effect of Computer-Aided Instruction on Chemistry Students’ Achievement in Organic Chemical Nomenclature in Enugu Education Zone of Enugu State, Nigeria

This study investigated the effect of Computer-Aided Instruction on chemistry students’ achievement in organic chemical nomenclature in Enugu Education zone of Enugu State, Nigeria. One research question and one hypothesis guided the study. The design of the study adopted was quasi experimental, pretest-post test, non equivalent control design. The sample for the study comprised of 308 chemistry students (122 male and 186 female) purposively sampled from a population of 2,734 SS1chemistry students in Enugu Education zone of Enugu state. The instrument used for data collection was Teacher Made Organic Nomenclature Achievement Test (TMONAT) with 20 items multiple choice test. The instrument was constructed by the researchers and validated by two experts, one from the department of science education and one from the department of mathematics computer education (measurement and evaluation unit, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, (ESUT). TMONAT achieved a reliability of 0.87 calculated using kuder Richardson 20 (KR-20). Treatment lasted for six weeks. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer research questions while hypothesis was tested at 0.05 significance using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). Males and Females were taught using computer-aided instruction (CAI). The findings of the study revealed that male and female chemistry students taught organic chemical nomenclature (OCN) with Computer-Aided Instruction (CAI) were almost at par in their achievement in OCN. Gender has no significance influence on students’ achievement in OCN with CAI. Based on the findings, it was recommended among others that Curriculum planners should include CAI as a model of instruction that promotes gender-equity.

Florida Obsessive-Compulsive Inventoryand Children's Florida Obsessive Compulsive Inventory: A reliability generalization meta-analysis.

The Florida Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (FOCI) and its pediatric version, the Children's Florida Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (C-FOCI), are instruments for evaluating obsessive-compulsive symptomatology. A reliability generalization meta-analysis was conducted to estimate an average reliability of the scores and to identify study characteristics that explained the heterogeneity among scores. Using Kuder-Richardson 20(KR-20) and Cronbach's α, a total of 23 and 20 independent samples were included in the meta-analysis for the FOCI and C-FOCI. We found an average KR-20 of 0.826 for the FOCI's Symptom Checklist and an α of 0.882 FOCI's Symptom Severity. An average KR-20 of 0.740 was found for the C-FOCI's Symptom Checklist, while an average α of 0.794 was found for the C-FOCI's Symptom Severity. Moderator analyses showed that the source of the coefficients (i.e., whether they were reported by the authors of the primary study or estimated by the meta-analysts) was an important variable for the FOCI Symptom Severity, and that the focus of the study (i.e., whether it was psychometric or applied) and the sample size were relevant for the C-FOCI Symptom Checklist. Considering that the FOCI and C-FOCI are scales characterized by their brevity and ease of use, and the reliabilities obtained here, both scales are well suited for screening purposes.

Poster 129: Reliability and Accuracy of Telemedicine-Based Shoulder Examinations

Objectives:Telemedicine has become a critical component in the evaluation and management of patients with shoulder pathology. However, the reliability and accuracy of findings on a virtual physical exam relative to in-person evaluation is unclear. The purpose of this study is to determine the reliability and accuracy of a recorded telemedicine physical exam for diagnosis of shoulder pathology compared to the traditional in-person physical exam performed in an outpatient shoulder clinic.Methods:This study is a randomized controlled trial. New patients presenting with unilateral shoulder pain to a singlesurgeon shoulder clinic were recruited between July and November 2020. In a single visit, patients were evaluated with standardized in-person and telemedicine physical exams, and the order was randomized. The telemedicine exam was recorded and consisted of a pre-recorded video guide displaying self-directed shoulder exam maneuvers that patients performed under remote coaching by an independent observer. The in-person physical exam was performed by the treating physician and results were used as the gold standard. The telemedicine videos were evaluated by two independent observers for inter-observer reliability. The treating physician subsequently evaluated the telemedicine videos after a minimum 2-month washout period for intra-observer reliability. Inter- and intra-observer reliability analyses were conducted using the Kuder-Richardson 20 (KR-20) formula.Results:Thirty-two patients (17 male, 15 female; average age 50.2 ±16.2 years) were enrolled and included in the analysis. Overall KR-20 reliability across all 40 physical exam maneuvers was 0.391±0.332 (76.4% ± 15.4% agreement) between the in-person and telemedicine exams. Maneuvers conducted via telemedicine that examined range of motion (ROM) limitations had the highest degree of reliability, sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood of also producing a positive finding on the in-person exam (0.700±0.114, 66.5%, 81.0%, and 6.06, respectively). Exam maneuvers conducted via telemedicine that relied on identifying apprehension associated with glenohumeral instability were found to have the lowest reliability, sensitivity, and likelihood of producing a positive finding on the in-person exam (0.176±0.440, 23.5% and 0.518, respectively). All included patients were satisfied with their telemedicine experience.Conclusions:Overall reliability of telemedicine physical examination maneuvers was poor. ROM limitations identified on the telemedicine exams were found to be the most reliable and accurate, while techniques used to evaluate instability were found to be the least reliable and accurate. While the telemedicine exam can be reliable as a screening tool in certain pathologic conditions, providers should use the in-person exam and imaging results to confirm any suspected diagnoses.Table 1:Categories of examination techniques assessed.Table 2:Summary of sensitivity, specificity, and reliability results.Table 4:Simmiary of patient satisfaction survey results.

On Eigenvalue And Eigenvector Perceptions of Undergraduate Pre-service Mathematics Teachers

Analysis of systems that can be expressed in matrices is very important in the field of application. Whether such a system works properly is determined by eigenvalues of the matrix representing the system. Eigenvalue and eigenvector concepts are taught within the scope of linear algebra course at undergraduate level. In this study, perceptions of undergraduate students who took the linear algebra course about the eigenvalue-eigenvector concepts are investigated. The research is conducted with the participation of 95 students from the Faculty of Education, Department of Mathematics Education. A scale measuring the students’ approached about eigen theory was developed. For the reliability of the scale, Kuder-Richardson 20 (KR-20) reliability analysis was done and 0,72 was obtained. To see the relationship between learning outcomes and academic achievement is used the chi-square test and descriptive analysis are made in the study. Problems arising in the perception of eigenvalue and solutions are presented.

Validity and Reliability of the Vietnamese Version of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-Questionair for Measuring Knowledge of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients

Objective: The purpose of this study was to translate, and verify the validity and reliability of the Vietnamese version of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-Questionair (COPD-Q), so as to measure the knowledge level of COPD patients in Vietnam.Material and Methods: The adaptation and psychometric characteristics test of Vietnamese-COPD-Q was performed, with 90 participants; from July 2021 to February 2022. Our study included 30 COPD patients for pre-testing and adaptation of the translated version; whereas, 60 patients were considered for test-retest reliability. The content validity of the questionnaire was measured by the opinions of five experts. For concurrent validity assessment, Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to test the association between COPD-Q and the COPD assessment test (CAT) scale; the modified British Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnea scale. The Kuder-Richardson 20 (KR20) statistical test was used to measure the internal consistency of the questionnaire, while the test-retest reliability was measured using Intra-Class Correlation.Results: The Vietnamese version of COPD-Q demonstrated good content validity, with the Items content validity index (I-CVI) score for all 13 items >0.79. Negative, significant correlations with mMRC scale (r=-0.859, p-value=0.000), and CAT scale (r=-0.861, p-value=0.000) demonstrated good, concurrent validity. Additionally, internal consistency (KR20 with pre-and post-test as 0.883 and 0.866, respectively) and test–retest reliability (r=0.996, p-value=0.000) was identified with good result.Conclusion: The knowledge measurement properties of the V-COPD-Q for COPD patients with low health literacy skills were satisfactory.

Effect of Computer-Based Programmed Instructional Strategy on Tertiary Institution Students’ Retention in Nigeria

This study was conducted to determine the effect of computer-based programmed instructional strategy (CBPIS) on tertiary institutions students’ retention in Nigeria with the intention of proffering solution to the evident need to improve tertiary students’ low retention of knowledge. Three research questions and hypotheses guided the study. The study was delimited to Year two cost accounting students in the tertiary institutions in the South East zone of Nigeria. It adopted the Quasi-experimental design of pre-test, post-test non-randomized control group. Two (2) universities were simple randomly sampled for the experiment. The sampled universities were divided into two groups again by simple random sampling, one university in each group. One of the groups comprised 45 students of both gender and was used as the treatment group. The other group made up of 31 students of both gender used as the control group. All the classes used in the experiment were intact classes. The instructional package developed for the treatment group was a teaching procedure that made use of the computer-based instructional strategy while another teaching procedure that used the conventional teaching strategy was the package for the control group. The instrument for data collection was a 50-item multiple choice Cost Accounting Achievement Test (CAAT), which was face and content validated by three experts in measurement and evaluation and cost accounting experts. The reliability was tested using Kuder Richardson 20 (K-R20) estimate of reliability with a coefficient of internal consistency of 0.89 and test re test estimate of reliability with the coefficient of stability of 0.84. Data collected were analysed using mean and standard deviation for the research questions while the three null hypotheses were tested using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) at 0.05 level of significance. Based on the data analysis, the result revealed that students taught Cost Accounting using computer-based programmed instructional strategy had significantly higher retention scores than the control group taught with conventional lecture method. The study revealed that there were no gender differences on students’ retention in Cost Accounting. Also there was no interaction effect of treatments and gender on students’ knowledge retention in Cost Accounting. The implication of the study is that Computer-based Programmed Instructional Strategy enhances students’ interaction with the learning environment which in turn helps to sustain students’ interest in learning and consequently improve students’ retention generally. It was recommended based on the findings that (i) Every Department in the tertiary institutions should be firm in ensuring that newly admitted students come along with their computer systems for effective implementation of this strategy. (ii)Lecturers and students were advised to adopt computer-base programmed instructional strategy in the teaching/learning of cost accounting and all other courses studied in the tertiary institutions. (iii) A software that can centrally monitor its usage should also be developed by software designers to guard against inappropriate application of this strategy by the students. Keywords: Computer-based Instructional Strategy, Cost Accounting, Achievement, gender and Tertiary Institutions DOI: 10.7176/JEP/13-18-09 Publication date: June 30 th 2022

Development and validation of the knowledge, attitude and practice questionnaire (LAUNDERKAP) regarding white coat use among medical students during clinical practice

Medical students' white coats were found to harbor harmful organisms. This could be due to non-compliance to white coat hygiene measures. Therefore, we aim to develop and validate a questionnaire to assess the of knowledge, attitude, and practice (LAUNDERKAP) of white coat use among medical students in Malaysia. This study was conducted in 4 local medical schools. LAUNDERKAP was developed via literature review and had 3 domains: attitude, knowledge, practice. An expert panel assessed the content validity and clarity of wording. LAUNDERKAP was then piloted among 32 medical students. To test construct validity and internal consistency, 362 medical students were approached. Construct validity was assessed using exploratory factor analysis. Internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach alpha for attitude and practice, while Kuder-Richardson 20 (KR-20) was used for knowledge. A total of 319 of 362 students responded. Exploratory factor analysis extracted 1 factor each for attitude and knowledge respectively, and 3 factors for practice. Cronbach alpha for attitude was 0.843 while KR-20 for knowledge was 0.457. Cronbach alpha for practice ranged from 0.375 to 0.689. The final LAUNDERKAP contained 32-items (13 attitude, 9 knowledge, 10 practice). LAUNDERKAP had adequate psychometric properties and can be used to assess KAP of medical students towards white coat use.

4.SINIF GEOMETRİK ŞEKİLLER KONUSU BAŞARI TESTİ GEÇERLİK VE GÜVENİRLİK ÇALIŞMASI

The validity and reliability analysis of developing a test for the fourth-grade mathematics curriculum's geometric shapes was described in this study. For this purpose, the elementary school fourth-grade mathematics curriculum (2018) was reviewed, the gains related to "Geometric Shapes" was listed, and a table of indicators was prepared. Based on this table, 21 multiple-choice and 5 open-ended items were created. After getting the experts’ opinions, the items were placed in the test according to difficulty level and test's appearance validity. A period of 40 minutes has been set for the implementation of the test. The test was administered one-on-one to 8 students from the 4th grade who already studied the subject to demonstrate test items' power to measure the intended properties and understandability. The students were asked to answer the questions by thinking aloud, and the test was revised accordingly. For the test's actual implementation, 203 students attending primary schools (4th grade) in the Altıeylül district of Balıkesir province in the 2017-2018 academic year were selected by random sampling method. The results of the test were analyzed with the R program. Item difficulty, item discrimination index, reliability, and construct validity analysis were performed with tetrachoric factor analysis. Five items with an item difficulty index less than 0.19 and two items with an item discrimination index below zero were removed from the test. Besides, six items with item discrimination between 0 and 0.19 were revised and included in the test. As a result, the 19-question final test consisting of 16 multiple-choice and 3 open-ended questions, was created. While calculating the Kuder Richardson-20 (KR-20) statistics, a manual calculation was performed using the R program. The KR-20 value was found to be 0.68. The answering time of the test was set as 30 minutes. The validity and reliability analysis results showed that the test could be used as a valid and reliable test on the 4th Grade Mathematics course's geometric shapes subject.

"Çocuklar İçin Çevre Ölçeği”nin Geliştirilmesi

This study was conducted to develop "Environmental Scale for Children”. 106 children between 48-72 months participated in the pilot study. The scale was concluded after the statistical analysis of the findings. Statistical analyzes of “Environmental Scale for Children” data were carried out using ITEMAN statistics program. Item discrimination difficulty index calculations were calculated as biserial correlation coefficient. Test retest was conducted with 98 children and the mean of the items was found as 11.85. The Pearson Correlation coefficient calculated for test-retest reliability was 0.69. This result shows that the test-retest reliability of the measuring tool is at a sufficient level. Also, total score correlation of the evaluation criteria of the test and Kuder-Richardson 20 (KR-20) reliability analysis was also conducted.

Instruments for Assessment of Mathematics Learning Outcomes of Fourth-Grade Elementary School Students

Teachers still do not pay attention to the minimum standards or basic competencies that must be achieved by students, so that in making assessment questions it is not according to students' abilities and the achievement of basic competencies from the subject matter being studied. This study aims to create an instrument for assessing mathematics learning outcomes for fourth grade elementary school students. This type of research is development research. The model used in this study is using the ADDIE model. The subjects used were 2 mathematicians/experts and 30 students as respondents. Data collection techniques are observation, interviews, document recording, tests. The results of the study were analyzed with validity and reliability showing the number of valid items as many as 18 items that were declared valid and 2 items that were not valid. After that, the reliability test was carried out using the Kuder Richardson 20 (KR-20) formula with the help of the Microsoft Office Excel application. The results of the calculation of instrument reliability obtained r11 = 0.82 has a "very high" consistency. Thus, the instrument for assessing mathematics learning outcomes for fourth grade elementary school students is valid and appropriate to be used as an instrument for assessing mathematics learning outcomes. The implication of this research is that the instrument can be used as a guide for developing other assessment instruments and can help teachers understand how to make good questions, so that learning objectives can be achieved optimally.

Validation of a Knowledge Test in Turkish Patients on Warfarin Therapy at an Ambulatory Anticoagulation Clinic

This study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of an oral anticoagulation knowledge (OAK) test in Turkish patients on warfarin therapy at an anticoagulant outpatient clinic. This study was conducted at an ambulatory anticoagulation clinic and included patients older than 18 years who had been using warfarin for at least six months. Patients' demographic and clinical data were collected. Internal consistency was calculated using the Kuder-Richardson 20 (KR-20) coefficient, and the test-retest reliability of the Turkish version of the OAK test was assessed. Patients' mean age was 59.83±11.93 (26-90) years (n=240; 133 women). The mean score of the OAK test was 14.19±3.01. The test-retest reliability of the scale (n=30) was moderate for the total score (p<0.001). The KR-20 value, a measure of internal consistency, was 0.671. Patients of a younger age and higher educational level were more likely to have higher levels of anticoagulation knowledge than patients of an older age and lower education level (p<0.05 for both comparisons). The Turkish version of the OAK test can be used to determine the patients' knowledge on oral anticoagulation.

Indonesian Self-Risk Assessment for Cervical Cancer (SiNara): Instrument Development and Validation

Background: Women’s ignorance of cervical cancer risk factors has caused low participation in the screening of the disease. Women can independently assess cervical cancer risk factors in themselves through a risk assessment instrument. However, no instruments were found that assessed cervical cancer risk based on the characteristics of Indonesian women.Purpose: This study aimed to develop and validate an Indonesian self-risk instrument for cervical cancer.Methods: The instrument was developed based on scale development following the guidelines by DeVellis (2017). A cross-sectional study was implemented to validate the instrument. A total of 20 women were involved in the pre-testing, and as many as 200 women were included in the instrument testing. Based on the scale development guidelines, data collection was initiated with a literature review to determine the instrument construct and item pool. A total of 29 articles were used in the formulation of the item pool and resulted in 38 items for validity and reliability testing. Content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) were used to test the content validity of the instrument, which was reviewed by three experts. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with principal component analysis (PCA) method and Kuder-Richardson 20 (KR-20) were used to evaluate construct validity and internal consistency reliability, respectively.Results: A total of 26 items met the content validity and 21 items met the construct validity evaluation, with five items being removed because they had a loading factor value of &lt;0.4. After the validity were evaluated, the instrument was reduced from 38 items to 21 items. The internal consistency reliability with Kuder-Richardson 20 (KR-20) was 0.807.Conclusion: The Indonesian self-risk assessment for cervical cancer (SiNara) instrument is of good validity and reliability. However, it needs to be tested in other settings using larger samples to measure its psychometric properties as well as its applicability and acceptability.