Kraft Paper Bags Research Articles

Effect of packaging materials on weight loss and nutrient quality changes of rechanded sweet potatoes (<i>Ipomoea batatas</i> Poir) during short-term storage

The effects of packaging materials on weight loss and nutrient quality changes of recharged submerged in clean tap water) sweet potatoes ( Ipomoea batatas Poir) roots during storage were determined. Sweet potatoes from two genotypes, ‘KEMB 10\' and ‘Yanshu\' were recharged for 14 hours and packaged in perforated polyethylene bags (0.02 mm), Kraft paper bags (0.025 mm) and nylon gunnysacks, with roots placed on open plate as control. The packages were then stored at prevailing ambient conditions (23 &#177 2 oC, 77.5 &#177 5.5 % relative humidity (RH)) for 21 days. During storage the sweet potatoes\' change in weight was determined every 3 days. Change in reduced ascorbic acid, &#223-carotene, total sugars and total soluble solids contents were determined every 7 days. There was a significant (p &#8804 0.05) weight loss as well as reduced ascorbic acid loss, but total sugars and &#223-carotene contents increased during storage. Although total sugars showed an apparent gradual increase in all packages and genotypes during storage, the increase was not significant (p &#8804 0.05). Perforated polyethylene bags significantly (p &#8804 0.05) prevented weight loss (up to 1.8 %) as well as allowed for the most retention in reduced ascorbic acid (13.45 g/100 g fresh weight), and increase in &#223-carotene (4.9 mg/100 g fresh weight) and total sugar (6.4 g/100 g dry weight) contents than Kraft paper bags and nylon gunnysacks. Roots packaged in Kraft paper bags were not different in weight and nutrient quality changes from those packaged in nylon gunnysacks. The control sweet potatoes always showed the highest losses in weight (up to 27.8 %) and nutrient quality. Packaging materials did not affect total soluble solids content during storage. The results show that packaging in perforated polyethylene bags can improve shelf life of recharged sweet potatoes by 14 days. Keywords: Ipomoea batatas ; packaging; weight loss JAGST Vol 6(1) 2004: 29-47

Ensacamento de frutos de pereira cv. Housui

Foi avaliada a qualidade de frutos de pêra japonesa cv. Housui (Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta) ensacados com diferentes tipos de sacos de papel e em duas épocas: 34 e 83 dias após a florada. O ensacamento não influenciou na firmeza, no teor de sólidos solúveis totais e no peso médio dos frutos. Sacos vermelhos não induziram aumento do pH da polpa, mas o uso de sacos duplos, sacos marrons, sacos de papel kraft marrons e sacos de pipoca brancos aumentaram significativamente o pH. Ao buscar-se maior precocidade de colheita, os melhores resultados foram obtidos com o uso de sacos pequenos de papel manteiga aos 34 dias após a floração e o uso de sacos grandes duplos ou sacos grandes marrons, 83 dias após a plena floração. O ensacamento 34 dias após a plena floração, com sacos grandes de papel duplo de cor marrom ou sacos de papel kraft marrons, ou ainda o uso de sacos pequenos parafinados transparentes de papel manteiga, aos 34 dias, seguidos pela colocação, aos 83 dias, dos dois tipos de sacos grandes citados anteriormente, resultaram em frutos de melhor qualidade externa (película de coloração homogênea e mais clara, lisa e com lenticelas pouco salientes). O uso de sacos vermelhos de papel manteiga e de sacos de pipoca brancos, com ou sem ensacamento prévio com sacos pequenos de papel manteiga parafinado, não resultaram em melhoria substancial da qualidade externa do fruto.

The effect of multiwall Kraft paper or plastic bags on physico‐chemical changes in milk powder during storage at high temperature and humidity

Plastic bags have recently been introduced as an alternative to multiwall Kraft paper bags in packaging milk powder in 25‐kg sizes as it is thought that plastic bags are more durable and would preserve the quality of milk powders during storage better than paper bags. However, there is little scientific information available on the performance of plastic bags for milk powder storage. The aim of this study was to compare the properties of skimmed milk powder (SMP) packaged in plastic or paper bags. Commercially produced and packaged SMP in 25‐kg plastic or paper bags was stored at 37°C and 90% relative humidity. Samples were analysed at intervals (0, 45, 90 and 135 days) for moisture, water activity, lactic acid content, pH, insolubility index, bulk density, flowability, dispersibility and particle size. The magnitude of change in the majority of SMP properties measured during storage suggests that plastic bags are similar to paper bags in maintaining milk powder quality during storage.

Testes de capacidade de expansão em programas de melhoramento de milho pipoca

No desenvolvimento de populações melhoradas de milho pipoca é fundamental selecionar com base em qualidade, normalmente expressa pela relação volume de pipoca/peso de grãos, denominada capacidade de expansão (CE). Na seleção de indivíduos e progênies diversos sistemas de avaliação de qualidade devem ser considerados, por serem utilizados pelos consumidores. O propósito deste trabalho foi avaliar dois sistemas de determinação de CE em programas de melhoramento, sendo o primeiro uma pipoqueira de ar quente e o segundo um forno de microondas. Para avaliar a pipoqueira de ar quente foi instalado um experimento no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, envolvendo três tratamentos e nove níveis de peso de grãos, com cinco repetições. Para o microondas, buscando definir uma embalagem alternativa, foi instalado um experimento no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, seguindo um esquema fatorial, com três repetições, envolvendo dois tempos e cinco embalagens. Foi realizado um outro experimento, buscando verificar a qualidade do aparelho para obtenção de CE a partir de pequena quantidade de grãos e qual o melhor tempo a ser utilizado. A pipoqueira de ar quente é um sistema eficiente, podendo ser empregados 10 g na avaliação de plantas e até 90 g para avaliações experimentais de famílias. O forno de microondas é também um sistema eficiente, equivalente à pipoqueira de ar quente. No aparelho de microondas, pode-se empregar saco de papel kraft. Para avaliação de plantas, podem ser empregados 10 gramas e 140 segundos, e 30 a 90 gramas com tempo de 220 segundos para a avaliação de progênies.

Controle de Cerconota anonella em pomar de gravioleira

Testaram-se métodos químico e cultural para o controle de Cerconota anonella (Sepp., 1830) (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae), principal praga da gravioleira (Annona muricata L.). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com 9 tratamentos e 20 repetições. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com saco plástico microperfurado e papel kraft tratado com clorpirifós.

Protecting Uninfested Packages from Attack by Cadra cautella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) with the Parasitic Wasp Venturia canescens (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

Numbers of almond moths, Cadra cautella (Walker), infesting small kraftpaper bags in 44.7-m3 rooms with and without the hymenopterous parasite Venturia canescens (Gravenhorst) were determined. Bags contained 100 g of cornmeal and were either open, folded, or heat-sealed (taped). Significantly fewer bags of each type were infested by C. cautella dispersing from adjacent infested food debris when V. canescens was present. Numbers of moth larvae in the open, folded, and taped bags were also significantly reduced when the parasites were present. Benefits of making the bags insect-tight were obvious; numbers of infested, taped bags were significantly less than numbers of infested, open bags from both the rooms with and without parasites. In addition, numbers of larvae in infested, taped bags were significantly less than those recovered from open bags from rooms with and without parasites.

Effect of seed weight on height growth of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii) seedlings in a nursery

Different mean seed weights were produced within each of 10 young Douglas-fir trees by leaving some developing cones unbagged and enclosing others in Kraft paper bags for two different durations. On the average, 10 days in the bag increased filled-seed weight by about 1%. Unbagged cones and cones from the 117-day bagging duration were wind pollinated. Seeds from these cones were, therefore, of comparable genetic makeup and were used in further nursery growth tests. To eliminate the effect of germination rate or time, samples of filled seeds from each treatment on each parent tree were sown as germinant seedlings on one date. Cotyledon number was counted and 1st-year epicotyl lengths and 2nd-year total heights were measured on all seedlings. Seedling volumes were estimated by assuming diameters were proportional to heights. On the average, bagging cones for 117 days increased seed weight by 10.7%, 1st-year epicotyl length by 9.1%, and 2-year total height by 4.0%. All differences were statistically significant. Results were compared with other reports of the relations between seed weight and growth and reasons for inconsistencies were discussed. Size differences were projected to later ages with a growth model and practical implications of long-term seed effects on plant size, of increasing seed size through cultural techniques, and of grading seed lots by size were considered.

Preventing the Spread of the Almond Moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) from Infested Food Debris to Adjacent Uninfested Packages., Using the Parasite Bracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Small kraft paper bags containing 100 g of cornmeal were exposed as open bags or closed bags with folded or heat-sealed (taped) openings in 44.7-m3 rooms. There were significantly fewer of the folded bags and taped bags infested by the almond moth, Cadra cautella (Walker), when 50 pairs of adults of Bracan hebetor Say were introduced into the test rooms five times at semiweekly intervals. The numbers of moth larvae recovered from the infested bags also were significantly reduced in folded and open bags when the parasites were present. The benefits of making the bags insect tight were obvious in the Bracon-free control room, because significantly fewer taped bags were infested than folded bags and significantly fewer folded bags were infested than open bags. The numbers of moth larvae recovered from the infested, folded bags and taped bags were also significantly lower than the number of moth larvae found in the open bags.

Damage to French-Fried Potatoes Caused by Simulated Transport and Handling Tests at Cryogenic Temperatures

A study was conducted to assess potential rail transport and handling damage to frozen French-fried potatoes shipped at conventional (− 18°C) and cryogenic (− 62°C or below) temperatures. French fries were packed in 2.27 kg net weight pillow pouch-fin seal poly-lined Kraft paper bags. Six pouches were packed upright per single wall, c-flute, RSC shipping case. Results showed that cryogenic shipping temperatures had no significant effect upon the sensory quality factors of flavor, texture and color. Breakage levels were determined; there was a trend for increased breakage at cryogenic temperatures with increasing shipping abuse. The drop test (simulating case man-handling abuse) was the most abusive treatment in this test series in terms of product breakage and packaging damage.

FACTORS INFLUENCING FUNGAL QUALITY OF PECANS STORED AT REFRIGERATION TEMPERATURES

ABSTRACTTWO factors greatly affecting the growth of fungi on stored pecan nuts (Curya illioensis) are moisture content and temperature. Experiments designed to simulate conditions of commercial practice were carried out to determine the effects of sap (naturally occurring) moisture and superficial or imbibed moisture, i.e., moisture originating from sources other than the tree, on survival of fungi on stored pecans. A second objective was to determine the effect of temperature of storage on the rate of equilibration of moisture in pecans. Of particular interest was the effect of this rate of change on populations of naturally occurring fungal contaminants. In‐shell pecans were stored in Kraft paper and plastic bags at −18, −6.5, and 0°C for periods of 6, 12, and 24 wk. Results indicate that pecan kernels with low sap and low superficial moisture at the time of harvest are less likely to support fungal growth than are kernels with high sap moisture, or low sap moisture but high superficial moisture. Fungi are capable of growing on pecans at 0°C and to a less extent at −6.5°C after prolonged storage. Rapid reduction of moisture content accompanied by ventilation in chambers with air having relative humidities in the range 60–68% is most desirable for preserving pecans against fungal deterioration.

QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH‐MOISTURE PECANS STORED AT REFRIGERATION TEMPERATURES

ABSTRACTPecan nuts (Carya illioensis) in the early stages of maturity contain a high proportion of sap moisture whereas fully mature nuts may contain higher proportions of superficial or imbibed moisture which originates from sources other than the tree. This study was conducted to determine the effects of type and level of moisture on stability and quality characteristics of in‐shell pecan nuts stored at −18, −6.5, and 0°C (60–68s relative humidity) in Kraft paper and plastic bags for periods of 6, 12, and 24 wk. Freeze damage, discoloration, and toughening were observed in stored pecans which had been collected early in the harvest season. Quality deterioration was most severe in samples stored in plastic bags at −18°C. Progressive darkening of seed coat color (Gardner color values) was correlated with late harvesting dates and was enhanced during storage by retarding the rate of equilibration of kernal moisture with atmospheric relative humidity. Panel scores indicated significant differences in quality associated with kernel moisture, storage temperature, storage time, and type of packaging. Scores for appearance, color, aroma, texture, and flavor of kernels were adversely affected by high sap moisture. To assure overall retention of sensory qualities, sap moisture content of pecan kernels should be reduced to 10% or less before subjecting to refrigerated storage.

Insecticides as Seed Treatments for Control of Seed Maggots, 1977

Abstract For this test conducted at Agway Farm Research Center, Fabius, NY, seeds of Provider Greenhouse snapbeans, Fordhook 242 lima beans, California light red kidney beans, and Pioneer 334S field corn were treated with Insecticides or insecticides and fungicides; exception to this was soil application of in-furrow Temik 15G. For small plot testing, 100 seeds per treatment were treated on Jun 17‘77, using a randomized block design and 3 replications; plot size was 11' x 20' using 4-rows per plot, 1 row for each variety tested - row spacing was 36-inches. A screen cone fly trap was used to time planting date for the appearance of second brood seed maggot adults. In addition, 100 lbs/plot of Corenco blood and bone meal was banded over the top of planted rows to attract adults to the test site to insure oviposition. Thirty seeds of each variety were hand planted on Jun 17‘77 per 20' of row. Respective amounts of insecticide or insecticide-fungicide hopper box seed treatments were placed with the seed in kraft paper bags and shaken to thoroughly coat the material on the seeds. The treatment of Dursban 4E (M-4170) + Captan 50W was applied at the rate of 2 oz + 2 oz of product/100 lbs of seed as a slurried seed dressing. On Jul 14‘77, the plant stands were counted along with determining the degree of seed maggot injury to emerged seedlings.

Qualidade da bebida do café: efeito do acondicionamento e do tempo de conservação

O efeito do tempo de armazenamento sobre a qualidade da bebida de café do cultivar mundo novo de Coffea arabica foi estudado em Campinas, no período de junho de 1974 a março de 1976. Planejou-se o delineamento em blocos ao acaso para as amostras, sendo analisada a bebida do café despolpado e beneficiado conservado em latas hermeticamente fechadas, em sacos de plástico, de aniagem, de tecido de algodão e de papel. Para os testes de bebida adotou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso. Três séries de amostras foram retiradas 5, 16 e 21 meses, após o inicio do experimento e analisadas quanto à qualidade da bebida, usando-se a escala de 0-5 pontos, normalmente empregada para essas avaliações. Não se notaram efeitos de embalagem nas amostras analisadas na primeira época, tendo as médias de pontos variado de 3,2 a 3,3. Para a segunda e terceira épocas, notaram-se diferenças significativas, sendo obtidas médias de pontos maiores nas amostras conservadas em latas e em sacos de plástico, que constituem as melhores embalagens. O tempo de armazenamento influiu desfavoravelmente para os tratamentos. Quanto à cor dos grãos, as amostras conservadas em latas e em sacos de plástico revelaram-se inalteradas, enquanto as demais pioraram, tornando-se esbranquiçadas. O teor de umidade revelou-se menor nas latas e nos sacos plásticos, bem como os valores da peneira média. Nessas embalagens observou-se maior peso de sementes de algumas peneiras.

Yield and Viability of Tobacco Seeds Produced under Heat and Light Reflecting or Absorbing Covers1

Seeds of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) were produced within cheesecloth bags and variously painted and unpainted wet‐strength kraft paper bags. Temperatures within these seed head covers were measured at noon on a typically warm day (30 to 34 C) and also on a relatively cool day (21 to 25 C). A treatment consisting of paper bags that had been painted black markedly reduced yield and germination. Highest temperatures were also encountered in the black bags. Lowest temperatures were measured in the cheesecloth bags from which the highest yield and germination of seeds were obtained. Bags painted silver possessed internal temperatures that were only 1 or 2 degrees higher than those measured under the cheesecloth bags. However, the yield from seed heads covered with bags painted silver was less than half of that obtained from those enclosed with cheesecloth. These data suggested further that light may have a beneficial effect on seed yield.

Holding Containers for Melon Flies and Mediterranean Fruit Flies for Use in Sterile Fly Aerial Releases1

In Hawaii in 1967 and 1968, as many sterile adult Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), and melon flies, Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett, exited within 30 minutes from Kraft paper bags that contained X-shaped cardboard inserts and sugar cubes and were loaded with 3000 pupae, as exited from the more costly compartmented and ventilated cardboard boxes (with sugar-water as food) used previously. The bags were dropped 2.5 meters and opened immediately. A smaller percentage of the packaged insects exited bags containing excelsior or bags with the X-shaped inserts with a solution of water and sugar provided as food. A higher percentage of flies of either species exited the containers loaded with 3000 pupae than from those containers with 5000 pupae. Melon flies left the containers twice as quickly as the Mediterranean fruit flies. Also, sunny and/or calm days permitted greater egress of both species than cloudy and/or windy days.

The adsorption of chlordane by wheat flour from chlordane-treated shelf paper

Abstract Packaged wheat flour stored in direct contact with chlordane-treated shelf paper adsorbed with time appreciable amounts of the pesticide from the paper. Direct contact of the package with the paper was more conducive to flour contamination than it was from exposure of the flour to the vaporized pesticide components from the paper. Sorption effects of the pesticide with flour varied with the mode of exposure and the type of bag used, i.e. when the bags were in direct contact with the shelf paper, the flour packaged in polyethylene bags contained the largest amount of chlordane residue (29 ppm), which decreased about 10 per cent when packaged in single-thickness kraft paper bags and about 35 per cent in double-thickness kraft paper bags. When the bags were separated from direct contact with the shelf paper by means of open glass containers, contamination of the flour was tangibly decreased, whereby the amounts of residue found in the kraft single- and double-thickness paper bags were 0·4 and 0·3 ppm, respectively, compared to only 0·06 ppm in the polyethylene bags.

Uptake of Chlordane Vapors by Foodstuffs of Low Moisture Content

Abstract Wheat flour, polished rice, and cane sugar were exposed to chlordane vapors for an extended period of time, up to and including 90 days. Flour and rice, in bulk form, adsorbed about three times as much chlordane compared to the amount adsorbed by the sugar. Packaging the foodstuffs in polyethylene containers noticeably decreased the uptake of chlordane by the commodities. Flour packaged in Kraft paper bags contained six times the amounts of chlordane residues compared to the amounts found in flour packaged in polyethylene bags, but only one-third the amount found in the bulk samples for the same period of storage time.

Studies on the Strength of Kraft Paper

Generally speaking, after the heated cement was packed in the paper bag (or at low humidity of atmosphere), the moisture content of paper would be fairly lowered. So, we tried to examine the relation between a few strength properties and moisture content of Clupak and Normal Japanese kraft paper and paper bag.1) Decrease rate of elongation of machine direction (M. D.) of Clupak paper was not so different from that of elongation of cross direction (C. D.) of Normal kraft paper by changing moisture content of it.But decrease rate of elongation of C. D. of Clupak paper was larger than that of elongation of each direction of the other papers.2) Decrease rate of the product of tensile strength and elongation of M. D. or C. D. of Clupak paper was larger than that of each direction of Normal kraft paper by decreasing moisture content of it.Specially, the absolute value of the product of C. D. of Clupak paper was lowest.3) In the results of Face & Back drop test using small type of paper bag, Normal kraft paper bag with low moisture content decreased in a sixth and Clupak paper bag with low moisture content decreased in a eighth. Yet, Clupak paper bag had a little higher drop number to destruction.4) In the results of Butt drop test, the strength of Clupak paper bag had sixty per cent of that of Normal kraft paper bag at 2.5% moisture content.

Study on the Strength of the Small Paper Bags

This paper discusses about the strength of two kinds of paper bags. One is a commercial packing bags made of bleached wrapping papers and the other, kraft paper bags. With the former, the results of falling test were compared with the Japanese standard strength test and special strength test.It was found that the _??_ type paper strengh, _??_ type paper strength and folding endurance have a good correlation factor to the results of falling test. (see fig 7-13, table 3) With the kraft paper bags, the rotation drum test and falling test by hand and by the instrument were experimented.It was found that the fluctuation of the rotation drum test is less than the fluctuation of the falling test by hand and by the instrument. (see table 5, 8, 9, 10).

A Technique for Bleeding Nestling Birds by Cardiac Puncture for Viral Studies

Field sampling equipment consisted of a supply of No. 12 or slightly larger Kraft paper bags for holding young birds and keeping those already bled separate from those to be bled during sampling activities; a supply of sterile 1or 2-c.c. hypodermic syringes (the writer preferred using a 2-c.c. syringe when bloods from several birds in a nest were to be pooled); sterile 1-inch, 27-gauge needles; small (10-c.c.) serum bottles with 10% rabbit serum in buffered saline diluting fluid;' a bottle of 70% alcohol; tightly corked sterile 10 x 75 m.m. soft glass tubes with adhesive tape labels, for blood samples; and a pint thermos flask partly filled with wet ice for immediate refrigeration of blood samples and for carrying these to the laboratory. A bottle of clean water for rinsing syringes and needles after use facilitated later cleaning of this equipment. A supply of Fish and Wildlife Service bands was carried for marking the birds when possible. The young birds were removed from a nest and placed in a Kraft paper bag. To prepare the syringe for procuring the blood sample, 0.1 c.c. or 0.2 c.c. diluting fluid was drawn into it. This enabled the operator to obtain better initial suction with the syringe and to waste less blood when only 0.1 c.c. or 0.2 c.c. was taken from a nestling. A young bird to be sampled was then placed on its back in the left hand, with its head toward the finger-tips. The neck of the bird was placed between index and middle fingers and the head pulled back slightly. Legs and posterior part of the bird were held down between little finger and thumb, which tended to arch the breast of the bird upwards for easier needle penetration. The ring finger was used to hold down the left wing when it was of any size and tended to get in the way. The operator worked from a sitting or kneeling position and steadied his hand holding bird by resting it on his knee.