Kruskal Tau Research Articles

Explicit and indirect, latency-based measure of aggression in striking combat sports.

Aggression in sports is often perceived as a necessary trait for success, especially in martial arts. Aggression can be assessed both explicitly and implicitly, taking into account the dual processing model. The purpose of the research was to examine explicit and indirect, latency-based measure of aggression in competitive athletes practicing striking combat sports, according to gender and sports performance. At the same time, we verified whether aggression (implicit/unconscious and explicit) predicts sports performance in martial artists. A total of 85 athletes practicing striking combat sports took part in the research. For implicit, latency-based measure of aggression, an Implicit Associations Test (IAT) was used, while explicit aggression was assessed with the Romanian adaptation of the Makarowski's Aggression Questionnaire for martial arts athletes. Data analysis revealed (using multivariate analysis of variance) that athletes from striking combat sports having international sports performances registered significantly higher D-scores (IAT, p = 0.014) and lower values for Go-ahead factor (p = 0.006), compared to athletes without outstanding results. Goodman and Kruskal tau association test was used to check the existing associations between athletes' gender and martial arts athletes' level of explicit and implicit aggression. In addition, binomial logistic regression procedures were performed, predicting martial artists' likelihood to obtain higher sports results, based on explicit and indirect aggression. A stronger association between Aggression and Others (at implicit/unconscious level) and a moderate level (generally) for Go-ahead factor of explicit aggression are associated with an increased likelihood of sports performances in athletes. In addition, male martial arts athletes are more persistent despite obstacles, remaining more on the offensive (no gender-related association were found in terms of indirect/unconscious aggression, and for Foul Play and Assertiveness factors of explicit aggression). The study underlines the importance of addressing athletes' subconscious level to promote more constructive behaviors in competitions.

Interest of Public Health Science Students of State University of Malang to Work in Remote Areas, Borders, and Islands

The health workforce distribution in Indonesia still needs to be balanced, especially in border areas and islands (DTPK), with no exception for public healthcare workers. This study aimed to determine the interest of public health science students in working in remote areas and the factors associated with the interest of public health science students to work in remote areas. This study design was cross-sectional, and a total sampling method was used. The subjects were final-year students majoring in Public Health Science at the State University of Malang. The dependent variable was the interest of public health science students to work in remote areas. Independent variables included personal input, background environment, and student self-efficacy. Data were analyzed univariate and bivariate using Goodman and Kruskal Tau tests. The result showed that from 79 respondents, 44.3 percent of students were interested in working in remote areas, and 5.1 percent had high self-efficacy to work in remote areas. The factor related to student interest in working in remote areas is the self-efficacy variable (p is 0.000). Most students are not interested in working in rural areas, and self-efficacy is associated with student interest in working in rural areas.

Sanders stage 7b: Using the appearance of the ulnar physis improves decision-making for brace weaning in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether including the stages of ulnar physeal closure in Sanders stage 7 aids in a more accurate assessment for brace weaning in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). This was a retrospective analysis of patients who were weaned from their brace and reviewed between June 2016 and December 2018. Patients who weaned from their brace at Risser stage ≥ 4, had static standing height and arm span for at least six months, and were ≥ two years post-menarche were included. Skeletal maturity at weaning was assessed using Sanders staging with stage 7 subclassified into 7a, in which all phalangeal physes are fused and only the distal radial physis is open, with narrowing of the medial physeal plate of the distal ulna, and 7b, in which fusion of > 50% of the medial growth plate of distal ulna exists, as well as the distal radius and ulna (DRU) classification, an established skeletal maturity index which assesses skeletal maturation using finer stages of the distal radial and ulnar physes, from open to complete fusion. The grade of maturity at the time of weaning and any progression of the curve were analyzed using Fisher's exact test, with Cramer's V, and Goodman and Kruskal's tau. We studied a total of 179 patients with AIS, of whom 149 (83.2%) were female. Their mean age was 14.8 years (SD 1.1) and the mean Cobb angle was 34.6° (SD 7.7°) at the time of weaning. The mean follow-up was 3.4 years (SD 1.8). At six months after weaning, the rates of progression of the curve for patients weaning at Sanders stage 7a and 7b were 11.4% and 0%, respectively for those with curves of < 40°. Similarly, the rates of progression of the curve for those being weaned at ulnar grade 7 and 8 using the DRU classification were 13.5% and 0%, respectively. The use of Sanders stages 6, 7a, 7b, and 8 for the assessment of maturity at the time of weaning were strongly and significantly associated (Cramer's V 0.326; p = 0.016) with whether the curve progressed at six months after weaning. Weaning at Sanders stage 7 with subclassification allowed 10.6% reduction of error in predicting the progression of the curve. The use of Sanders stages 7a and 7b allows the accurate assessment of skeletal maturity for guiding brace weaning in patients with AIS. Weaning at Sanders stage 7b, or at ulnar grade 8 with the DRU classification, is more appropriate as the curve did not progress in any patient with a curve of < 40° immediately post-weaning. Thus, reaching full fusion in both distal radial and ulnar physes (as at Sanders stage 8) is not necessary and this allows weaning from a brace to be initiated about nine months earlier. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(1):141-147.

Sonographic features of invasive ductal breast carcinomas predictive of malignancy grade.

Context:Assessment of individual sonographic features provides vital clues about the biological behavior of breast masses and can assist in determining histological grade of malignancy and thereby prognosis.Aims:Assessment of individual sonographic features of biopsy proven invasive ductal breast carcinomas as predictors of malignancy grade.Settings and Design:A retrospective analysis of sonographic findings of 103 biopsy proven invasive ductal breast carcinomas.Materials and Methods:Tumor characteristics on gray-scale ultrasound and color flow were assessed using American College of Radiology (ACR) Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) Atlas Fifth Edition. The sonographic findings of masses were individually correlated with their histopathologic grades.Statistical Analysis Used:Chi square test, ordinal regression, and Goodman and Kruskal tau test.Results:Breast mass showing reversal/lack of diastolic flow has a high probability of belonging to histological high grade tumor (β 1.566, P 0.0001). The masses with abrupt interface boundary are more likely grade 3 (β 1.524, P 0.001) in comparison to masses with echogenic halos. The suspicious calcifications present in and outside the mass is a finding associated with histologically high grade tumors. The invasive ductal carcinomas (IDCs) with complex solid and cystic echotexture are more likely to be of high histological grade (β 1.146, P 0.04) as compared to masses with hypoechoic echotexture.Conclusions:Certain ultrasound features are associated with tumor grade on histopathology. If the radiologist is cognizant of these sonographic features, ultrasound can be a potent modality for predicting histopathological grade of IDCs of the breast, especially in settings where advanced tests such as receptor and molecular analyses are limited.

Detection of selected arboviral infections in patients with history of persistent fever in Pakistan

Surveillance is a valuable tool for understanding prevailing and previously undiagnosed infections in a geographic area. We examined 480 archived serum samples from patients with history of persistent fever (>40°C, 60–72h) who were referred to hospitals in Rawalpindi/Islamabad, Lahore, and Faisalabad districts for dengue antibody detection in 2014-15. Each sample was processed for detection of antigens and seroconversion, using real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, respectively, against dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) virus serotypes 1–4, West Nile virus fever (WNVF), Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF), and Chikungunya virus (CGV). The presence of antigens and antibodies to at least one of the studied viral haemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) was detected in 465 (96.8%, 95% CI: 94.9–98.1) and 442 samples (92.1%, 95% CI: 89.3–94.2), respectively. No sera were found positive to CCHF. There was a significant association between gender and positivity to at least one of the VHFs (χ2=8.12, df=1, p<0.005). Except for DHF serotype 2 and 3 (ττ=0.41), Goodman and Kruskal's Tau statistic revealed no significant association for occurrence of different viruses within the studied population (ττ=0–0.06). Cosinor analysis confirmed significant seasonality, with a higher number of cases of persistent fever in August through November, peaking in October. The study suggests circulation of multiple arthropod-borne viral infections and, in addition to DHF, ascertain the needs for screening patients for CGV and WNVF too. It also demonstrates the necessity of well-integrated disease surveillance in several geographic regions and at-risk populations in Pakistan to develop appropriate disease and vector control strategies.

Advertisements of Soft Drinks Brands- Impact on Telangana Soft Drink Consumers Preferences

Advertisements are unavoidable and unseen. Everyone has to come across advertisements in daily life. Soft drinks advertisements are more possessive about their customers and pumping into their possible medium with innovative and creative concepts to reach their customers, since soft drinks emerged as crucial part of meal take in the modern era and is consistent in escalating the growth of industry. The recent growth of soft drinks in Indian market has been enormously projected in all the relevant reports. Though the Indian consumption rate is less than the worlds consumption, it has greater impact on youth drinks. Youths have been pondering their favouritism towards the beverages during all their parties and functions. Telangana youths are aggressive in nature and they are in mood of enjoying their achievement of getting their new state formed from the United Andhra Pradesh. This article is aimed at knowing the impact of advertisements on soft drinks consumers in Telangana State. An attempt has been made to verify the relationship between advertising elements of soft drink brands and demographic characteristics of the customers, the preference of soft drink consumers with respect to brand ambassadors, and also to examine which emotional ad is mostly preferred. Data is collected from 573 Telangana consumers. The techniques like Chi-Square, Lambda, Goodman and Kruskal tau, and Cramers V are used to test association and intensity of the relationship among the variables.

Tracheal Configuration as a Radiographic Predictor of Difficult Tracheal Intubation in Goiters

Background: Goiters producing tracheal deviation or tracheal narrowing (TN) or both may cause difficult tracheal intubation (DTI). This study is to determine whether pre-operative assessment of trachea on neck radiograph can serve to predict DTI in goiters Methods: Pre- thyroidectomy radiographs of 160 patients were retrospectively studied for tracheal narrowing and deviation. Patients’ clinical and surgical data including Anaesthesiologists’ documented intubation experiences were also evaluated. Tracheal narrowing and relative sizes of the goiter were assessed on frontal and lateral neck radiographs. . Goodman Kruskal Tau cross tabulation analysis with SPSS 11.0 for windows was used to correlate TN to Anaesthetists operative reports of ease or difficulty of intubation. Results: Coronal and sagittal tracheal diameters ranged between 3mm to 27mm. It was less than 7mm in one or both planes in 21 (13.2%) of patients and all had DTI, P = 0.019. The length of TN did not show significant statistical correlation to DTI, P = 0.791. The only two patients having coronal or sagittal tracheal diameter less than 5mm, had failed intubation and surgery was done using bilateral superficial cervical plexus block. Conclusions: Goiters producing luminal TN of less than 7mm have potential for DTI and failed intubation when less than 5mm. Key words: Goiter, Difficult intubation, plain radiograph, thyroidectomy, Trachea

1842676957299765Latent class cluster analysis to understand heterogeneity in prostate cancer treatment utilities

BackgroundMen with prostate cancer are often challenged to choose between conservative management and a range of available treatment options each carrying varying risks and benefits. The trade-offs are between an improved life-expectancy with treatment accompanied by important risks such as urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction. Previous studies of preference elicitation for prostate cancer treatment have found considerable heterogeneity in individuals' preferences for health states given similar treatments and clinical risks.MethodsUsing latent class mixture model (LCA), we first sought to understand if there are unique patterns of heterogeneity or subgroups of individuals based on their prostate cancer treatment utilities (calculated time trade-off utilities for various health states) and if such unique subgroups exist, what demographic and urological variables may predict membership in these subgroups.ResultsThe sample (N = 244) included men with prostate cancer (n = 188) and men at-risk for disease (n = 56). The sample was predominantly white (77%), with mean age of 60 years (SD ± 9.5). Most (85.9%) were married or living with a significant other. Using LCA, a three class solution yielded the best model evidenced by the smallest Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), substantial reduction in BIC from a 2-class solution, and Lo-Mendell-Rubin significance of < .001. The three identified clusters were named high-traders (n = 31), low-traders (n = 116), and no-traders (n = 97). High-traders were more likely to trade survival time associated with treatment to avoid potential risks of treatment. Low-traders were less likely to trade survival time and accepted risks of treatment. The no-traders were likely to make no trade-offs in any direction favouring the status quo. There was significant difference among the clusters in the importance of sexual activity (Pearson's χ2 = 16.55, P = 0.002; Goodman and Kruskal tau = 0.039, P < 0.001). In multinomial logistic regression, the level of importance assigned to sexual activity remained an independent predictor of class membership. Age and prostate cancer/at-risk status were not significant factors in the multinomial model.ConclusionMost existing utility work is undertaken focusing on how people choose on average. Distinct clusters of prostate cancer treatment utilities in our sample point to the need for further understanding of subgroups and need for tailored assessment and interventions.

Retrospective study of the prevalence of human T‐cell lymphotropic virus‐type 1/2, HIV, and HBV in pregnant women in Argentina

This study shows first data on HTLV-1/2 seroprevalence among pregnant women in the non-endemic region of Argentina. In a retrospective study a representative sample (n = 3,143) of the pregnant women registered in the health public service in the province of Córdoba was evaluated. HTLV-1/2 seroprevalence was 0.191% +/- 0.0857 [IC 0.022-0.359]. This prevalence was 10 times higher in pregnant women than in blood donors [0.019 (4/21.183)]. The pregnant women would reflect the epidemiology of the general population more accurately since it constitutes a more heterogeneous group than that of blood donors. The prevalence of infection with HIV was 2.8 times higher than that of HTLV-1/2 (P < 0.05) and the presence of any of these two viruses was not a subrogating indicator of the presence of the other (Goodman and Kruskal's Tau coefficient = 0.0092). The prevalence of HBV was not significantly different from that of HTLV-1/2 (P > 0.05). We consider that it is necessary to carry out continuous studies in order to define the main risk factors for infection of these women. Thus, a decision could be made to apply the best policy in public health to prevent vertical transmission of the virus in Argentina.

Paraplegia: a postal survey of morbidity trends in India

Postal survey from August 2004 to May 2006. To ascertain the morbidity trends in individuals with paraplegia in India and to find its association with demographic characteristics. India. The questionnaire was mailed to the identified individuals (n=600) whose addresses were obtained from the medical records section of our hospital and by contacting non-government organizations (NGOs), working for individuals with paraplegia in various cities. The causes of morbidities surveyed were respiratory complications, use of catheter, pressure sores, spasticity, postural hypotension, pain and fractures. Data were analysed using nonparametric test of association (Goodman Kruskal Tau). A total of 276 (46%) individuals responded. Of all the morbidities studied, pain was the leading cause (57.2%) followed by spasticity (39.1%), pressure sore (28.3%), postural hypotension (10.1%), respiratory complications, and fractures (5.8%). We found significant associations between various morbidities and demographics and between morbidities themselves. The most common cause for morbidity was pain. Ambulation reduced the incidence of secondary complications.

Partitioning a non-symmetric measure of association for three-way contingency tables

The Goodman–Kruskal tau index is a popular measure of asymmetry for two-way contingency tables where there is a one-way relationship between the variables. Numerous extensions of this index for multi-way tables have been considered in the statistical literature. These include the Gray–Williams measures, Simonetti's delta index and the Marcotorchino index. This paper looks at the partition of the Marcotorchino index for a three-way contingency table with one, two and three ordered categorical variables. Such a partition makes use of orthogonal polynomials and identifies two-way measures of asymmetry (akin to the Goodman–Kruskal tau index) and three-way measures generalisation. These partitions provide information about the structure of the asymmetric relationship between the categories in terms of location, dispersion and higher order moments.

A Measure of Effect Size for R × C Contingency Tables

Goodman and Kruskal's tau measure of categorical association is advanced as a replacement for conventional measures of effect size for r x c contingency tables. Goodman and Kruskal's tau is an asymmetric measure of categorical association which is based entirely on the observed data and possesses a clear interpretation in terms of proportional reduction in error. Comparisons with conventional measures of effect size based on chi-squared such as Pearson's phi2, Tschuprow's T2, and Cramer's V2 demonstrate the advantages of employing tau as a measure of effect size.

Catanova for Two-Way Contingency Tables with Ordinal Variables Using Orthogonal Polynomials

ABSTRACT The analysis of variance of cross-classified (categorical) data (CATANOVA) is a technique designed to identify the variation between treatments of interest to the researcher. There are well-established links between CATANOVA and the Goodman and Kruskal tau statistic as well as the Light and Margolin R 2 for the purposes of the graphical identification of this variation. The aim of this article is to present a partition of the numerator of the tau statistic, or equivalently, the BSS measure in the CATANOVA framework, into location, dispersion, and higher order components. Even if a CATANOVA identifies an overall lack of variation, by considering this partition and calculations derived from them, it is possible to identify hidden, but statistically significant, sources of variation.

Un análisis factorial de la asociación disimétrica entre dos variables cualitativas

Los "coeficientes de asociación relacionales" disimétricos son presentados. Las medidas de estos coeficientes se expresan en términos de inercisas en el espacio de individuos provisto de un "producto escalar relacional". Esta visión geométrica y mecánica de las asociaciones permite sintetizar y extender los métodos clásicos del análisis de datos, basados en la búsqueda de momentos principales de la nube de individuos, y variables cualitativas, así como la determinación de los momentos principales y las representaciones gráficas, proponemos un análisis factorial aplicable a una familia de coeficientes de asociación disimétricos, incluyendo al tau de Goodman- Kruskal y sus extensiones: tau ponderado o equiponderado. Este análisis afina los resultados del análisis propuesto por D’Ambra y Lauro, y ofrece un campo de aplicación muy vasto. Además, es interesante notar que se encuentra el Análisis Factorial de Correspondencias de J.P. Benzécri, si se aplica este análisis al cuadrado medio de contingencia de Pearson. Se presenta un ejemplo sobre datos simulados

Probability and Statistics: Essays in Honor of Franklin A. Graybill.

Admissibility in Linear Models with Polyhedral Covariance Structure (A.-M. Azzam, D. Birkes, J. Seely). Simulated Power Comparisons of the Asymptotic and Nonasymptotic Goodman and Kruskal Tau Tests for Sparse R and C Tables (K.J. Berry, P.W. Mielke, Jr.). Schemes Exhibiting Hurst Behavior (D.C. Boes). The Extension of Grubb's Estimators for Classes of Incomplete Block Designs (R.A. Bradley, D.A. Rollier). Applications of Innovation Representations in Time Series Analysis (P.J. Brockwell, R.A. Davis). Karl Pearson at Gresham College (J.L. Folks). On an Intermittent Stochastic Process (J. Gani, P. Todorovic). On the Unification of Bias Reduction and Numerical Approximation (H.L. Gray). Invariant Inference for Variance Components (D.A. Harville). An Argument for Adaptive Robust Estimation (R.V. Hogg et al.). Distribution Free Procedures for Some Ratio Problems (H.K. Iyer, L. Kaiser). Prediction Intervals in Balanced One-Factor Random Model (S. Jeyaratnam, S. Panchapakesan). Goodness-of-Fit and g-Sample Omnibus Tests Based on Coverages (P.W. Mielke, Jr.). Statistical Sampling in Auditing: A Review (J. Neter, J. Godfrey). Sums of Independent Random Variables with the Extreme Terms Excluded (W.E. Pruitt). Uniform Rates of Convergence to Extreme Value Distributions (S.I. Resnick). Best Linear Unbiased Estimation in Mixed Models of the Analysis of Variance (S.R. Searle). High Resolution Frequency Analysis of Almost Periodic Processes (M.M. Siddiqui, C.C. Wang). On a General Theory of Sampling Using Experimental Design Concepts II: Relation with Arrays (J.N. Srivastava). beta-Expectation Tolerance Limits for Balanced One-Way Random-Effects Model (C.M. Wang). Linear Calibration when the Coefficient of Variation is Constant (Y.-C. Yao, D.F. Vecchia, H.K. Iyer). Generalizations for Second-Order and Multivariate Normal Linear Models (J.S. Williams, M.K. Zaatar).

Goodman and Kruskal's Tau b: Multiple and Partial Analogs

Using the logic developed by Goodman and Kruskal, multiple and partial analogs for their measure Tau are suggested. These measures may be of particular utility to survey researchers in situations where the Goodman and Kruskal lambda measures are either inappropriate or inapplicable. This measure has been shown to have a clear proportional reduction in error interpretation. These analogs should be useful and necessary for detailed causal and/or multiple analysis with nominal-level data.

A Similarity between Goodman and Kruskal's Tau and Kendall's Tau, with a Partial Interpretation of the Latter

Abstract This paper deals with the population interpretations of measures of association for cross classifications. A new pair of (asymmetric) coefficients is introduced and interpreted. They are shown to be related both to Kendall's τb and to Goodman and Kruskal's τ, and their relation to Kendall's τc is discussed. Second, Goodman and Kruskal's τ is interpreted as an analogue of the correlation ratio, suitable for unordered categorical data. This interpretation rests on a certain function, designated the “ordinal analogue of the variance,” of a univariate (ordered) frequency distribution, which enters into both Kendall's τb and Goodman and Kruskal's τ.

A Similarity Between Goodman and Kruskal's Tau and Kendall's Tau, with a Partial Interpretation of the Latter

Abstract This paper deals with the population interpretations of measures of association for cross classifications. A new pair of (asymmetric) coefficients is introduced and interpreted. They are shown to be related both to Kendall's τb and to Goodman and Kruskal's τ, and their relation to Kendall's τc is discussed. Second, Goodman and Kruskal's τ is interpreted as an analogue of the correlation ratio, suitable for unordered categorical data. This interpretation rests on a certain function, designated the “ordinal analogue of the variance,” of a univariate (ordered) frequency distribution, which enters into both Kendall's τb and Goodman and Kruskal's τ.