Ks Band Research Articles

NEAR-INFRARED CIRCULAR POLARIMETRY AND CORRELATION DIAGRAMS IN THE ORION BECKLIN-NEUGEBAUER/KLEINMAN-LOW REGION: CONTRIBUTION OF DICHROIC EXTINCTION

We present a deep circular polarization image of the Orion BN/KL nebula in the Ks band and correlations of circular polarization, linear polarization, and H-Ks color representing extinction. The image of circular polarization clearly reveals the quadrupolar structure around the massive star IRc2, rather than BN. H-Ks color is well correlated with circular polarization. A simple relation between dichroic extinction, color excess, circular and linear polarization is derived. The observed correlation between the Stokes parameters and the color excess agrees with the derived relation, and suggests a major contribution of dichroic extinction to the production of circular polarization in this region, indicating the wide existence of aligned grains.

MAGNETIC FIELD CONFIGURATION AT THE GALACTIC CENTER INVESTIGATED BY WIDE FIELD NEAR-INFRARED POLARIMETRY

We present a polarimetric map of a 20' × 20' area toward the Galactic center. The polarization of point sources has been measured in the J, H, and KS bands using the near-infrared polarimetric camera SIRPOL on the 1.4 m telescope IRSF. One percent or better accuracy of polarization degree is achieved for sources with J < 14.5, H < 13.5, and KS < 12.0. Comparing the Stokes parameters between high extinction stars and relatively low extinction ones, we have obtained a polarization originating from magnetically aligned dust grains at the central region of our Galaxy of at most 1–2 kpc. The distribution of the position angles shows a peak at ∼20°, nearly parallel to the Galactic plane, suggesting a toroidal magnetic configuration. The derived direction of the magnetic field is in good agreement with that obtained from far-infrared/submillimeter observations, which detect polarized thermal emission from dust in the molecular clouds at the Galactic center. Our results show that, by subtracting foreground components, near-infrared polarimetry allows investigation of the magnetic field structure at the Galactic center.

The supermassive black hole of Fornax A★

The radio galaxy Fornax A (NGC 1316) is a prominent merger remnant in the outskirts of the Fornax cluster. Its giant radio lobes suggest the presence of a powerful AGN and thus a central supermassive black hole (SMBH). We present high-resolution adaptive optics assisted integral-field data of Fornax A, taken with SINFONI at the Very Large Telescope in the K band. We use axisymmetric orbit models to determine the mass of the SMBH in the centre of Fornax A. The three-dimensional nature of our data provides the possibility to directly test the consistency of the data with axisymmetry by modelling each of the four quadrants separately. According to our dynamical models, consistent SMBH masses and dynamical Ks band mass-to-light ratios are obtained for all quadrants, with =1.3x10^8 M_\odot (rms(M_BH)=0.4x10^8 Msun) and =0.68 (rms(M/L)=0.03), confirming the assumption of axisymmetry. For the folded and averaged data we find M_BH=(1.5+0.75-0.8)x10^8 Msun and M/L=(0.65+0.075-0.05) (3-sigma errors). Thus the black-hole mass of Fornax A is consistent within the error with the Tremaine (2002) M-sigma relation, but is a factor ~4 smaller than expected from its bulge mass and the Marconi&Hunt (2003) relation.

The Night Sky at the Calar Alto Observatory II: The Sky at the Near-infrared

ABSTRACTWe present the characterization of additional properties of the night sky at the Calar Alto observatory, following the study started by Sánchez et al. in 2007. We focus here on the night-sky brightness at the near-infrared, the telescope seeing, and the fraction of useful time at the observatory. For this study we have collected a large data set comprising 7311 near-infrared images taken regularly along the last four years for the ALHAMBRA survey (J, H, and Ks bands), together with a more reduced data set of additional near-infrared images taken for the current study. In addition, we collected the information derived by the meteorological station at the observatory during the last 10 yar, together with the results from the cloud sensor for the last ∼2 yr. We analyze the dependency of the near-infrared night-sky brightness with the air mass and the seasons, studying its origins and proposing a zenithal correction. A strong correlation is found between the night-sky brightness in the Ks band and the air temperature, with a gradient of ∼-0.08 mag per 1°C. The typical (darkest) night-sky brightness in the J, H, and Ks-band are 15.95 mag (16.95 mag), 13.99 mag (14.98 mag), and 12.39 mag (13.55 mag), respectively. These values have been derived for the first time for this observatory, showing that Calar Alto is as dark in the near-infrared as most of the other astronomical sites in the world with which we could compare it. Only Mauna Kea is clearly darker in the Ks band, but not only compared to Calar Alto but to any other observatory in the world. The typical telescope seeing and its distribution were derived on the basis of the FWHM of the stars detected in the considered near-infrared images. This value, ∼1.0′′ when converted to the V band, is only slightly larger than the atmospheric seeing measured at the same time by the seeing monitor, ∼0.9′′. Therefore, the effects different from the atmosphere produce a reduced degradation on the telescope seeing, of the order of ∼10%. Finally we estimate the fraction of useful time based on the relative humidity, gust wind speed, and presence of clouds. This fraction, ∼72%, is very similar to the one derived in 2007, based on the fraction of time when the extinction monitor is working.

Discovery of a T Dwarf Binary with the Largest KnownJ‐Band Flux Reversal

We present Keck laser guide star observations of two T2.5 dwarfs—2MASS J11061197+2754225 and 2MASS J14044941–3159329—using NIRC2 on Keck II and find 2MASS J14044941–3159329 to be a 0.13'' binary. This system has a secondary that is 0.45 mag brighter than the primary in J band, but 0.49 mag fainter in H band and 1.13 mag fainter in Ks band. We use this relative photometry along with near-infrared synthetic modeling performed on the integrated light spectrum to derive component types of T 1 ± 1 for the primary and T 5 ± 1 for the secondary. Optical spectroscopy of this system obtained with Magellan/LDSS-3 is also presented. This is the fourth L/T transition binary to show a flux reversal in the 1-1.2 μm regime, and this one has the largest flux reversal. Unless the secondary is itself an unresolved binary, the J-band magnitude difference between the secondary and primary shows that the J-band "bump" is indeed a real feature and not an artifact caused by unresolved binarity.

HAWK-I imaging of the X-ray luminous galaxy cluster XMMU J2235.3-2557

We use HAWK-I, the recently-commissioned near-IR imager on Yepun (VLT-UT4), to obtain wide-field, high-resolution images of the X-ray luminous galaxy cluster XMMU J2235.3-2557 in the J and Ks bands, and we use these images to build a colour-magnitude diagram of cluster galaxies. Galaxies in the core of the cluster form a tight red sequence with a mean colour of 1.9 (Vega system). The intrinsic scatter in the colour of galaxies that lie on the red sequence is similar to that measured for galaxies on the red sequence of the Coma cluster. The slope and location of the red sequence can be modelled by passively evolving the red sequence of the Coma cluster backwards in time. Using simple stellar population (SSP) models, we find that galaxies in the core of XMMU J2235.3-2557 are, even at , already 3 Gyr old, corresponding to a formation redshift of . Outside the core, the intrinsic scatter and the fraction of galaxies actively forming stars increase substantially. Using SSP models, we find that most of these galaxies will join the red sequence within 1.5 Gyr. The contrast between galaxies in the cluster core and galaxies in the cluster outskirts indicates that the red sequence of XMMU J2235.3-2557 is being built from the dense cluster core outwards.

Towards the optimal window for the 2MASS dipole

A comparison of the 2MASS flux dipole to the CMB dipole can serve as a method to constrain a combination of the cosmological parameter m and the luminosity bias of the 2MASS survey. For this constraint to be as tight as possible, it is n ecessary to maximize the correlation between the two dipoles. This can be achieved by optimizing the survey window through which the flux dipole is measured. Here we explicitly constru ct such a window for the 2MASS survey. The optimization in essence reduces to excluding from the calculation of the flux dipole galaxies brighter than some limiting magnitude Kmin of the near-infrared Ks band. This exclusion mitigates nonlinear effects and shot noise f rom small scales, which decorrelate the 2MASS dipole from the CMB dipole. Under the assumption of negligible shot noise we find that the optimal value of Kmin is about five. Inclusion of shot noise shifts the optimal Kmin to larger values. We present an analytical formula for shot noise for the 2MASS flux dipole, to be used in follow-up work with 2MASS data. The misalignment angle between the two dipoles is a sensitive measure of their correlation: the higher the correlation, the smaller the expectati on value of the angle. A minimum of the misalignment is thus a sign of the optimal gravity window. We model analytically the distribution function for the misalignment angle and show that the misalignment estimated by Maller et al. is consistent with the assumed underlying model (though it is greater than the expectation value). We predict with about 90% confidence that the misalignment will decrease if 2MASS galaxies brighter than Kmin = 5 mag are excluded from the calculation of the flux dipole. This prediction has been indirectly confirme d by the results of Erdo˘ gdu et al. The measured misalignment constitutes thus an alternative way of finding the optimal value of Kmin: the latter corresponds to a minimum of the former.

Tracing spiral density waves in M81

We use SPITZER IRAC 3.6 and 4.5micron near infrared data from the Spitzer Infrared Nearby Galaxies Survey (SINGS), optical B, V and I and 2MASS Ks band data to produce mass surface density maps of M81. The IRAC 3.6 and 4.5micron data, whilst dominated by emission from old stellar populations, is corrected for small-scale contamination by young stars and PAH emission. The I band data are used to produce a mass surface density map by a B-V colour-correction, following the method of Bell and de Jong. We fit a bulge and exponential disc to each mass map, and subtract these components to reveal the non-axisymmetric mass surface density. From the residual mass maps we are able to extract the amplitude and phase of the density wave, using azimuthal profiles. The response of the gas is observed via dust emission in the 8micron IRAC band, allowing a comparison between the phase of the stellar density wave and gas shock. The relationship between this angular offset and radius suggests that the spiral structure is reasonably long lived and allows the position of corotation to be determined.

Resolving stellar populations outside the Local Group: MAD observations of UKS 2323-326

Aims. We present a study aimed at deriving constraints on star formation at intermediate ages from the evolved stellar populations in the dwarf irregular galaxy UKS 2323-326. These observations were also intended to demonstrate the scientific capabilities of the multi-conjugated adaptive optics demonstrator (MAD) implemented at the ESO Very Large Telescope as a test-bench of adaptive optics (AO) techniques. Methods. We perform accurate, deep photometry of the field using J and Ks band AO images of the central region of the galaxy. Results. The near-infrared (IR) colour-magnitude diagrams clearly show the sequences of asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars, red supergiants, and red giant branch (RGB) stars down to ∼1 mag below the RGB tip. Optical-near-IR diagrams, obtained by combining our data with Hubble Space Telescope observations, provide the best separation of stars in the various evolutionary stages. The counts of AGB stars brighter than the RGB tip allow us to estimate the star formation at intermediate ages. Assuming a Salpeter initial mass

Constraints on fall-back discs in radio pulsars and anomalous X-ray pulsars

Calculations have been made of fall-back disc heating by the pulsar wind as distinct from the soft X-rays emitted by the neutron-star surface. The relation between these heating rates and measured near-infrared fluxes in the K and Ks bands places severe constraints on the inner radii of any fall-back discs that may be present in radio pulsars and in some anomalous X-ray pulsars. The lower limits found are so large that the discs concerned can have no significant effect on pulsar spin-down.

Star Formation near Photodissociation Regions: Detection of a Peculiar Protostar near Cederblad 201

We present the detection and characterization of a peculiar low–mass protostar (IRAS 22129+7000) located ∼0.4pc from Cederblad 201 Photodissociation Region (PDR) and ∼0.2pc from the HH450 jet. The cold circumstellar envelope surrounding the object has been mapped through its 1.2 mm dust continuum emission with IRAM–30m/MAMBO. The deeply embedded protostar is clearly detected with Spitzer/MIPS (70 µm), IRS (20–35 µm) and IRAC (4.5, 5.8, and 8 µm) but also in the Ks band (2.15 µm). Given the large near– and mid–IR excess in its spectral energy distribution, but large submillimeter-to-bolometric luminosity ratio (≃2%), IRAS 22129+7000 must be a transition Class 0/I source and/or a multiple stellar system. Targeted observations of several molecular lines from CO, 13 CO, C 18 O, HCO + and DCO + have been obtained. The presence of a collimated molecular outflow mapped with the CSO telescope in the CO J=3–2 line suggests that the protostar/disk system is still accreting material from its natal envelope. Indeed, optically thick line profiles from high density tracers such as HCO + J=1–0 show a red–shifted–absorption asymmetry reminiscent of inward motions. We construct a preliminary physical model of the circumstellar envelope (including radial density and temperature gradients, velocity field and turbulence) that reproduces the observed line profiles and estimates the ionization fraction. The presence of both mechanical and (non-ionizing) FUV–radiative input makes the region an interesting case to study triggered star formation. Subject headings: ISM : individual (IRAS 22129+7000; Ced201; B175/L1219) — ISM : jets and outflows — stars: formation — stars: pre–main sequence

Optical/Infrared Observations of the Anomalous X‐Ray Pulsar 1E 1048.1−5937 during Its 2007 X‐Ray Flare

We report on optical and infrared observations of the anomalous X-ray pulsar (AXP) 1E 1048.1–5937 made during its ongoing X-ray flare that started in 2007 March. We detected the source in the optical I and near-infrared Ks bands in two ground-based observations and obtained deep flux upper limits from four observations, including one with the Spitzer Space Telescope at 4.5 and 8.0 μm. The detections indicate that the source was approximately 1.3-1.6 mag brighter than in 2003-2006, when it was at the tail of a previous similar X-ray flare. Similar related flux variations have been seen in two other AXPs during their X-ray outbursts, suggesting common behavior for large X-ray flux variation events in AXPs. The Spitzer flux limits are sufficiently deep that we can exclude mid-infrared emission similar to that from the AXP 4U 0142+61, which has been interpreted as arising from a dust disk around the AXP. The optical/near-infrared emission from 1E 1048.1–5937 probably has a magnetospheric origin. The similarity in the flux spectra of 1E 1048.1–5937 and 4U 0142+61 challenges the dust disk model proposed for the latter.

Lyman Break Galaxies, Lyα Emitters, and a Radio Galaxy in a Protocluster atz= 4.1

We present deep HST ACS observations in g_(475)r_(625)i_(775)z_(850) toward the z = 4.1 radio galaxy TN J1338–1942 and its overdensity of >30 spectroscopically confirmed Lyα emitters (LAEs). We select 66 g_(475) band dropouts to z_(850),(5σ) = 27, 6 of which are also LAEs. Although our color-color selection results in a relatively broad redshift range centered on z = 4.1, the field of TN J1338–1942 is richer than the average field at the > 5 σ significance, based on a comparison with GOODS. The angular distribution is filamentary with about half of the objects clustered near the radio galaxy, and a small, excess signal (2 σ) in the projected pair counts at separations of θ = 0.13) galaxies, and we derive a mean stellar mass of ~10^8-10^9 M⊙ based on a stacked Ks band image. We determine star formation rates, sizes, morphologies, and color-magnitude relations of the g_(475)-dropouts and find no evidence for a difference between galaxies near TN J1338–1942 and in the field. We conclude that environmental trends as observed in clusters at much lower redshift are either not yet present or washed out by the relatively broad selection in redshift. The large galaxy overdensity, its corresponding mass overdensity, and the subclustering at the approximate redshift of TN J1338–1942 suggest the assemblage of a >10^14 M⊙ structure, confirming that it is possible to find and study cluster progenitors in the linear regime at z ≳ 4.

A robust morphological classification of high-redshift galaxies using support vector machines on seeing limited images

Context: Morphology is the most accessible tracer of the physical structure of galaxies, but its interpretation in the framework of galaxy evolution still remains a problem. Its dependence on wavelength renders the comparison between local and high redshift populations difficult. Furthermore, the quality of the measured morphology being strongly dependent on the image resolution, the comparison between different surveys is also a problem. Aims: We present a new non-parametric method to quantify morphologies of galaxies based on a particular family of learning machines called support vector machines. The method, which can be seen as a generalization of the classical C/A classification but with an unlimited number of dimensions and non-linear boundaries between decision regions, is fully automated and thus particularly well adapted to large cosmological surveys. The source code is available for download at http://www.lesia.obspm.fr/~huertas/galsvm.html Methods: To test the method, we use a seeing limited near-infrared (Ks band, 2,16 ?m) sample observed with WIRCam at CFHT at a median redshift of z ~ 0.8. The machine is trained with a simulated sample built from a local visually classified sample from the SDSS, chosen in the high-redshift sample's rest-frame (i band, 0.77 ?m) and artificially redshifted to match the observing conditions. We use a 12-dimensional volume, including 5 morphological parameters, and other characteristics of galaxies such as luminosity and redshift. A fraction of the simulated sample is used to test the machine and assess its accuracy. Results: We show that a qualitative separation in two main morphological types (late type and early type) can be obtained with an error lower than 20% up to the completeness limit of the sample (KAB ~ 22), which is more than 2 times better that what would be obtained with a classical C/A classification on the same sample and indeed comparable to space data. The method is optimized to solve a specific problem, offering an objective and automated estimate of errors that enables a straightforward comparison with other surveys. Selecting the training sample in the high-redshift sample rest-frame makes the results free from wavelength dependent effects and hence its interpretation in terms of evolution easier. Based on observations obtained at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) which is operated by the National Research Council of Canada, the Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique of France, and the University of Hawaii.

Testing the nonlinearity of the BVIcJHKs period-luminosity relations for the Large Magellanic Cloud Cepheids

Aims. A number of recent works have suggested that the period-luminosity (PL) relation for the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) Cepheids exhibits a controversial nonlinear feature with a break period at 10 days. Therefore, the aim of this Research Note is to test the linearity/nonlinearity of the PL relations for the LMC Cepheids in BV IcJHKs band, as well as in the Wesenheit functions. Methods. We show that simply comparing the long and short period slopes, together with their associated standard deviations, lea ds to a strictly larger error rate than applying rigorous stati stical tests such as the F-test. We applied various statistical tests to the current published LMC Cepheid data. These statistical tests include the F-test, the testimator test, and the Schwarz information cri terion (SIC) method. Results. The results from these statistical tests strongly suggest t hat the LMC PL relation is nonlinear in BV IcJH band but linear in the Ks band and in the Wesenheit functions. Using the properties of period-color relations at maximum light and multi-phase relations, we believe that the nonlinear PL relation is not caused by extinction errors.

A near‐infrared/optical/X‐ray survey in the centre of σ Orionis

AbstractBecause of the intense brightness of the OB‐type multiple star system σ Ori, the low‐mass stellar and substellar populations close to the centre of the very young σ Orionis cluster is poorly know. I present an IJHKs survey in the cluster centre, able to detect from the massive early‐type stars down to cluster members below the deuterium burning mass limit. The near‐infrared and optical data have been complemented with X‐ray imaging. Ten objects have been found for the first time to display high‐energy emission. Previously known stars with clear spectroscopic youth indicators and/or X‐ray emission define a clear sequence in the I vs. I – Ks diagram. I have found six new candidate cluster members that follow this sequence. One of them, in the magnitude interval of the brown dwarfs in the cluster, displays X‐ray emission and a very red J – Ks colour, indicative of a disc. Other three low‐mass stars have excesses in the Ks band as well. The frequency of X‐ray emitters in the area is 80±20 %. The spatial density of stars is very high, of up to 1.6±0.1 arcmin–2. There is no indication of lower abundance of substellar objects in the cluster centre. Finally, I also report two cluster stars with X‐ray emission located at only 8000–11000 AU to σ Ori AB, two sources with peculiar colours and an object with X‐ray emission and near‐infrared magnitudes similar to those of previously‐known substellar objects in the cluster. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Finding new sub-stellar co-moving companion candidates - the case of CT Cha

AbstractWe have searched for close and faint companions around T Tauri stars in the Chamaeleon star forming region. Two epochs of direct imaging data were taken with the VLT Adaptive Optics instrument NaCo in February 2006 and March 2007 in Ks band for the classical T Tauri star CT Cha together with a Hipparcos binary for astrometric calibration. Moreover a J band image was taken in March 2007 to get color information. We found CT Cha to have a very faint companion (Ks0=14.6 mag) of ∼2.67” separation corresponding to ∼440AU. We show that CT Cha A and the faint object form a common proper motion pair and that the companion is not a non-moving background object (with 4σ significance).

VLT observations of the central compact object in the Vela Jr. supernova remnant

X-ray observations have unveiled the existence of enigmatic point-like sources at the center of young (a few kyrs) supernova remnants. These sources, known as Central Compact Objects (CCOs), are thought to be neutron stars produced by the supernova explosion, although their X-ray phenomenology makes them markedly different from all the other young neutron stars discovered so far.The aim of this work is to search for the optical/IR counterpart of the Vela Junior CCO and to understand the nature of the associated Halpha nebula discovered by Pellizzoni et al. (2002).}{We have used deep optical (R band) and IR (J,H,Ks bands) observations recently performed by our group with the ESO VLT to obtain the first deep, high resolution images of the field with the goal of resolving the nebula structure and pinpointing a point-like source possibly associated with the neutron star.Our R-band image shows that both the nebula's flux and its structure are very similar to the Halpha ones, suggesting that the nebula spectrum is dominated by pure Halpha line emission. However, the nebula is not detected in our IR observations, whick makes it impossible to to constrain its spectrum. A faint point-like object (J>22.6, H~21.6, Ks ~ 21.4) compatible with the neutron star's Chandra X-ray position is detected in our IR images (H and Ks) but not in the optical one (R > 25.6), where it is buried by the nebula background. The nebula is most likely a bow-shock produced by the neutron star motion through the ISM or, alternatively, a photo-ionization nebula powered by UV radiation from a hot neutron star.

An Astrometric Companion to the Nearby Metal‐Poor, Low‐Mass Star LHS 1589

We report the discovery of a companion to the high proper motion star LHS 1589, a nearby high-velocity, low-mass subdwarf. The companion (LHS 1589B) is located 0.224'' ± 0.004'' to the southwest of the primary (LHS 1589A), and is 0.5 mag fainter than the primary in the Ks band. The pair was resolved with the IRCAL infrared camera at Lick Observatory, operating with the Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics system. A low-resolution spectrum of the unresolved pair obtained at the MDM observatory shows the source to be consistent with a cool subdwarf of spectral subtype sdK7.5. A photometric distance estimate places the metal-poor system at a distance d = 81 ± 18 pc from the Sun. We also measure a radial velocity Vrad = 67 ± 8 km s-1, which, together with the proper motion and estimated distance, suggests that the pair is roaming the inner Galactic halo on a highly eccentric orbit. With a projected orbital separation s = 18.1 ± 4.8 AU, and a crude estimate of the system's total mass, we estimate the orbital period of the system to be in the range 75 yr < P < 500 yr. This suggests that the dynamical mass of the system could be derived astrometrically, after monitoring the orbital motion over a decade or so. The LHS 1589AB system could thus provide a much needed constraint to the mass-luminosity relationship of metal-poor, low-mass stars.

Optical and infrared properties of V1647 Orionis during the 2003–2006 outburst

Aims. The recent outburst of the young eruptive star V1647 Orionis has produced a spectacular appearance of a new reflection nebula in Orion (McNeil’s nebula). We present an optical/near infrared investigation of McNeil’s nebula. This analysis is aimed at determining the morphology, temporal evolution and nature of the nebula and its connection to the outburst. Methods. We performed multi epoch B, V, RC, IC, zgunn ,a ndKS imaging of McNeil’s nebula and V1647 Ori as well as KS imaging polarimetry. The multiband imaging allows us to reconstruct the extinction map inside the nebula. Through polarimetric observations we attempt to disentangle the emission from the nebula from that of the accretion disk around V1647 Ori. We also attempt to resolve the small spatial scale structure of the illuminating source. Results. The energy distribution and temporal evolution of McNeil’s nebula mimic that of the illuminating source. The extinction map reveals a region of higher extinction in the direction of V1647 Ori. Excluding foreground extinction, the optical extinction due to McNeil’s nebula in the direction of V1647 Ori is AV ∼ 6.5 mag. The polarimetric measurement shows a compact high polarization emission around V1647 Ori. The percentage of KS band linear polarization goes from 10–20%. The vectors are all well aligned with a position angle of 90 ◦ ± 9 ◦ East of North. This may correspond to the orientation of a possible accretion disk around V1647 Ori. These findings suggest that the appearance of McNeil’s nebula is due to reflection of light by pre-existing material in the surroundings of V1647 Ori. We also report on the discovery of a new candidate brown dwarf or protostar in the vicinity of V1647 Ori as well as the presence of clumpy structure within HH 22A.