Krill Meal Research Articles

Comparison of solvents for extraction of krill oil from krill meal: Lipid yield, phospholipids content, fatty acids composition and minor components

The effects of seven different extraction solvents (ethanol, isopropanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, isohexane, n-hexane, and subcritical butane) on the lipid yield and quality of the oil extracted from krill meal were investigated in this study. Phospholipids (PL), fatty acids (FA) composition and minor components including sterols, astaxanthin, vitamin A and tocopherols in the extracted krill oil were analyzed. The results indicated that ethanol and isopropanol led to comparatively higher lipid yields (16.33 and 14.52%, respectively) and PL contents (39.2 and 38.7%, respectively) but lower contents of the minor components than the other solvents. The krill oil extracted with acetone had the lowest PL content (20.63%) but contained more astaxanthin (206.74mg/kg), vitamin A (27.84mg/100g), and sterols (39.00mg/g). Moreover, high levels of n-3 FA were present in the extracts with high PL contents. Further analysis revealed that 23.65–28.10% of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 16.71–21.03% of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were present in the PL, while only 2.83–3.48% of EPA and 1.40–1.74% of DHA were detected in the triacylglycerols (TAG). In addition, subcritical butane proved to be an alternative to n-hexane and isohexane; krill oil extracted with these three solvents had similar qualities.

Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba ) meal in the diets improved the reproductive performance of tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis ) broodstock

A three-month feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary krill meal on the reproductive performance of tongue sole broodstock. Three diets were formulated to contain different levels of krill meal, 0 (Diet K-0), 10 (K-100) and 200 (K-200) g kg–1 dry matter, replacing the corresponding contents of protein and lipid from fishmeal and fish oil. Each diet was assigned to triplicate tanks. Compared with K-0, both K-100 and K-200 increased the egg properties such as buoyant eggs rate, egg diameter, oil droplet diameter and SOD activity of the fertilized egg. However, the maturation rate, serum estradiol content, the relative fecundity and hatching rate were improved only by K-100. The krill meal supplementation increased the concentrations of astaxanthin and n-3 fatty acids in eggs, but decreased the n-6 fatty acid concentrations. Both K-100 and K-200 increased the survival activity index, but the larval deformity rate was decreased only by K-100. At 15 DPH, the larval length and the digestive enzyme activities were significantly higher in group K-200 compared with groups K-0 and K-100. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of krill meal, at the level of 100 or 200 g kg–1 dry matter in exchange of fishmeal and fish oil had the considerable positive effects on C. semilaevis reproduction.

A comparative study on growth and gonadal development of Litopenaeus vannamei broodstock fed different formulated feeds

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 饲料中添加南极磷虾粉对凡纳滨对虾亲虾生长、性腺发育及脂肪酸积累的影响 DOI: 作者: 作者单位: 1. 中国海洋大学 海洋生命学院, 山东 青岛 266003;2. 中国水产科学研究院 黄海水产研究所 农业部海洋渔业资源可持续利用重点开放实验室, 山东 青岛 266071;3. 青岛海洋科学与技术国家实验室 海洋渔业科学与食物产出过程功能实验室, 山东 青岛 266071 作者简介: 张玉玲(1992-),女,硕士研究生,研究方向为水产动物营养及育种.E-mail:chenxiyuling@126.com 通讯作者: 中图分类号: S96 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金面上项目（31572616）；中国水产科学研究院基本科研业务费项目（20603022016006）. A comparative study on growth and gonadal development of Litopenaeus vannamei broodstock fed different formulated feeds Author: Affiliation: 1. College of Marine Life, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China;2. Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture;Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China;3. Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:为探讨人工配合饲料中添加磷虾粉对凡纳滨对虾（）亲虾性腺发育的影响，分别在饲料中添加0、10%、20%的南极磷虾粉，配制3组人工配合饲料（饲料组1、饲料组2和饲料组3）对12月龄的凡纳滨对虾进行了为期60 d的营养强化培养，并以投喂双齿围沙蚕（）为对照组。营养强化结束之后，比较分析了不同饲料组凡纳滨对虾亲虾的体重增重率、肝胰腺指数（HPI）和性腺指数（GSI）；另外，检测分析了各组饲料以及亲虾性腺和肝胰腺的脂肪酸组成。结果表明，对照组的雌雄亲虾体重增重率均高于3个饲料组；饲料组2的HPI最低，为（2.37±0.02）%，与对照组无显著差异（P<0.05）。同时，本研究还比较分析了饲料脂肪酸组成与亲虾性腺、肝胰腺脂肪酸组成的相关性以及对亲虾性腺发育的影响。结果显示，饲料中添加一定含量（10%~20%）的南极磷虾粉可在一定程度上成为凡纳滨对虾亲虾营养强化阶段的优良饲料。 Abstract:This experiment was conducted to evaluate different artificially formulated feeds on promoting gonadal development in broodstock during the nutrient enrichment stage. Three kinds of formulated feeds, numbered diets no.1 (without krill meal), no.2 (10% krill meal), and no.3 (20% krill meal) were used as the experimental groups, with two replicates, and natural polychaete worm bait was used as the control group. The purpose of the experiment was to determine the appropriate formulated feed to enhance gonadal development in broodstock. The four treatment groups were fed the four different feeds for 60 d, and whole-body, hepatopancreatic, and gonad weights were determined. In addition, the fatty acid profiles of the four feeds and those of the hepatopancreas and gonads were analyzed in the four treatment groups. Fatty acid profiles of feed are important for gonadal development and reproduction in brood stock, as they can affect the hepatopancreatic and gonadal fatty acid profiles, as well as gonadal development. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and arachidonic acid (AA) are three kinds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that play significant roles in gonadal development. T he results showed that female broodstock in the control group had the significantly highest weight gain rate, which was (78.10±6.38)% (<0.05), compared with that of the others. No difference in weight gain rate (>0.05) was observed between female broodstock in the three formulated feed groups. Weight gain rate of male broodstock was lower than that of females. Males in the control group had the highest weight gain rate, but no difference (>0.05) was observed between males fed diets no. 3 and no. 2. Fish fed diet no.2 had the lowest hepatopancreatic index at (2.37±0.02)%; the hepatopancreatic index was not different (>0.05) from that in the control group, but was significantly different (<0.05) from that in the other two treatment groups. Fish fed diet no. 2 had a significantly higher (<0.05) gonadosomatic index (GSI) than that in the other groups, but no difference (>0.05) in GSI was observed between fish fed diet no.3 and the control group. The fatty acid profiles differed among the four feeds. More ∑PUFA was detected in than those in the artificially formulated feeds, and EPA, DHA, and AA contents in were higher than those in the formulated feeds. Diet nos. 2 and 3 had significantly more (>0.05) ∑PUFA as well as more EPA, DHA, and AA than those in diet no.1, indicating that the fatty acid profiles in diet nos. 2 and 3 were closer to those in . These results show that the fatty acid profiles in gonads were correlated with the fatty acid profiles in the brood stock feeds. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Effect of Krill, Mussel and Fish Meals on Fatty Acid Profile, Carotenoid Content, Colour and Oxidation Properties of White Muscle in Arctic Charr (Salvelinus Alpinus L.)

Effect of Krill, Mussel and Fish Meals on Fatty Acid Profile, Carotenoid Content, Colour and Oxidation Properties of White Muscle in Arctic Charr (Salvelinus Alpinus L.)

Influence of partial substitution of dietary marine origin feedstuffs by a mixture of extruded pea seed meal and animal origin feedstuffs on fatty acid composition of fillet in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

The aim of the study was to investigate how partial replacement of marine origin feedstuffs by a mixture of terrestrial origin (extruded pea meal, feather meal, spray-dried blood meal, soybean oil) feedstuffs affects the fatty acid composition of European sea bass fillet. Two experimental diets were formulated for the better growth of sea bass with an initial mean weight of 30 g in sea cages placed at 2500 m from the coast. The marine diet (MD) diet included 45% of marine origin feedstuffs, containing 30% of fish meal (herring), 10% of fish oil (anchovy) and 5% of krill meal, while terrestrial diet (TD) diet included 20% less of marine origin feedstuffs replaced by a mixture of terrestrial origin feedstuffs. The experimental diets did not affect growth performance and food conversion ratio in sea bass. The contents of EPA and DHA resulted lower in tissues of fish fed diet with the higher levels of terrestrial origin feedstuffs. Consequently, also the levels of total n-3 PUFA were lower in muscle of fish of this group; conversely total n-6 PUFA resulted in higher levels. According to the effect of treatments on both total n-6 and n-3 PUFA, the ratio of ∑n-6/∑n-3 FA was higher in fillet of sea bass fed TD diet, maintaining anyway values sufficiently acceptable for a healthy diet according to Brennal et al.

The effect of low inclusion levels of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) meal on growth performance, apparent digestibility and slaughter quality of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Two trials with Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were conducted to evaluate the potential of krill meal to improve feed intake. In the first experiment, after transfer to sea water, salmon smolts were fed diets added 75 or 150 g kg−1 Antarctic krill meal in substitution for fish meal for 13 weeks. The apparent digestibility coefficient for crude protein and the majority of the amino acids was significantly lower in the feeds added krill meal (around 83.5%) than in the control diet (84.9%), whereas the digestibility of crude lipids, dry matter and energy was not significantly different among the three diets. Krill meal addition resulted in higher feed intake, which led to higher growth rates and final body weights. In the second experiment, large salmon were fed a diet containing 100 g kg−1 krill meal for 6 weeks before slaughter. Their feed intake and growth performance were assessed, and fillet and visceral fat contents were measured. Salmon fed the 100 g kg−1 krill meal diet tended to eat more, resulting in significantly increased growth rates, when compared to control fish. Fish fed krill meal also had a significantly lower condition factor.

Contribución al conocimiento de los requerimientos nutricionales del langostino nativo (Macrobrachium acanthurus )

To contribute to the knowledge of the nutrient requirements of freshwater prawn Macrobrachium acanthurus (Wigmann, 1836), two feeding trials were performed. During the first, we determined the effect of three diets with different sources of protein and lipids (meals and oils from fish and krill, soybean meal) on the growth of females (initial weight of 4.2 ± 0.5 g), and on the size and protein and lipid contents of the eggs produced. After 40 days of feeding, the krill meal and oil showed a positive effect on the sexual maturation of the females, as well as on the protein and lipid content of the eggs. In the second trial, we determined the protein requirement for juveniles (initial weight 3.0 ± 0.2 g), by feeding semi-purified diets to the organisms with 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50% crude protein for a period of 80 days. By means of a broken-line analysis and in terms of weight gain, the minimum requirement of protein was estimated to be 37.8%. The information obtained in this study will allow diet formulations for the commercial culture of M. acanthurus to be developed.

Krill meal enhances performance of feed pellets through concentration-dependent prolongation of consumption by Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, is often grown on feed containing 30–40% soybean meal or other sources of plant protein because of its favorable cost and availability compared to marine animal protein. However, plant material is relatively less attractive and palatable to shrimp compared to animal material. Consequently, the current practice is to include some marine animal meal to enhance the attractability and palatability of feeds containing high levels of plant protein. Our study examined mechanisms underlying krill meal's effects on feed consumption by L. vannamei. The first step required behavioral experiments to quantify in a concentration-dependent manner the effect of krill meal on attractability and palatability of feed using assays of groups of animals. We showed that an aqueous extract of krill meal is highly attractive, causing shrimp to alert, move toward, probe, and grab an airstone releasing it in a concentration-dependent manner and at concentrations as low as 13.3μg/ml. We then showed that krill meal added to feed pellets (with a base diet of 30% soybean meal, 27% poultry protein concentrate, 34% wheat flour, and additional minor components) enhanced the palatability (i.e., consumption) of pellets in a concentration-dependent fashion, with 6% krill meal being significantly effective. The second step required performing two experiments to characterize the mechanisms underlying the enhanced performance of krill-containing pellets. The first experiment tested the hypothesis that krill meal-containing pellets are more attractive than control pellets. Our results did not support this hypothesis for trials simulating short (5-min) feeding trials but did for long (60-min) trials. The second experiment tested the hypothesis that krill meal enhances the shrimps' rate of feeding on pellets, by examining the behavior of individual shrimp in a palatability assay in which individual animals were fed single pellets sequentially until it stopped feeding (defined as not completely consuming a pellet within 60min). This experiment showed that krill meal did not significantly increase the rate of feeding on a pellet, but rather it increased in a concentration-dependent manner the number of pellets eaten and the total time spent eating before shrimp stopped eating. Taken together, our results support the idea that krill meal is a chemostimulant whose major effect when added to feed pellets is to increase the pellets' palatability by prolonging the feeding bout and thus the amount eaten, but not affecting how quickly a shrimp eats each pellet. Our results might have practical implications on the composition and presentation of pellets to cultured shrimp, and they also could be used as a baseline for the development of non-animal based chemostimulatory additives and for the aquaculture of other species of shrimp.Statement of relevancePotential impact on the formulation of pellet feed for shrimp.

Potential use of high levels of vegetal proteins in diets for market-sized gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata)

ABSTRACTThe effect of partial or total dietary substitution of fishmeal (FM) by vegetal protein sources on growth and feed efficiency was carried out in on-growing gilthead sea bream (mean initial weight 131 g). The Control diet (FM 100) contained FM as the primary protein source, while in Diets FM 25 and FM 0 the FM protein was replaced at 75% and 100%, respectively, by a vegetable protein mixture consisting of wheat gluten, soybean meal, rapeseed meal and crystalline amino acids. Diets FM 25 and FM 0 also contained krill meal at 47 g/kg in order to improve palatability. At the end of the trial (after 158 d), fish survival was above 90%. Final weight and the specific growth rate were statistically lower in fish fed the Control diet (361 g and 0.64%/d), compared with 390–396 g and 0.69–0.70%/d after feeding vegetal diets. No significant differences were found regarding feed intake and feed conversion ratio. The digestibility of protein and amino acids (determined with chromium oxide as indicator) was similar in all diets. The blood parameters were not significantly affected by treatments. The activity of trypsin and pepsin was significantly reduced after feeding Diet FM 0. In the distal intestine, the villi length in fish fed Diet FM 25 was significantly longer and the intestine of the fish fed the FM 100 diet showed a smaller number of goblet cells. In conclusion, a total FM substitution by a vegetal mix supplemented with synthetic amino acids in on-growing sea bream is feasible.

Effects of soy protein ratio, lipid content and minimum level of krill meal in plant-based diets over the growth and digestibility of the white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei

This study evaluated the effects of soy protein ratio, lipid content and the minimum dietary level of krill meal in plant-based diets over the growth performance and digestibility of Litopenaeus vannamei. Nine plant-based diets varied the soybean meal (SBM) and soy protein concentrate (SPC) inclusion ratio at 1 : 2.3, 1 : 1 and 2.5 : 1, and their dietary lipid content at 121.4 ± 9.4, 102.3 ± 1.2, and 79.9 ± 1.2 g kg−1 (in a dry matter basis). An additional diet containing 120 g kg−1 of fish meal (salmon by-product) was used as a control. Krill meal was included at 0, 5, 10, 20 and 30 g kg−1 in a new set of plant-based diets. After 10 weeks in clear-water tanks of 0.5 m3, no effect of SBM:SPC ratio and dietary lipid content was detected on shrimp survival. However, dietary lipid levels of 80 and 121 g kg−1 combined with a high SPC to SBM resulted in the lowest final body weight and the poorest apparent crude protein digestibility, respectively. Krill meal increased feed intake at only 10 g kg−1, while at 20 g kg−1, it accelerated shrimp growth, increased yield and reduced food conversion ratio.

Live prey enrichment and artificial microdiets for larviculture of Atlantic red porgy Pagrus pagrus

In the first experiment the effects of rotifer enrichment and feeding frequency on larval performance of red porgy Pagrus pagrus were studied. Larvae (2 days post-hatching=2dph) were fed s-type rotifers (∼20 rotifers/mL) enriched with one of the four different treatment media: Rotifer Diet (microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata and Tetraselmis chuii), DHA Protein Selco, Algamac 3000 (Schizochytrium sp.) and Algamac+ARA (arachidonic acid). Larvae were fed daily at full ration or twice daily at half ration. Larval growth and survival (mean=22.8%) were satisfactory through 16dph under all treatments; however, resistance to hyposaline challenge (Survival Activity Index=SAI) was positively correlated (P<0.01) with DHA concentration of rotifers, and SAI appeared highest in the Algamac+ARA treatment. In the second experiment the effects of Artemia enrichment on larval performance were compared from 18dph through pre-metamorphosis (33dph). Larvae were fed Artemia (0.5–3.0/mL) enriched with two different media Algamac 3000 and DC DHA Selco, or unenriched Artemia (control). Both media improved DHA levels in Artemia and growth and survival (36.7–54.6%) of larvae, while larvae fed unenriched Artemia showed poor growth and survival (5.2%). In the third experiment a University of North Carolina Wilmington microbound diet (MBD) and two commercial microdiets (Gemma Micro and Otohime) were evaluated. The MBD contained different protein sources (i.e., menhaden, squid and krill meal, soy protein concentrate) and attractants. Beginning 16dph, live feeds and microdiets were co-fed to three treatment groups of larvae: (1) Gemma, (2) MBD, and (3) Otohime. Larval performance on the UNCW-MBD was comparable to the commercial microdiets, with no significant differences in larval survival, DHA, or total n-3 PUFA content through 32dph. Results delineate more effective rearing protocols for larviculture of Atlantic red porgy juveniles.

Substitution of Krill meal for Fish Meal in Feed for Russian Sturgeon, Acipenser gueldenstaedtii

Krill meal (KM) is a potential feed ingredient that can replace fish meal (FM) in aquaculture. To better understand the efficacy of krill meal, a 200-day feeding trial was conducted with Russian sturgeons (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii). Four extruded diets in which KM replaced 0%, 10%, 20%, or 30% of FM in the formulation were fed to 481 g sturgeons for 200 d. Russian sturgeons that were fed diets containing KM grew as fast as or even better than fish fed with FM control diet. No differences were observed in terms of dorsal muscle composition in the fish fed with diets including KM and those fed with FM control diet. Meanwhile, the fluoride concentrations in the dorsal muscle, liver, and kidney, as well as swim bladder in all dietary groups were below detectable limit. In the gills, skin, vertebral bone and dorsal scutes, the fluoride content from the KM groups progressively increased with dietary fluoride concentration. In conclusion, KM can partially substitute for FM in the diets of Russian sturgeon without affecting normal growth performance.

Effect of dietary components on the gut microbiota of aquatic animals. A never‐ending story?

It is well known that healthy gut microbiota is essential to promote host health and well-being. The intestinal microbiota of endothermic animals as well as fish are classified as autochthonous or indigenous, when they are able to colonize the host's epithelial surface or are associated with the microvilli, or as allochthonous or transient (associated with digesta or are present in the lumen). Furthermore, the gut microbiota of aquatic animals is more fluidic than that of terrestrial vertebrates and is highly sensitive to dietary changes. In fish, it is demonstrated that [a] dietary form (live feeds or pelleted diets), [b] dietary lipid (lipid levels, lipid sources and polyunsaturated fatty acids), [c] protein sources (soybean meal, krill meal and other meal products), [d] functional glycomic ingredients (chitin and cellulose), [e] nutraceuticals (probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and immunostimulants), [f] antibiotics, [g] dietary iron and [h] chromic oxide affect the gut microbiota. Furthermore, some information is available on bacterial colonization of the gut enterocyte surface as a result of dietary manipulation which indicates that changes in indigenous microbial populations may have repercussion on secondary host–microbe interactions. The effect of dietary components on the gut microbiota is important to investigate, as the gastrointestinal tract has been suggested as one of the major routes of infection in fish. Possible interactions between dietary components and the protective microbiota colonizing the digestive tract are discussed.

Antarctic krill meal as an alternative protein source in pet foods evaluated in mink (Neovison vison). II. Growth

Antarctic krill meal as an alternative protein source in pet foods evaluated in mink (Neovison vison). II. Growth

Antarctic krill meal as an alternative protein source in pet foods evaluated in adult mink (Neovison vison). I. Digestibility of main nutrients and effect on reproduction

Antarctic krill meal as an alternative protein source in pet foods evaluated in adult mink (Neovison vison). I. Digestibility of main nutrients and effect on reproduction

The effect of thermal treatment on the quality changes of Antartic krill meal during the manufacturing process: High processing temperatures decrease product quality

The quality of krill products is influenced by their manufacturing process and could be evaluated by their degradation products from lipid oxidation and non‐enzymatic browning reactions. The main objectives of this study were: (i) to investigate the effect of thermal treatment on these two reactions in krill products during their manufacturing process; and (ii) to understand and postulate the possible mechanisms for non‐enzymatic browning reactions in krill products. Characterisation of krill products at different stages was obtained by determination of their lipid composition (lipid classes and phospholipids), antioxidant (α‐tocopherol and astaxanthin esters) and volatile profiles (degradation products from lipid oxidation and Strecker degradation). The use of thermal treatment resulted in lipid oxidation and subsequently led to the development of non‐enzymatic browning reactions in krill products during their manufacturing process. It is hypothesized that non‐enzymatic browning reactions in krill products might occur through Maillard reaction or lipid peroxidation pathways.Practical applications: The quality of krill products is influenced by the temperature used during their manufacturing process, and the occurrence of their degradative reactions is influenced by the chemical composition and matrix of krill products. This work provides information about the possible mechanisms of the two most commonly found reactions in the food system namely, lipid oxidation and non‐enzymatic browning reactions. This information is not only applicable to krill products but also to other food matrices containing lipid, protein, sugar, etc.The quality of krill based products is influenced by the thermal treatment used during their manufacturing process and could be evaluated by their degradation products derived from lipid oxidation and non‐enzymatic browning reactions. Therefore, the processing temperature needs to be kept as low as possible to prevent the occurrence of these reactions and subsequently preserve the quality of krill products.

Extrusion of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) meal and its effect on oil extraction

SummaryAntarctic krill meal as well as mixed krill meal and starches were extruded through a twin‐screw extruder. The extrudates were hard and porous agglomerates. The pellets still showed intact structure without obvious disintegration in response to hexane extraction. The oil recovery rates for raw krill meal and the extrudate of single krill meal were 55.08% and 59.08%, respectively. For extrudates, oil recovery rate increased along with the increasing additive amount of starches, with a maximum of 83.13%. Oil extracted from raw krill meal contained 49.30% of triglycerides (TG), 44.16% of phospholipids (PL), 1.45% of free fatty acids (FFA) and 4.69% of cholesterols (CHO). Meanwhile, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFA) account for 20.89%, 37.84% and 41.27% of the total fatty acids, respectively. By contrast, oils extracted from extrudates contained more TG but less PL and more SFA but less PUFA.

단백질원료의 종류에 따른 황복(Takifugu obscurus) 치어의 소화율 및 성장 평가

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the apparent dry matter and protein digestibility of seven different dietary protein sources by juvenile river puffer Takifugu obscurus. Eight diets containing white fish meal (WFM), brown fish meal (BFM), squid liver powder (SLP), krill meal (KM), leather meal (LM), soybean meal (SM), or fermented soybean meal (FSM) were prepared by mixing a basal diet (BD) with one of the seven test ingredients at a ratio of 7 to 3. Fish averaging <TEX>$10.8{\pm}0.04g$</TEX> were fed the experimental diets in triplicate groups. The apparent dry matter digestibilities of BFM, WFM, FSM, SLP, LM, SM, and KM were 80, 78, 72, 67, 56, 55, and 54%, respectively, while the corresponding apparent protein digestibilities were 96, 96, 93, 92, 89, 88, and 86. The weight gain of fish fed BFM was significantly greater than that of fish fed SM or LM (P<0.05), while it was not significantly different from that of fish fed the BD, WFM, FSM, BFM, SLP, or KM. These results indicated that WFM, BFM, FSM, and SLP are potentially good protein sources for replacing fish meal in river puffer feed.

크릴(Euphausia superba)의 영양성분 및 아미노산 조성에 관한 연구

【Despite abundant nutritions, krill is barely used for human consumption. The objective of this study was to investigate the nutritional component and amino acid composition of krill and further utilizes it for food resource. Proximate compositions of krill meal were consisted of crude protein 58.85%, ash 13.89%, crude fat 12.45%, carbohydrate 11.01% and moisture 3.80%. The amount of total amino acid was 54.74 g%, and the major amino acids were glutamic acid (7.71 g%), aspartic acid (6.20 g%), leucine (4.72 g%), lysine (4.41 g%), arginine (6.49 g%) and alanine (3.25 g%), respectively. Total essential amino acid content was 21.87%, and the major amino acids were leucine (4.72 g%), lysine (4.41 g%) and isoleucine (2.90 g%), respectively. Content of total free amino acid in krill meal was 20224.30 mg/kg, and the major free amino acids were taurine (4501 mg/kg), arginine (3130.60 mg/kg), proline (2302.90 mg/kg), alanine (2088.10 mg/kg), glycine (1606.40 mg/kg) and lysine (1197.40 mg/kg). Especially, taurine was the most abundant of all free amino acids. Thus, these data indicate that krill seems to be abundant protein source food.】

남극해 크릴 새우의 지방산조성과 무기질 및 비타민함량

Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) is typical of a enormous biomass of marine zooplankton that could provide good nutrition in human body. This study was conducted to identify the nutrition of krill, a live in Antarctic Ocean. The analysis result of fatty acids of krill meal was as follow. The compositions of fatty acid were saturated fatty (SFA) acid 41.41%, monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) 21.69%, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) 36.89%, and p/s ratio was 0.89. The major fatty acids in all parts were eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 21.54%), palmitic acid (27.51%), oleic acid (13.35%) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 12.42%). Especially, EPA and DHA were occupied 33.96% of polyunsaturated fatty acid. The mineral contents of krill meal were calcium 24477.21 mg , sodium 14728.69 mg , magnesium 6973.49 mg , potassium 3981.67 mg , iron 395.33 mg and manganese 5.74 mg . The contents of major vitamin were retinol 86717.37 RE, -carotene 44.87 RE, tocopherol 2.60 mg, pantothenic acid 1.61 mg, indicating that krill meal contains large amount of retinol and -carotene.