Kruskal-Wallis Statistical Test Research Articles

Effect Of Combination Of Snakehead Fish Extract (Channa Striata), Meniran ( Phyllanthus Niruri L.), And Temulawak (Curcuma Xanthorrhiza) On Liver Function And Histopathological Description Of The Liver Of Mice Model Diabetes Mellitus High Fat Diet

Diabetes mellitus is one of the metabolic disorders characterized by a progressive decrease in insulin sensitivity, resulting in hyperglycemia which causes oxidative stress and damage to liver function. Currently, anti-fibrogenic treatment options are still limited, This study aims to determine the effect of capsules containing a combination of snakehead fish extract (Channa striata), meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.), and curcuma (Curcuma xantorrhiza) on a high fat diet of diabetic melitus model rats. This type of research is an experimental laboratory in vivo with a randomized post test-only control group design. The population of this study is male rats (Rattus norvegicus) of the wistar strain with a sample size of 30 mice divided into 5 groups of rats. Data analysis used the SPSS version 26 program which was analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney statistical tests. The results of this study found that there was a difference but not significant between SGOT and SGPT between all groups (p>0.05). Therefore, from these results, it can be stated that there is an effect of capsules containing a combination of snakehead fish extract (Channa striata), meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.), and curcuma (Curcuma xantorrhiza) in diabetic mellitus model rats with a high fat diet in improving liver function. It is hoped that further researchers can continue this research by using a combination of snakehead fish extract (Channa striata), meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.), and curcuma (Curcuma xantorrhiza) in repairing damage to other organs other than the liver as a result of diabetes mellitus complications.

Students’ awareness, knowledge and attitudes towards the sustainable development goals at the University of South Africa

PurposeUniversity students’ awareness, knowledge and attitude towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) contribute to their implementation and localisation. Understanding students’ perspectives in open and distance e-Learning institutions (ODELs) is crucial. This study aims to examine variations in students’ SDG knowledge and awareness across socio-economic characteristics, their engagement in SDGs and their identification of opportunities, gaps and priorities for implementation.Design/methodology/approachAn online survey (n = 1,009) gathered responses from students across various socio-demographic variables. Descriptive and non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis Test statistics were used to examine differences.FindingsStudents recognised the importance of SDG knowledge across all levels (p < 0.05, except for gender). The expectation for increased SDG content in the curriculum was high. A significant difference (p < 0.001) in these expectations was found across all variables except gender. However, involvement in SDGs and participation in related platforms and workshops was marginal to non-existent. These results guide universities in promoting SDGs to enhance sustainability-focused education strategies.Originality/valueThe article outlines measures universities can take to evaluate their contributions towards SDGs implementation, particularly in open and distance learning institutions.

OGC SO46 - Improving outcomes after oesophagectomy: The benefits of full robotic-assisted minimally invasive oesophagectomy (RAMIO) demonstrated in the first 100 cases, at a high-volume UK unit

Abstract Background There is a rapid movement towards adoption of robotically assisted minimally invasive oesophagectomy (RAMIO) in the United Kingdom. Transition from an open or laparoscopic oesophagectomy to a RAMIO programme, which carries considerable financial and training cost, must ensure parity of oncological and perioperative outcomes. We sought to compare our centre’s results of the three standard approaches to two-phase oesophagectomy: Open/Open (Open); laparoscopic/robotic abdomen with open chest (Hybrid); and RAMIO. Method This prospective cohort study investigated the experience of five surgeons in a single high-volume UK institution. We analysed consecutive patients undergoing two-phase transthoracic oesophagectomy for oncological reasons between 2018 and 2024. The study period was divided into three cohorts: Open (2018-2020, n=61), Hybrid (2020-2023, n=82) and RAMIO (2023-2024, n=100). Patient demographics, tumour characteristics, perioperative outcomes, and oncological data were compared. Data were analysed using Kruskal-Wallis and Chi-squared statistical tests. Results No significant differences were observed in patient demographics or tumour stage between the groups. Comparison of Open vs. Hybrid vs. RAMIO demonstrated a significant reduction in major complications (Clavien-Dindo ≥III), 34.4% vs. 23.2% vs. 14% (p=0.0014); pulmonary complications, 36.1% vs. 25.4% vs. 13% (p=0.0004); anastomotic leak rate, 11.5% vs. 2.4% vs. 4.0%, (p=0.0370); median length of stay, 14 vs. 12 vs. 8 days (p=0.0001); and mortality, 4.9% vs. 1.2% vs. 0% (p=0.0133) all favouring the RAMIO group in sub-group analysis. Median lymph node yields were comparable across groups, 49 vs. 43 vs. 43 (p=0.0876). Conclusion This single-institution study demonstrates potential benefits of transitioning from open or hybrid to RAMIO for oesophagectomy. RAMIO was associated with significantly reduced pulmonary complications, major complications and a shorter length of hospital stay. Oncological outcomes were maintained across all 3 techniques. These findings have important patient, financial, and resource implications, and support the continued adoption of RAMIO in the UK.

Nurses' models of spiritual care: Predictors of spiritual care competence.

Previous studies have shown that nurses' spiritual care competence is related to characteristics of personal spirituality, training adequacy, and comfort, confidence, and frequency of provision of spiritual care. However, these studies assumed that all participants understood spiritual care in the same way, and used self-ratings of spiritual care competence, which are problematic. Our previous study found that spiritual care was understood in 4 qualitatively different ways that can be arranged in order of competence. This study aimed to re-examine the relationships between nurse characteristics and spiritual care competence, using spiritual care understanding as a proxy for competence. Data was collected from a convenience sample of nurses who completed an anonymous, online survey. The survey provided qualitative data about what spiritual care means for them. The survey also provided quantitative data regarding nurse characteristics. This study created sub-groups of nurses based on their understanding of spiritual care, and used the quantitative data to construct a profile of nurse characteristics for each sub-group. Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests determined whether nurse characteristics differed across the 4 sub-groups. Spiritual care competence was not related to confidence or comfort in providing spiritual care. Relationships with spirituality, training adequacy, and frequency of provision of spiritual care were not linear; i.e., higher competence did not always correspond with higher scores of these characteristics. The results raise concerns about the construct validity of using comfort and confidence as estimates of spiritual care competence. That the relationships between competence and spirituality, training adequacy, and frequency of spiritual care provision was not as linear as portrayed in extant literature, suggests that outcomes of training may depend on the type of spiritual care understanding subscribed to by training participants. The findings offer insights about how nurses could achieve high levels of spiritual care performance.

Trueness and adaptation of screw-retained implant-supported monolithic zirconia crowns fabricated using 3-dimensional gel deposition

Implant-supportedmonolithic zirconia restorations manufactured using the additive 3-dimensional (3D) gel deposition technique have been introduced. However, studies determining the trueness and adaptation of implant-supported crowns made with the technique are lacking. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the trueness and adaptation of implant-supported zirconia crowns fabricated using additive 3D gel deposition in comparison with zirconia crowns made with the widely used subtractive milling technique. Crowns were fabricated for wide-diameter titanium implants and wide-neck abutments. Self-glazed zirconia (SGZ) crowns were fabricated using 3D gel deposition (n=10) and from 2 brands of zirconia blanks, Wieland and Upcera, using subtractive milling (WMZ and UMZ, n=10). All crowns were digitalized by a scanner, and then 3D deviation analysis was applied. The trueness was assessed by root mean square (RMS). Marginal and internal adaptations were evaluated using the direct-view technique (DT) and replica technique (RT). The results were analyzed by using the 1-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests (α=.05). The RMS and marginal discrepancy of SGZ exhibited the lowest values among the 3 groups (P<.05), and the 2 types of milled zirconia crowns had comparable RMS and marginal discrepancy values (P>.05). The internal discrepancy values of SGZ were significantly lower than those of WMZ and UMZ in all regions (P<.05). Compared with the WMZ, UMZ showed comparable internal discrepancy values in the axial and axio-occlusal transition regions (P>.05) but had significantly lower internal discrepancy value in the occlusal region (P<.05). The adaptation of 3 types of wide-diameter implant-supported zirconia crowns can meet the clinical requirements. Compared with the subtractive milling process, 3D gel deposition produced implant-supported zirconia crowns with improved trueness and adaptation.

Preliminary Exploration of T1ρ and T2 Mapping in Porcine Articular Cartilage Using Very-Low-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

The high prevalence of osteoarthritis emphasizes the need for a cost-effective and accessible method for its early diagnosis. Recently, the portability and affordability of very-low-field (VLF) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI, 10-100 mT) have caused it to gain popularity. Nevertheless, there is insufficient evidence to quantify early degenerative changes in cartilage using VLF MRI. This study assessed the potential of T1ρ and T2 mapping for detecting degenerative changes in porcine cartilage specimens using a 50 mT MRI scanner. T2- and T1ρ-weighted images were acquired using a 50 mT MRI scanner with 2D spin-echo and triple-refocused T1ρ preparation sequences. MRI scans of porcine cartilage were also acquired using a 3 T MRI scanner for comparison. A mono-exponential algorithm was applied to fit a series of T2- and T1ρ-weighted images. T2 values for CuSO4·5H2O solutions measured via Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) and spin-echo sequences were compared to verify the algorithm's reliability. The nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis statistical test was used to compare T2 and T1ρ values. Experimental repeatability was assessed using the root-mean-square of the coefficient of variation (rmsCV). T2 values of the CuSO4·5H2O solutions obtained using the spin-echo sequence showed differences within 2.3% of those obtained using the CPMG sequence, indicating the algorithm's reliability. The T1ρ values for varying concentrations of agarose gel solutions were higher than the T2 values. Furthermore, 50 mT and 3 T MRI results showed that both the T1ρ and T2 values were significantly higher for porcine cartilage degraded for 6 h vs intact cartilage, with p-values of 0.006 and 0.01, respectively. Our experimental results showed good reproducibility (rmsCV < 8%). We demonstrated the feasibility of quantitative cartilage imaging via T2 and T1ρ mapping at 50 mT MRI for the first time.

364. IMPROVING PERIOPERATIVE OESOPHAGECTOMY OUTCOMES WITH THE USE OF ROBOTIC SURGERY AT A HIGH VOLUME UK CENTRE

Abstract Background There is a rapid movement towards adoption of robotically assisted minimally invasive oesophagectomy (RAMIO) in the United Kingdom. Transition from an open or laparoscopic oesophagectomy to a RAMIO programme, which carries considerable financial and training cost, must ensure parity of oncological and perioperative outcomes. We sought to compare our centre’s results as we performed the three standard approaches to two-phase oesophagectomy undertaken in the UK: Open/Open (Open); laparoscopic/robotic abdomen with open chest (Hybrid); and RAMIO. Methods This prospective cohort study investigated the experience of five surgeons in a single high-volume UK institution. We analysed all consecutive patients undergoing two-phase transthoracic oesophagectomy for oncological reasons between 2018 and 2023. The study period was divided into three cohorts: Open (2018-2020, n=61), Hybrid (2020-2023, n=82) and RAMIO (2023, n=61). Patient demographics, tumour characteristics, perioperative outcomes, and oncological data were compared. Data were analysed using Kruskal-Wallis and Chi-squared statistical tests. Results No significant differences were observed in patient demographics or tumour stage between the groups. Comparison of Open vs. Hybrid vs. RAMIO demonstrated a significant reduction of major complications (Clavien-Dindo ≥III), 34.4% vs. 23.2% vs. 19.7%, respectively (p=0.033); pulmonary complications, 36.1% vs. 25.4% vs. 16.4% (p=0.007); and median length of hospital stay, 14 vs. 12 vs. 9 days (p=0.001), all favouring the RAMIO group in sub-group analysis. Comparison of Open vs. Hybrid vs. RAMIO demonstrated a non-significant reduction in anastomotic leak rate, 11.5% vs. 2.4% vs. 6.6%, respectively (p=0.112); and mortality, 4.9% vs. 1.2% vs. 0% (p=0.19), favouring the RAMIO group. Median lymph node yields were comparable across the groups, 49 vs. 43 vs. 44 (p=0.165). Conclusions This single-institution study demonstrates potential benefits of transitioning from open or hybrid to RAMIO for oesophagectomy. RAMIO was associated with significantly reduced pulmonary complications, major complications and a shorter length of hospital stay. Oncological outcomes remained on par across techniques. These findings have important patient, financial, and resource implications, and support the continued adoption of RAMIO in the UK.

A Impact Of Potentially Hepatotoxic Drug Use On Clinical Outcomes In Patients With Liver Cirrhosis

Liver cirrhosis is a pathological liver disease characterized by the formation of fibrous tissue and regenerative nodules in liver cells. The potential for hepatotoxicity due to the use of hepatotoxic drugs leads to worsening of the liver disease suffered by these patients. This study aims to assess the impact of using potentially hepatotoxic drugs on patients' clinical outcomes. This study was an observational study with a cross-sectional design. Data were collected retrospectively through the medical records of patients with liver cirrhosis hospitalized in 2021. The clinical outcomes studied were SGOT, SGPT, albumin, total bilirubin and length of hospitalization. The results obtained were tested using the Kruskal-Wallis statistical test. A total of 62 patients with liver cirrhosis met the inclusion criteria as the study sample. The number of potentially hepatotoxic drug prescriptions received by patients based on Likelihood scores with categories A, B, C, D and E was 368 drugs out of 776 total drug prescriptions (47.4%). The most commonly prescribed potentially hepatotoxic drugs were paracetamol, ceftriaxon, and levofloxacin. It can be concluded that potentially hepatotoxic drugs are still prescribed to patients with liver cirrhosis. Age, gender, child pugh-score, number of drugs, and number of potentially hepatotoxic drugs had no significant effect (p&gt;0.1) on SGOT, SGPT, albumin and total bilirubin. However, patients who received more drugs would have a higher.

Test of Acceptance and Iron Content of Dimsum "Lori" as an Alternative Snack to Prevent Anemia in Adolescent Girls

Anemia is a problem today, if it’s not treated it will have a bad effect. Anemia can be prevented by consuming animal protein foods that are high iron content, namely anchovies with a content of 3.9mg/100g and vegetables that have a high in iron content, namely Moringa leaves. The aim is to determine the acceptability and iron levels of Dimsum Lori as an alternative snack to prevent anemia for Adolescents Girls. Methods, experimental research. There are 3 formulations, namely the formulation ratio between chicken meat: anchovy: moringa leaf flour, namely 100g:0g:0g, 0g:97g:3g, 0g:94g:6g. Acceptance test as many as 25 people, somewhat trained category. Test for iron levels, ICP-OES method. Data analysis technique, Kruskal Wallis statistical test and continued with the Man Whitney test. Research results, acceptability test F1; 3.86 (likes), F2; 3.37 (likes), and F3; 3.03 (regular). The results of the iron content test of the control formulation; 1.96mg/100g. Meanwhile, the most preferred formulation; 2.32mg/100g. In conclusion, the dimsum treatment formulation meets the needs of Fe in one snack of 2.3mg (F2); 2.5mg (F3) of the RDA requirement for Adolescents Girls for one snack of 1.27mg.

Recovery of Chromium and Two Solvents (Dichloromethane-DCM Tetrachloroethane-TCE) Using Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis Membranes from Leather Industry Wastewater

In this study, for removal of the leather industry pollutants and to recovery of chromium (Cr), dichloromethane (DCM) and tetrachloroethane (TCE) two sequential nanofiltration (NF) (NF90 and NF270) and two reverse osmosis (RO) (BW30 and SW30) reactor membranes were used. The membrane surface properties were investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy-Attenuated Total Reflectance (FTIR-ATR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The permeate of the SW30 reverse osmosis exhibited high removals varying between 98% and 99% for sodium ion (Na+ ), potassium ion (K+ ), magnesium ions (Mg2+), calcium ions (Ca2+), total chemical oxygen demand (CODtotal), dissolved chemical oxygen demand (CODdis), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and inert chemical oxygen demand (inert COD), Chromium (Cr3+ ), Dichloromethane and Tetrachloroethane. In the NF90 nanofiltration process lower removals were detected (96%-97%) for all pollutants mentioned above. The effluent of reverse osmosis with a BW30 membrane match to the Turkish Water Pollution Control Regulation rules for treated water discharged to the receiving environment while SW30 reverse osmosis membrane was perfect for ultimate treatment of the pollutants present in the leather industry discharges. From the concentrate of the SW30 reverse osmosis, 945 mg/l chromium, 460 mg/l dichloromethane and 360 mg/l tetrachloroethane were reused. The performance and recoveries of Cr and two solvents (DCM and TCE) data in NF and RO membrane reactors were evaluated with Artificial Neural Network (ANN) process and Kruskal Wallis test statistic coupled with Mann-Whitney U statistic in this study.

Pengaruh Hydrogel Acemannan dengan Konsentrasi 25%, 50%, 75% terhadap Jumlah Neutrofil pada Tikus Wistar Periodontitis yang Diinduksi Aloksan

Neutrophils occur in periodontitis, an infection of the periodontal tissue that may increase the risk of diabetes. Because of its excellent physicochemical properties and biological capabilities, hydrogel is a promising biomaterial for treating periodontal disease. This study consisted of four groups of Acemannan hydrogel 25%, 50%, 75%, and the Federer formula was used to determine the sample size and six replicate experiments were performed for each group to form a positive control group. Considering the investigation's conclusions, in the acemannan hydrogel administration group, the average ± SD levels of neutrophils in samples on day 3 were 25%, 50%, and 75%, and the positive control group was 3.08 ± 0.736. 2.46 ± 0.459; 1.54 ± 0.510; 1.17 ± 0.258. This value decreased to 1.83 ± 0.258 by day 5 were 1.29 ± 0.459; 0.50±0.447; 0.21 ± 0.292. As a result of the Kruskal-Wallis statistical test, there was a significant difference in the average number of neutrophils after administering 25%, 50%, and 75% Acemannan hydrogel and the positive control group to rats with alloxan-induced Wistar periodontitis on the third and fifth days. The study's findings suggest that 75% of acemannan hydrogel is the most effective concentration for reducing neutrophils

Antibacterial Activity Test of Kersen Fruit Kombucha ( Muntinga Calabura L. ) To Bacteria Staphylococcus Aureus and Escherichia Coli By In Vitro

Bacterial infections of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli cause diarrhea. Kersen fruit can be used as the basis of kombucha, which has antibacterial benefits. This experimental activity aims to determine the antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. This study used a laboratory experimental method to test the antibacterial activity of Kersen Fruit Kombucha (KFK) at concentrations of 15%, 25%, and 35%, as well as positive control of cotrimoxazole and normal control of aqua pro injection. Antibacterial activity was measured in vitro using the disc diffusion method to compare affected and unaffected areas. The results of the study on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria showed that the diameter of the inhibition zone in 15% KFK was 7.07-8.63 mm, 25% KFK showed an inhibition zone diameter of 8.11-9.57 mm; and 35% KFK inhibition zone diameter was 12.07-13.07 mm; for the positive control inhibition zone diameter was 13.07-14.72 mm. 35% KFK has a larger inhibition zone diameter than 15% and 25% KFK. Based on the Kruskal-Wallis statistical test, there was a significant difference. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of Kersen fruit kombucha against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone

Implementasi Pembelajaran Blended Learning pada Materi PJOK Berbasis Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK) pada Jenjang SMA Kelas XI terhadap Motivasi Belajar dan Hasil Belajar Siswa

The digital era and technological advancements today make learning much easier. By using technology in teaching, we hope to have a positive impact on students' motivation and learning outcomes. This study implemented blended learning based on TPACK at SMA Negeri 1 Taman for 11th grade. This study used an experimental method with treatment and control groups, conducting pretests and posttests. The treatment group received blended learning based on TPACK. The results showed differences in posttest scores, explained by nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests. While both motivation and learning outcomes had sig. &gt; 0.05, the mean difference showed variations. The control group had a motivation mean of 48.38, whereas the treatment group scored higher at 52.62. For learning outcomes, the control group scored 8.605, while the treatment group achieved 8.614. These results indicate that the treatment group showed greater improvement. Therefore, it can be concluded that implementing blended learning based on TPACK has an impact on improving students' learning outcomes and motivation in PJOK (Physical Education, Sport, and Health). The research confirms the role of blended learning based on TPACK in enhancing students' learning outcomes in PJOK.

The effects of mercury chloride (HgCl2) administration with different intervals on kidney damage in mice (Mus Musculus)

Introduction: Inorganic mercury could cause acute toxicity and absorbed through the digestive system and distributed throughout all tissues of the body, with a significant portion accumulating in kidneys and gallbladder. Objective: This study aims to investigate the influence of mercury chloride (HgCl2) administration at doses contained in rice clams (Corbula faba) from the Kenjeran coast in Surabaya, Indonesia, with varying administration intervals on kidney damage in mice. In this research, 24 male CBR strain mice, aged three months, were randomly divided into four groups, each consisting of six replicates. The groups included Control P0 (without mercury), Group P1 (mercury administration once a day), Group P2 (mercury administration twice a day), and Group P3 (mercury administration three times a day). Mercury administration was carried out orally for 52 days. Data analysis was conducted using non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis statistical test, followed by a Z-test with a significance level of 5%. Results: Mercury chloride (HgCl2) administration at a dose of 0.6418 ppm with varying administration intervals resulted in kidney damage characterized by interstitial hemorrhage, degeneration of proximal convoluted tubules, degeneration of distal convoluted tubules, and glomerulonephritis. Administration of mercury three times a day (P3) led to the highest kidney damage, which was not significantly different from the group receiving mercury twice a day (P2), while daily administration of mercury (P1) did not significantly differ from the control group (P0). Conclusion: It can be concluded that administration of HgCl2 could increase decrease kidney damage (p&lt;0.05) and administration of mercury three times a day led to the highest kidney damage.

Can Heated Distilled Water Effectively Prevent Precipitate Formation between NaOCl and CHX?

The present study aimed to investigate the capacity of different irrigation protocols using heated distilled water at 65°C (HDW), in preventing the formation of the brown-orange precipitate observed after the interaction between sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and chlorhexidine (CHX). Forty human canines were selected, prepared, and cleaved in two halves. Images of delimited areas in each root canal thirds were obtained through a stereomicroscope (16x and 40x). After reassembly, the teeth were distributed into four groups (n = 10) according to the final irrigation protocol: G1 (no HDW): EDTA + NaOCl + CHX with conventional irrigation (CI); G2 (HDW + CI): EDTA with passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) + NaOCl (PUI) + HDW (CI) + CHX (PUI); G3 (HDW + PUI): EDTA + NaOCl + HDW + CHX with PUI; G4 (HDW + CUI): EDTA (PUI) + NaOCl (PUI) + HDW with continuous ultrasonic irrigation (CUI) + CHX (PUI). After irrigation, the teeth were re-separated and images of the same delimited areas were obtained again. Scores were assigned according to the amount of precipitate observed, comparing the initial and final images. The data were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn and Friedman statistical tests (α = 5%). G1(no HDW) showed the highest scores in the analysis between groups (p < 0.001), with a greater amount of precipitate in the cervical and medium thirds (p < 0.001). The thirds of the other experimental groups did not differ from each other (p > 0.05). The intermediate irrigation with heated distilled water at 65°C prevented the formation of brown-orange precipitate, regardless of the use of ultrasonic activation (PUI or CUI).

Analysis of structural empowerment of nurses in the context of an emergency hospital.

To analyze the relationship between structural empowerment and sociodemographic and professional factors of nurses at a reference hospital providing emergency care. Analytical, cross-sectional study, with 124 nurses from an emergency hospital, applying the questionnaires: sociodemographic and professional data and the Conditions of Effectiveness at Work II (CET-II) questionnaire. The Spearman or Kruskal Wallis statistical tests were used and the significance level was updated to 5% for the study's statistical analyses. Structural empowerment was moderate among nurses and "opportunity" presented greater mean among the dimensions. Although the correlations were weak, support was the dimension that showed the greatest results with the other variables. It is more noticeable when: shorter training time; greater age and; longer time at the institution. There was no difference between the dimensions of the instrument and the qualitative variables of the study, except between Opportunity and the surgical hospitalization unit and the total score of the instrument and the burns unit, compared with the other units of the hospital. The structural empowerment of nurses in the hospital was moderate and influenced by variables such as: age, time since graduation, time at the institution and with differences between sectors.

Comparison of Functionality Level, Disability and Quality of Life in Subjects with Peripheral Nerve Repair in the Upper Extremity.

Peripheral nerve damage is a very important factor in patients' quality of life and functionality for various reasons. We aimed to compare the functionality level, disability and quality of life in subjects with peripheral nerve repair in the upper extremity. This cross-sectional study was conducted on patients with nerve injuries in 2019. Among those patients, Eighty-five were selected as the sample. The instruments used in this study included the health-related quality of life standard questionnaire (SF-36), and the disability of the arm, shoulder and hand questionnaire (DASH-38). Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 22 and one-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests. Results of the Kruskal-Wallis test showed that the disability score in the groups of patients was not significant. In addition, according to the results of the one-way ANOVA test, the quality of life score was not significant among the patient groups. Considering that peripheral nerve damage has a significant impact on patients' quality of life and functionality, apart from more research on the subject, it is necessary to provide support for patients to improve their quality of life.

Diversity and Distribution of Avifauna in the Northeast of Addis Ababa, Central Ethiopia.

Exploring avian species diversity and distribution patterns is vigorous for conservation efforts in biodiversity-rich countries such as Ethiopia. Compared to other species, birds are relatively well-known and easily observed, making them great markers of productivity or biodiversity. Although bird species are found all across the world, their survival and range have been negatively impacted by habitat loss, fragmentation, and destruction. Thus, the goal of this study is to provide baseline data on avifaunal diversity in the Northeast of Addis Ababa, including species richness, distribution, and relative abundance in various habitats conducted from January 2023 to September 2023 using a stratified sampling design into three habitat types: settlement, farmland, and abattoir. A fixed-width line transect sampling method was used at the farmland and settlement, and a point transect was employed at the abattoir site to collect the bird data. The data were compared using Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests in both seasons and habitat types. A total of 42 bird species belonging to twenty-three families, and nine orders were recorded during the study period. Of these, blue-winged goose and wattled ibis are endemic to Ethiopia. Hooded vultures and White-backed vultures are critically endangered species. The mean abundance of bird species significantly varied in the three habitat types (χ2 = 13.6, df = 2, p=0.001). The abundance of bird species was nonsignificant difference between wet and dry seasons (U = -0.874, p=0.381). The highest diversity (H' = 2.74) was recorded at settlement, and the lowest diversity index (H' = 1.09) was recorded at the abattoir in the dry season. In the wet season, the highest diversity (H' = 2.66) was recorded in the farmland, and the lowest (H' = 1.08) was recorded at the abattoir. The highest evenness (J = 0.94 and J = 0.93) was recorded on the farmland in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. In the study area, urbanization is extremely impacting the environment and altering ecosystem services upon which human civilization depends. Most of the avian species observed in the study area are capable and tolerant of human-induced habitats in the city. Therefore, city planners must consider conserving urban bird species' habitats and feeding sites.

Antibacterial Effects of Silver Diamine Fluoride with and without Potassium Iodide against Streptococcus mutans.

Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is a topical treatment for carious lesions and a primary preventative for newly exposed high-risk surfaces such as fissures and roots in the first molars. Using potassium iodide (KI) after applying SDF has been recommended as a way of reducing the severity of black staining, as well as preserving its antibacterial effect useful in deep caries. The objective of this research was to compare the antibacterial effect of SDF, with and without KI, on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and dental biofilm. The antibacterial effects of SDF, KI, and the combination of both were measured using three different techniques (inhibition halo, minimum inhibitory effect [MIE], and colony-forming unit [CFU], testing). The results were then subjected to statistical analysis. Analyzed by means of the Kruskal-Wallis statistical test, the inhibition halos yielded a value of P = 0.3309. Using the MIE test, only the SDF treatment produced an antibacterial effect, at 10%, compared to the KI group, with P = 0.001. Finally, the CFU test revealed a total absence of colonies for all three reagents. All three substances analyzed achieved total inhibition of S. mutans. SDF is effective even in its minimal commercial concentration. Its antibacterial capacity decreases with the addition of KI. The three substances analyzed at their maximum concentrations exhibited an antibacterial effect against S. mutans, resulting in total inhibition.

The Relationship Between Toothbrushing Habits and the Prevalence of Caries and Calculus in School-Age Children Grades 1-6 at Galilea Hosana School Elementary School, Medan Selayang District of North Sumatra, Indonesia

School-aged children constitute a demographic that encounters dental and oral health issues. Poor oral and dental hygiene is associated with the development of caries and calculus. The objective of the study was to establish the relationship between teeth brushing practices and the occurrence of dental caries and calculus in elementary school children from grades 1-6 at Galilea Hosana School, located in the Medan Selayang District of North Sumatra. The research conducted at Galilea Hosana School Elementary School, Medan Selayang District, is a descriptive-analytic study with a cross-sectional design. The research sample consisted of 64 elementary school pupils enrolled at Galilea Hosana School, located in the Medan Selayang District. The students were from grades 1 to 6. The data were gathered through the administration of questionnaires and the physical inspection of the mouth cavity and teeth. The Kruskal-Wallis statistical test was employed to examine the data. The research findings indicated that the mean calculus score for students was 1.40 ± 0.74, which falls within the category of moderate calculus. On the other hand, the average scores for caries DEFT and DMFT among students were 2.02 ± 2.36 and 1.42 ± 2.06, respectively, placing them in the low caries category. Out of the total number of students, 29 (45.3%) had sufficient tooth-brushing habits, while 19 kids (29.7%) had commendable tooth-brushing practices. Only 16 students (25%) had inadequate tooth-brushing habits. The Kruskal-Wallis test revealed a statistically significant association (p≤0.05) between teeth brushing behaviors and the occurrence of caries and calculus in school-age children in grades 1-6 at Galilea Hosana School Elementary School, located in the Medan Selayang District of North Sumatra. The research findings indicate a direct relationship between poor tooth-brushing habits and increased levels of calculus and caries.