Kruskal-Wallis Statistical Test Research Articles

Detection of Residual Antibiotics and Their Differential Distribution in Broiler Chicken Tissues Using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay.

The aim of this study was to estimate the residue levels of five commonly used antibiotics in poultry tissue samples using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A total of 200 samples that comprised breast and liver (100 each) were collected from five poultry farms randomly selected from Muscat regions. The samples were analyzed for enrofloxacin (ENR), gentamicin (GEN), oxytetracycline (OTC), sulfamethazine (SMZ), and tylosin (TYL) residue concentrations. Comparisons of antibiotic residues between breast and liver of chickens under investigations showed a significant difference of ENR, GEN, OTC, SMZ, and TYL residue concentrations (p < 0.05). The highest antibiotic residue concentrations reported in the chicken liver were TYL, GEN, OTC, SMZ, and ENR, respectively. The lowest residual antibiotic concentrations observed in the chicken breast were TYL, GEN, OTC, SMZ, and ENR, respectively. Furthermore, the Kruskal–Wallis statistical test revealed a significant difference between the five antibiotic concentrations in both breast (H (4) = 54.69, p < 0.05) and liver (H (4) = 44.36, p < 0.05). A follow up of this finding by Bonferroni correction for both breast and liver samples revealed a significant difference for the breast sample between the concentration of ENR residue, and the concentration of residues for of both OTC and TYL (p < 0.05). These data show that not all tissues incorporate antibiotics at the same concentration. The results of this study could support regulatory bodies in adopting, monitoring, and enforcing guidelines pertinent to safety levels of different antibiotic residue concentrations in poultry meat when antibiotics are used for different indications.

An anesthesia depth computing method study based on wavelet transform and artificial neural network

General anesthesia is an essential part of surgery to ensure the safety of patients. Electroencephalogram (EEG) has been widely used in anesthesia depth monitoring for abundant information and the ability of reflecting the brain activity. The paper proposes a method which combines wavelet transform and artificial neural network (ANN) to assess the depth of anesthesia. Discrete wavelet transform was used to decompose the EEG signal, and the approximation coefficients and detail coefficients were used to calculate the 9 characteristic parameters. Kruskal-Wallis statistical test was made to these characteristic parameters, and the test showed that the parameters were statistically significant for the differences of the four levels of anesthesia: awake, light anesthesia, moderate anesthesia and deep anesthesia ( P < 0.001). The 9 characteristic parameters were used as the input of ANN, the bispectral index (BIS) was used as the reference output, and the method was evaluated by the data of 8 patients during general anesthesia. The accuracy of the method in the classification of the four anesthesia levels of the test set in the 7:3 set-out method was 85.98%, and the correlation coefficient with the BIS was 0.977 0. The results show that this method can better distinguish four different anesthesia levels and has broad application prospects for monitoring the depth of anesthesia.

Meat-free diets and their relationship with the meaning of food and eco-friendly purchase and consumption behaviours

PurposeThe paper aims to determine whether people with different eating patterns, specifically meat-free diets, engage in other types of eco-friendly behaviours and whether the meanings attributed to food allow for a better understanding of this relationship.Design/methodology/approachData were collected between 2019 and 2020, on the island of Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. Different instruments were used: The meaning of food in life questionnaire (MFLQ; Arbit et al., 2017); the dietarian identity questionnaire (DIQ; Rosenfeld and Burrow, 2018) and the frugal behaviour scale (Muiños et al., 2015) and two items were used to identify the frequency with which participants purchased ecological or second-hand products. The final sample consisted of 202 participants who ate a vegan, vegetarian or omnivorous diet. Spearman's Correlations were performed and the Kruskal–Wallis statistical test was used.FindingsPeople with a vegan or vegetarian diet purchased ecological (p ≤ 0.001) and second-hand products (p = 0.006) more frequently compared to omnivores. Furthermore, the meanings attributed to food, specifically the moral, sacred and health meanings, were related to differences in eating patterns (p ≤ 0.001), while also being related to some eco-friendly purchase and consumption behaviours. Lastly, frugal behaviour was only found to be related to the health factor of meaning in food (rs = 0.27).Research limitations/implicationsThe measurement used to evaluate the purchase of ecological and second-hand products is very simple/the role of the meaning of food in guiding more eco-friendly behaviours and promoting less ecologically impactful eating patterns.Originality/valueThe study provides valuable information on how vegan, vegetarian and omnivorous diets relate to eco-friendly behaviours.

PENGARUH SUBSTITUSI DAUN KELOR DAN TULANG IKAN BANDENG TERHADAP EVALUASI SENSORI DAN KANDUNGAN GIZI MIE INSTAN

This study aims to was used to analyze the effect of substitution of Moringa oleifera and milkfish bones on the sensory evaluation and nutritional content of instant noodles with the best formula. This study design was Eksperimental with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). There are four (4) comparative concentration treatments (control, 3:1, 2:2, and 1:3) which were carried out by hedonic tests of untrained panelists and children, then the best formula instant noodles are tested for nutritional content in the laboratory. The sampling technique used simple random sampling as many as 30 mothers of children under five and their toddlers who met the inclusion criteria. Analysis of sensory evaluation data used the statistical Kruskal-Wallis test with the further test Mann-Whitney, while the analysis of the nutrient content data used a different test (T-Test for carbohydrates, protein, calcium, iron, water, and Mann-Whitney for fat). Overall the results of the hedonic test of the parameters of color, flavor, taste, texture, and acceptance of instant noodles as a whole had a real or significant difference between the control and substitution formulas with a significant value of p≤0.05. The best formula from the hedonic test results was the F2 formula (substitution of Moringa oleifera and milkfish bones 2:2). The test results for the nutritional content of carbohydrates, protein, fat, calcium, iron, and water content also differed significantly between the control formula and the best formula (F2) with a significant value of p≤0.05. The conclusion of this study is there was an effect of substitution of Moringa oleifera and milkfish bones on sensory evaluation and nutritional content of instant noodles.

Comparative Analysis of Selection Hyper-Heuristics for Real-World Multi-Objective Optimization Problems

As exact algorithms are unfeasible to solve real optimization problems, due to their computational complexity, meta-heuristics are usually used to solve them. However, choosing a meta-heuristic to solve a particular optimization problem is a non-trivial task, and often requires a time-consuming trial and error process. Hyper-heuristics, which are heuristics to choose heuristics, have been proposed as a means to both simplify and improve algorithm selection or configuration for optimization problems. This paper novel presents a novel cross-domain evaluation for multi-objective optimization: we investigate how four state-of-the-art online hyper-heuristics with different characteristics perform in order to find solutions for eighteen real-world multi-objective optimization problems. These hyper-heuristics were designed in previous studies and tackle the algorithm selection problem from different perspectives: Election-Based, based on Reinforcement Learning and based on a mathematical function. All studied hyper-heuristics control a set of five Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms (MOEAs) as Low-Level (meta-)Heuristics (LLHs) while finding solutions for the optimization problem. To our knowledge, this work is the first to deal conjointly with the following issues: (i) selection of meta-heuristics instead of simple operators (ii) focus on multi-objective optimization problems, (iii) experiments on real world problems and not just function benchmarks. In our experiments, we computed, for each algorithm execution, Hypervolume and IGD+ and compared the results considering the Kruskal–Wallis statistical test. Furthermore, we ranked all the tested algorithms considering three different Friedman Rankings to summarize the cross-domain analysis. Our results showed that hyper-heuristics have a better cross-domain performance than single meta-heuristics, which makes them excellent candidates for solving new multi-objective optimization problems.

Epileptic-seizure classification using phase-space representation of FBSE-EWT based EEG sub-band signals and ensemble learners

Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals are non-linear and non-stationary in nature. The phase-space representation (PSR) method is useful for analysing the non-linear characteristics of EEG signals. Hence non-linear features based on a phase-space representation of EEG signals are effective in epileptic-seizure classification. In the past, various machine learning methods are used for classifying seizure EEG signals. However, they might fail to classify accurately due to complex data, so with effective non-linear features, ensemble learning classifiers can be investigated to improve the accuracy of an automated epileptic-seizure detection system. In this paper, the EEG signals are first decomposed in sub-bands using empirical wavelet transform (EWT) based on the Fourier Bessel series expansion (FBSE) which is termed as FBSE-EWT. Then, these sub-bands are reconstructed into three-dimensional (3D) PSR. Next, entropy-based features like line-length (LL), log-energy-entropy (LEEnt), and norm-entropy (NEnt) are computed from Euclidean distances of 3D PSR of sub-band signals. The extracted features are ranked based on p-values obtained from the Kruskal-Wallis statistical test for reducing the feature space. Experiments have been conducted using obtained ranked features on different ensemble learning classifiers, and the five best-performing classifiers are reported here, which are random forest (RF), extra tree (ET), extremegradientboosting tree (xgBT), bagged-SVM (B-SVM), and bagged-k-nearest neighbours (B-k-NN), for classifying epileptic-seizure EEG signals. The performance of the proposed framework is evaluated using a publically accessible Bonn university EEG database for classifying epileptic-seizure EEG signals on well-known classification problems such as C1 (seizure, normal), C2, and C3 (seizure, normal, and seizure-free). This dataset consists recording of 100 single-EEG signals from five seizure, seizure-free, and normal (healthy) subjects each. Model is trained and tested using 10-fold cross-validation to stave off from overfitting. The performance is also compared with other state-of-art methods. Obtained results confirm the superior performance of the proposed framework by achieving maximum classification accuracy of 100 %, 98.3 %, 97.8 % with ET, B-SVM, and ET classifiers from each studied classification problem, respectively. Hence, the proposed framework can assist medical professionals in analysing epileptic-seizure EEG signals more accurately.

Occupational accidents in Yazd University of Medical Sciences hospitals

Introduction: Health care workers are exposed to numerous occupational accidents and injuries, the occurrence of which leads to physical and psychological problems for employees. Accident control is an important factor in reducing risks; Ensuring the health of staff and patients and efforts to prevent occupational accidents, especially in clinical settings. This study was conducted to investigate occupational accidents in three hospitals of Yazd. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study that was conducted in three teaching hospitals in Yazd. A total of 186 non-physicians from different wards of these three hospitals were included in the study by simple stratified random sampling. Data collection was performed using an 18-item occupational accident questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS21 software using descriptive statistics and Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests. Results: Among understudy accidents, exposure to blood or body fluids showed the highest frequency while falling had the lowest frequency. The results showed that there was no relationship between gender and the number and type of accidents, but in some of the accidents, there was a significant relationship between the number and type of accidents, workplace, work experiences, educational level, shift work, and hospital type (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Because these accidents occurred at least once in each of the three selected hospitals, it is necessary to prevent these accidents. Regarding the complex nature of hospital accidents and prevention of incidents, management of hospital accidents and prevention of accidents, requires the determination of all staff and management of the hospital organization.

The Vulnerability of Settlements in The Areas Impacted by Lapindo Mudflow Disaster, Sidoarjo

The Lapindo Hot Mudflow Disaster is a disaster case that occurred in 2006 in Sidoarjo Regency, East Java, and has become a hot issue at the national, even international level. After 14 years, it turns out that until now the impact of the disaster has not completely subsided. The settlements that were impacted by the mudflow disaster but still inhabited by the community looked vulnerable because many were damaged, cracked and the floors slowly subsided due to land subsidence. This study aims to determine the level of vulnerability of community settlements in areas impacted by the Lapindo mudflow disaster, which uses quantitative analysis methods by collecting data using questionnaires in 3 study villages, namely Glagaharum Village, Gedang Village and Kalitengah Village. The results of research data analysis using scoring techniques using 2 formulas as well as Statistic Descriptives and Means Plots show that the three villages have a moderate level of vulnerability and Kalitengah village has the highest level of vulnerability. The results of data analysis with the Kruskal Wallis statistical test show that the Village Location factor has a significant effect on the Vulnerability Level in this study, which means that the closer the village is to the mud embankment, the level of vulnerability will also increase. From the results of this vulnerability study, data on the condition and availability of disaster emergency infrastructure, which is part of the adaptive capacity variable, still needs to be improved, because it can be a factor in reducing the level of vulnerability to support disaster risk reduction programs and strengthening community resilience to disaster that may arise in the future.

The Effect of Pre-incisional and Post-incisional Acupuncture on Hyperalgesia in Rat Incision Model

Postoperative pain cannot be treated adequately in all patients, even though there are new developments in analgesic agents and treatment techniques. Thisstudy investigates the effect of pre-incisional and post-incisional electro- acupuncture on mechanical hyperalgesia in rat incisional pain model. This study was carried out with 40 healthy Sprague-Dawley male rats. The rats were divided into 5 groups: Group 1; first electro-acupuncture, then incision. Group 2; first incision, then electro-acupuncture. Group 3; first sham electro-acupuncture, then incision. Group 4; first incision, then sham electro-acupuncture. Group 5; control (incision only). Electro-acupuncture was applied to the ST36 and SP6 acupuncture points on the right hind paw. Sham electro- acupuncture was applied to the right thigh. Von Frey filaments were used to measure hyperalgesia at baseline and at 4th, 6th, 24th and 48th hours. Shapiro Wilk test was used to determine whether the distribution of continuous variables was close to normal. Levene's test was used for homogeneity of variances. Bonferroni Correction Wilcoxon Sign test was used to determine whether the differences between follow-up times were statistically significant or not. Bonferroni Correction on Kruskal Wallis test was used to determine whether there was any difference between groups. If the Kruskal Wallis test statistics were significant, analysis was performed using Conover's multiple comparison test. p&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. This study found that electro-acupuncture decreases hyperalgesia, and there was no significant difference between pre-incisional and post-incisional application in terms of the anti-hyperalgesic effectiveness of electro-acupuncture, except for the duration of action. Pre-incisional applications are more effective than post-incisional applications. Pre-incisional sham electro-acupuncture has also been found to have anti-hyperalgesic effect. Our findings support the studies that electro-acupuncture can be used for preemptive purposes in surgical patients. We think that researches should be continued in order to provide alternative methods for pain treatment.

Impact of variations in maxillary lateral incisor dimensions on smile esthetics

Dentofacial esthetics has become an increasingly important topic in recent years among orthodontic patients, so it is suggested that the esthetic perspectives of clinicians and patients be considered when planning orthodontic treatment. The maxillary lateral incisors play a key role in smile esthetics. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dimensional changes of the maxillary lateral incisors on smile esthetics as perceived by orthodontists, general dentists, and laypersons. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. A photograph showing an attractive smile was selected. The dimensions of the maxillary lateral incisors were edited with photograph editing software to represent variations in width, crown length, gingival height, and mesial angulation. Groups of orthodontists, general dentists, and laypersons (n=16 per group) evaluated the smile attractiveness of the images using the Likert scale according to smile esthetics criteria. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 25) and Kruskal-Wallis statistical test. The significance level was set at 0.05. There was no significant difference between mean scores of lateral incisor golden proportion changes, vertical crown length changes, gingival height changes, and mesial angulation changes (P>0.05). All groups found 1mm more incisally positioned gingival height of lateral incisor than the central incisor and 1mm more apically positioned incisal edge of lateral incisor than the central incisor to be the most attractive. In the group of orthodontic specialists, the 20° mesial angulation and in the other 2 groups the 10° and 15° mesial angulation had the highest score. Partial deviations from the ideal esthetic proportions were not detected by laypersons, general dentists, or orthodontists and are acceptable and even attractive from the point of view of patients. Some adherence to these ratios will be acceptable in dental treatments.

Local Pattern Transformation Based Feature Extraction for Recognition of Parkinson’s Disease Based on Gait Signals

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neuro-degenerative disorder primarily triggered due to the deterioration of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra of the human brain. The early detection of Parkinson’s disease can assist in preventing deteriorating health. This paper analyzes human gait signals using Local Binary Pattern (LBP) techniques during feature extraction before classification. Supplementary to the LBP techniques, Local Gradient Pattern (LGP), Local Neighbour Descriptive Pattern (LNDP), and Local Neighbour Gradient Pattern (LNGP) were utilized to extract features from gait signals. The statistical features were derived and analyzed, and the statistical Kruskal–Wallis test was carried out for the selection of an optimal feature set. The classification was then carried out by an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for the identified feature set. The proposed Symmetrically Weighted Local Neighbour Gradient Pattern (SWLNGP) method achieves a better performance, with 96.28% accuracy, 96.57% sensitivity, and 95.94% specificity. This study suggests that SWLNGP could be an effective feature extraction technique for the recognition of Parkinsonian gait.

Grading of meningioma tumors based on analyzing tumor volumetric histograms obtained from conventional MRI and apparent diffusion coefficient images

BackgroundOur purpose was to evaluate the application of volumetric histogram parameters obtained from conventional MRI and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) images for grading the meningioma tumors.ResultsTumor volumetric histograms of preoperative MRI images from 45 patients with the diagnosis of meningioma at different grades were analyzed to find the histogram parameters. Kruskal-Wallis statistical test was used for comparison between the parameters obtained from different grades. Multi-parametric regression analysis was used to find the model and parameters with high predictive value for the classification of meningioma. Mode; standard deviation on post-contrast T1WI, T2-FLAIR, and ADC images; kurtosis on post-contrast T1WI and T2-FLAIR images; mean and several percentile values on ADC; and post-contrast T1WI images showed significant differences among different tumor grades (P < 0.05). The multi-parametric linear regression showed that the ADC histogram parameters model had a higher predictive value, with cutoff values of 0.212 (sensitivity = 79.6%, specificity = 84.3%) and 0.180 (sensitivity = 70.9%, specificity = 80.8%) for differentiating the grade I from II, and grade II from III, respectively.ConclusionsThe multi-parametric model of volumetric histogram parameters in some of the conventional MRI series (i.e., post-contrast T1WI and T2-FLAIR images) along with the ADC images are appropriate for predicting the meningioma tumors’ grade.

Mango Postharvest Technologies: An Observational Study of the Yieldwise Initiative in Kenya

Several studies have evaluated the effects of postharvest technologies on postharvest loss (PHL) incurred at a single stage of a food value chain. However, very few studies have assessed the effect of multiple technologies on PHL incurred at various stages of a food value chain. This study evaluated the effect of five technologies (harvesting tools, cold stores, plastic crates, fruit fly traps, and ground tarps) promoted by the Rockefeller Foundation Yieldwise Initiative (YWI) in Kenya on PHL incurred at three mango value chain stages (harvest, transportation, and point of sale). After extensive screening of the YWI data, the Kruskal–Wallis statistical test was used to compare each YWI promoted technology to smallholder farmers (SHF) traditional practices. Results indicated that plastic crates used to transport or store mangos and fruit fly traps used to attract and kill fruit flies were statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05) in reducing PHL at the point of sale. Meanwhile, no statistical evidence of PHL reduction was observed from SHF using harvesting tools, cold stores, and ground tarps. Cold stores were the least adopted of the promoted technologies due to their high costs of implementation and utilization. While this study asserts that increased technology adoption is associated with PHL reduction, further research is needed to identify additional factors that favor technologies’ efficacy in reducing PHL in similar food value chains.

Periodontal ligament repair after active splinting of replanted dogs' teeth.

The high rate of root resorption resulting from tooth replantation represents a serious clinical problem. In order to prevent ankylosis and replacement resorption, the contemporary literature highlights the importance of using a flexible stabilization for traumatized teeth. For this purpose, orthodontic devices may be promising for obtaining a better prognosis and periodontal repair. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of an active splinting protocol with controlled force in dog's teeth following replantation. Sixty premolar roots from three dogs were used. They were submitted to endodontic treatment, hemisected, atraumatically extracted and subsequently replanted. They were divided into four groups: Passive Stabilization (n=20)-after 20min in a dry medium; Active Stabilization (n=20)-after 20min in a dry medium; Negative control (n=10)-immediate replantation and passive Stabilization; and Positive control (n=10)-90min of extra-alveolar time and passive Stabilization. The samples were collected and submitted to histologic processing. They were then evaluated for the count of inflammatory cells, expression of neurotrophin 4, osteoclasts, apoptotic cells and collagen fibres. The results were submitted to ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests followed by Tukey or Dunn post-tests (α=5%). Passive Stabilization with orthodontic brackets without traction used after replantation had the highest number of inflammatory cells (p=.0122), osteoclasts (p=.0013) and percentage of collagen fibres in the periodontal ligament (p<.0001) when compared to Active Stabilization with orthodontic brackets applying amild tensile force. Neurotrophin 4had no statistically significant difference (p=.05), regardless of the treatment. The apoptotic cells count revealed statistical differences (p<.0001) between Active Stabilization (189.70±47.99) and Positive Control (198.90±88.92) when compared to Passive Stabilization (21.19±32.94). The active splinting protocol using orthodontic appliances generating a light and controlled force favoured periodontal ligament repair of replanted teeth.

Examination of 8th Grade Students' Learning Strategies Based on Self-Regulation in Physical Education and Sports Class

This research was conducted to examine 8th grade students' learning strategies based on self-regulation in physical education and sports class. The suitability of self-regulated learning scores to the normal distribution in groups in motor skills was investigated with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Mann-Whitney U test statistics for groups with two categories, to compare self-regulated learning scores in groups without normal distribution (p <0.05) in motor skills; In case the groups had more than two categories, it was studied with Kruskal Wallis test statistics. The statistical importance level was taken as p <0.05. analyzed with. In motor skills, descriptive statistics of self-regulated learning scores in the groups are given as mean ± standard deviation and median. In the research, it was concluded that there was a statistically remarkable differentiation in the type of school, the educational status of the father, the income level of the family, the frequency of doing sports and the participation in competitions in any branch of school sports, and the self-regulated learning scores of the students in their variables. It was concluded that there was no statistically remarkable differentiation between the other variables and self-regulated learning scores in motor skills.

Organoleptic Quality Formulation of Soybean Sprouts Milk (Glycine max) and Jawawut (Setaria italica) as a Pregnant Women’s Supplementary Feeding Drink

ABSTRACT Background: Riskesdas data in 2018, the prevalence of pregnant women KEK in Indonesia is 17.3%. Meanwhile, the prevalence of anemia pregnant women in Indonesia has increased compared to 2013, which was 37.1% and in 2018 it was 48.9%. Efforts to overcome the impact of malnutrition in pregnant women can be through interventions by supplementary feeding to pregnant women. Supplementary feeding is already included in the intervention program that has been established by the Indonesian Ministry of Health for pregnant women KEK in the form of biscuits. Based on the evaluation of the Ministry of Health 2017, the implementation of the supplementary feeding has experienced problems with the compliance of pregnant women with supplementary feeding consumption, namely that most pregnant women cannot finish all the supplementary feeding biscuits received. For this reason, an alternative supplementary feeding is used to overcome this problem in the form of vegetable milk drinks from soybean sprouts and millet seeds which are local food ingredients. Objective: This study aims to analyze the effect of millet formulation on soybean sprouts milk as PMT for pregnant women on the organoleptic quality of color, flavour, and taste . Methods: This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 4 levels of treatment, namely P1 (100: 0), P2 (60:40), P3 (50:50), P4 (40:60) observations were made on the organoleptic quality of the color, flavour, and taste. Results: The results showed that the organoleptic quality (color, flavour, taste) - on average, respondents like it. Kruskal Wallis statistical test showed a significant effect on color, flavour and taste . The best treatment was P2 (60:40) and the fulfillment of RDA for pregnant women in the first trimester was 87.8% energy, 121.6% protein, 97.9% carbohydrates, 66.4% fat and 49.2% iron.

Comparison of Iatrogenic Soft Tissue Trauma in Robotic-Assisted versus Manual Partial Knee Arthroplasty

Partial knee arthroplasty (PKA) is performed to treat end-stage osteoarthritis in a single compartment. There are minimal data characterizing soft-tissue injuries for PKA with robotic and manual techniques. This cadaver study compared the extent of soft-tissue trauma sustained through robotic-arm assisted PKA (RPKA) and manual PKA (MPKA). Five surgeons prepared 24 cadaveric knees for medial PKA, including six MPKA controls and 18 RPKA assigned into three different workflows: RPKA-LB (six knees) – RPKA with legacy burr; RPKA-NB (six knees) – RPKA with new burr design; and RPKA-NBS (six knees) – RPKA with new burr design and oscillating saw. Two surgeons estimated trauma to the patellar tendon, quadriceps tendon, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), medial collateral ligament (MCL), medial capsule, posterior capsule, and posterior cruciate ligament (PCLs) using a five-grade system: Grade 1 – complete soft tissue preservation; Grade 2 – ≤25%; Grade 3 – 26 to 50%; Grade 4 – 51 to 75%; and Grade 5 – ≥76% trauma. A total trauma grade was assigned by summing the grades. Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests were used to assess outcomes. When compared to the MPKA group, all RPKA subgroups had lower total trauma grading (p&lt;0.01), lower posterior capsular damage (p&lt;0.01), and less severe ACL damage (p&lt;0.01). The analysis demonstrated no significant difference between the three RPKA workflows. As this study was performed using cadaveric specimens, additional investigations are necessary to determine associations between robotic or manual-assisted technique, observed soft tissue damage, and postoperative clinical outcomes following PKA.

Different Dietary n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Formulations Distinctively Modify Fatty Acid and N-Acylethanolamine Profiles in Rat Brain

Abstract Objectives Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3PUFA) may influence the brain fatty acid (FA) profile and, thereby, the biosynthesis of FA bioactive metabolite, such as N-acylethanolamines (NAE). We investigated the influence of different dietary formulation of n-3PUFA from vegetable or marine oils on rat FA incorporation and modulation of NAE biosynthesis. Methods Rats were fed for 10 weeks with diets containing 12% of fat from milk + 4% soybean oil and 4% of oils with different n-3 PUFA species: soybean oil as control (MilkFat), linseed oil with α-linolenic (ALA) (LSO), Buglossoides arvensis oil with ALA and stearidonic (SDA) (Buglos), fish oil with EPA and DHA (FO), Nannochloropsis microalga oil with EPA (Nanno) or Schizochytrium microalga oil with DHA (Schy). Brain FA and NAE profile were assessed LC-DAD-MS/MS. Statistical Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's correction was applied. Results Different dietary n-3PUFA formulations induced FA change in the brain, compared to MilkFat group, DHA levels remained unchanged despite its elevated intake with FO and Schy diets. However, we found 9 fold (P &amp;lt; 0.001) increase of EPA with FO, arachidonic (AA) decreased significantly about 16% (P &amp;lt; 0.05) with LSO and FO diets. n-6 PUFA docosatetraenoic (DTA) (26% P &amp;lt; 0.05) and docosapentaenoic (DPA) (73% P &amp;lt; 0.05) were reduced with FO, probably due to a competition with EPA in the incorporation into phospholipids. We observed a 44% (P &amp;lt; 0.05) significant decrease of N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) with LSO and FO, and a reduction of N-linoleoylethanolamine (LEA) by 49% (P &amp;lt; 0.05) with LSO. On the other hand, we found an increase of N-eicosapentanoylethanolamine (EPEA), derived from EPA, by 225% (P &amp;lt; 0.05) with FO, compared to MilkFat group. Conclusions Our data indicate that reduction of AEA levels might attenuate its effects on the CB1 cannabinoid receptors, the main molecular target of the endogenous partial agonist AEA, which regulate physiological processes in the central nervous system. Therefore, in those pathophysiological conditions where is desirable to downregulate an overactive endocannabinoid system, a mixture of EPA and DHA as in FO, and ALA as in LSO, may potentially be a preferred nutritional source of n-3 PUFA. Funding Sources University of Cagliari (FIR 2019) and Fundação FCT (Portugal).

FORMULASI SOFT CHEWY COOKIES BEBAS GLUTEN DAN KASEIN BERBASIS KOMBINASI MOCAF DAN TEPUNG MILLET PUTIH UNTUK ANAK AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER &lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;Free Gluten and Free Casein Soft Chewy Cookies Formulation with Combination of MOCAF and White Millet Flour Based for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/i&gt;

Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have to eat a gluten-free casein-free diet due to their special condition. Casein is protein that contained in milk and milk-based product which are source of calcium. Their special condition make children with ASD have a low bone-mass than other children. Modifi ed Cassava Flour (MOCAF) and white millet fl our are free gluten food sources which have rich calcium that is needed to increase nutrient quality in soft chewy cookies. This study was aimed to determine the eff ect of MOCAF fl our and white millet fl our combination on acceptability and nutritional value of free gluten and free casein soft chewy cookies. This study was true experimental study with complete randomized design. This study used un-trained panelist including ASD children(7–11 years old (25 panelists) and their parents (25 panelists). There were 4 formulas in this study consisted of 1 control formula (F0) based on 100% wheat fl our, and 4 treatment formulas which were combination of MOCAF fl our and white millet fl our with a percentage ratio of combination F1 (0%:100%) ; F2 (50%:50%) ; and F3 (75%:25%). Kruskal Wallis statistical test results showed there were signifi cant diff erences of aroma, color, texture, and taste between each formula. Result of acceptability and nutritional value showed F3 as the best formula. Each 60 g soft chewy cookies F3 contains 176,4 mg of calcium which fulfi ll 18% of calcium adequacy for 7–11 year old children. Gluten-free casein-free soft chewy cookies with combination of MOCAF and white millet fl our are suitable as an alternative snack for ASD children.

Are Damage Modes Related to Microstructure and Material Loss in Severely Damaged CoCrMo Femoral Heads?

Fretting and corrosion in metal-on-polyethylene total hip arthoplasty (THA) modular junctions can cause adverse tissue reactions that are responsible for 2% to 5% of revision surgeries. Damage within cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (CoCrMo) alloy femoral heads can progress chemically and mechanically, leading to damage modes such as column damage, imprinting, and uniform fretting damage. At present, it is unclear which of these damage modes are most detrimental and how they may be linked to implant alloy metallurgy. The alloy microstructure exhibits microstructural features such as grain boundaries, hard phases, and segregation bands, which may enable different damage modes, higher material loss, and the potential risk of adverse local tissue reactions. In this study, we asked: (1) How prevalent is chemically dominated column damage compared with mechanically dominated damage modes in severely damaged metal-on-polyethylene THA femoral heads made from wrought CoCrMo alloy? (2) Is material loss greater in femoral heads that underwent column damage? (3) Do material loss and the presence of column damage depend on alloy microstructure as characterized by grain size, hard phase content, and/or banding? Surgically retrieved wrought CoCrMo modular femoral heads removed between June 2004 and June 2019 were scored using a modified version of the Goldberg visually based scoring system. Of the total 1002 heads retrieved over this period, 19% (190 of 1002) were identified as severely damaged, exhibiting large areas of fretting scars, black debris, pits, and/or etch marks. Of these, 43% (81 of 190) were excluded for metal-on-metal articulations, alternate designs (such as bipolar, dual-mobility, hemiarthroplasty, metal adaptor sleeves), or previous sectioning of the implant for past studies. One sample was excluded retroactively as metallurgical analysis revealed that it was made of cast alloy, yielding a total of 108 for further analysis. Information on patient age (57 ± 11 years) and sex (56% [61 of 108] were males), reason for removal, implant time in situ (99 ± 78 months), implant manufacturer, head size, and the CoCrMo or titanium-based stem alloy pairing were collected. Damage modes and volumetric material loss within the head tapers were identified using an optical coordinate measuring machine. Samples were categorized by damage mode groups by column damage, imprinting, a combination of column damage and imprinting, or uniform fretting. Metallurgical samples were processed to identify microstructural characteristics of grain size, hard phase content, and banding. Nonparametric Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests were used to examine volumetric material loss compared with damage mode and microstructural features, and linear regression was performed to correlate patient- and manufacturer-specific factors with volumetric material loss. Chemically driven column damage was seen in 48% (52 of 108) of femoral heads, with 34% (37 of 108) exhibiting a combination of column damage and imprinting, 12% (13 of 108) of heads displaying column damage and uniform fretting, and 2% (2 of 108) exhibiting such widespread column damage that potentially underlying mechanical damage modes could not be verified. Implants with column damage showed greater material loss than those with mechanically driven damage alone, with median (range) values of 1.2 mm3 (0.2 to 11.7) versus 0.6 mm3 (0 to 20.7; p = 0.03). Median (range) volume loss across all femoral heads was 0.9 mm3 (0 to 20.7). Time in situ, contact area, patient age, sex, head size, manufacturer, and stem alloy type were not associated with volumetric material loss. Banding of the alloy microstructure, with a median (range) material loss of 1.1 mm3 (0 to 20.7), was associated with five times higher material loss compared with those with a homogeneous microstructure, which had a volume loss of 0.2 mm3 (0 to 4.1; p = 0.02). Hard phase content and grain size showed no correlation with material loss. Chemically dominated column damage was a clear indicator of greater volume loss in this study sample of 108 severely damaged heads. Volumetric material loss strongly depended on banding (microstructural segregations) within the alloy. Banding of the wrought CoCrMo microstructure should be avoided during the manufacturing process to reduce volumetric material loss and the release of corrosion products to the periprosthetic tissue. Approximately 30% of THAs rely on wrought CoCrMo femoral heads. Most femoral heads in this study exhibited a banded microstructure that was associated with larger material loss and the occurrence of chemically dominated column damage. This study suggests that elimination of banding from the alloy could substantially reduce the release of implant debris in vivo, which could potentially also reduce the risk of adverse local tissue reactions to implant debris.