KPK Pakistan Research Articles

Analysis and dynamical transmission of tuberculosis model with treatment effect by using fractional operator

ABSTRACT Each year, millions of people die from the airborne infectious illness tuberculosis (TB). Several drug-susceptible (DS) and drug-resistant (DR) forms of the causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), are currently common in the majority of affluent and developing nations, particularly in Bangladesh, and completely drug-resistant strains are beginning to arise. The main purpose of this research is to develop and examine a non-integer-order mathematical model for the dynamics of tuberculosis transmission using the fractal fractional operator. By demonstrating characteristics such as the boundedness of solutions, positivity, and reliance of the solution on the original data, the biological well-posedness of the mathematical model formulation was investigated for TB cases from 2002 to 2017 in KPK Pakistan. Ulam-Hyres stability is also used to assess both local and global aspects of TB bacterial infection. Sensitivity analysis of the TB model with therapy was also examined. The advanced numerical technique is used to find the solution of the fractional-order system to check the impact of fractional parameters. Simulation highlights that all classes have converging qualities and retain established positions with time, which shows the actual behavior of bacterial infection with TB.

Prevalence and distribution of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in flood victims of Dera Ismail Khan, KPK Pakistan.

Prevalence and distribution of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in flood victims of Dera Ismail Khan, KPK Pakistan.

PERCUTANEOUS PINNING VERSUS OPEN REDUCTION K WIRE FIXATION IN GARTLAND TYPE III SUPRACONDYLAR HUMERUS FRACTURE IN CHILDREN

This study was carried out to explore the percutaneous pinning versus open reduction K wire fixation in Gartland Type III supracondylar humerus fractures in children. This randomized control trial was conducted at the Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma DHQ Hospital Timergara Lower Dir KPK Pakistan hospital from September 2022 to November 2023. Eighty-four patients participated in this study, which was distributed into two groups. The open reduction and percutaneous pinning groups contained 42 patients each. Both groups were assessed for enhancement in function and radio-logically for fracture union. Children of both genders with Gartland type III supracondylar fractures between the ages of 2 and 12 years were included. In contrast, all children with open fractures, multiple fractures, and systemic diseases like infections such as pneumonia and individuals with cancer were excluded. In the group receiving percutaneous pinning, 33 (78.5%) children had excellent functional outcomes, 7 (16.6%) showed good functional outcomes, and 2 (4.7%) showed fair functional outcomes. In the open reduction group, there were 27 (64.3%) children with excellent functional results, 10 (23.8%) with good functional outcomes, 3 (7.1%) with fair outcomes, and 2 (4.7%) with poor functional consequences (p > 0.05). When treating children with Gartland type III supracondylar fractures of the humerus, percutaneous pinning is the safest and most successful method than open reduction with K wire fixation. Its apparent operative scars and other consequences are modest.

Acaricide resistance in Boophilus microplus ticks collected from two ecological Zones of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

Boophilus microplus is a major cattle tick specie causing great economic loss to the dairy industry throughout the globe including Pakistan. Trichlorfon and Deltamethrin are used to control bovine ticks, and their sprays are also used in other pest control programs that exert pressure on ticks to gain resistance. This study is aimed to examine the resistance level of Rhipiciphalus microplus against trichlorfon and deltamethrin. The engorged ticks were collected from two ecological regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, KPK Pakistan i.e., Swat & Dir (zone-1), and Charsadda & Nowshera (zone-2). Four concentrations of acaricides in two-fold and ten-fold ppm with three replicates for each were used in both bioassays. Egg hatch assay and adult immersion tests were used to assess the resistance status. The probit analysis of egg hatch assay showed the highest hatching percentage in zone 1 on both dilutions (67-76% on two-fold and 68-88% on ten-fold dilution) while lethal concentration (LC95) was found to be 2.187 ppm and discriminating dose (DD) as 4.374 ppm for trichlorfon. In zone 2, hatching percentage was 73-84 on two-fold and 72-91% on ten-fold dilution while LC95 was recorded as 0.599 ppm and DD as 1.198 ppm. The same parameters were studied for deltamethrin and in zone 1 the hatching percentage was found as 38-56% on two-fold dilution and 37-80% on ten-fold dilution while LC95 was recorded as 0.001 ppm and DD as 0.002 ppm. In zone 2, the hatchability was recorded as 42-58% on two-fold and 43-85% on ten-fold dilution. The values for LC95 was recorded as 0.001 ppm and DD as 0.002 ppm. Further, analysis of adult immersion test against trichlorfon revealed the values of LC50 as 2.85 ppm and LC95 as 4.71 ppm in zone 1 and in zone 2 as 3.14 ppm and 5.28 ppm, respectively. Similarly, LC50 and LC95 against deltamethrin was recorded as 0.79 ppm & 1.71 ppm in zone 1 and 0.45 ppm & 4.325 ppm in zone 2, respectively. Based on the findings of this study, the isolated Rhipicephalus microplus was found to be more resistant to the widely used acaricides i.e., trichlorfon than deltamethrin. In order to maintain the efficacy of acaricides at country level, the study recommends continuous monitoring of resistance.

HISTOPATHOLOGICAL VARIANTS OF AMELOBLASTOMA AMONG PATIENTS PRESENTED TO KHYBER COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY PESHAWAR

Objectives: To determine the frequency of diff erent Histopathological variants of Ameloblastoma among patients reporting to the Oral and Maxillofacial surgery unit of Khyber College of Dentistry Peshawar. Materials and Methods: A total of 97 histologically diagnosed cases of Ameloblastoma presented at the Khyber college of Dentistry Peshawar kpk Pakistan, over 18 months period were included in this study and data was analyzed descriptively with respect to the patient’s ages, gender, tumor location, duration, presenting symptoms and radiographic features. Results: Follicular type was found as the most common (64.9%) variety while the least common was Basaloid (2.1%) and Granular type (2.1%). The age range was (11-70 years) with most commonly aff ecting 3rd decade (21 to 30 years) of life, mean ±SD of (32.26 ±11.02 years) and was more frequent in males. Follicular Ameloblastoma was commonly found in the Angle and Ramus region of the mandible. Conclusion: Ameloblastoma aff ects male more frequently than female in the Second and third decades of life. Mandible is more aff ected than Maxilla at posterior portion. The most frequent type of Ameloblastoma is the follicular type, followed by the plexiform, Acanthomatous and desmoplastic type. The granular and Basaloid types were the least frequent.

THE SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF SOLIFENACIN AS COMPARED TO MIRABEGRON IN OVERACTIVE BLADDER SYNDROME PATIENTS IN THE ADULT POPULATION OF DERA ISMAIL KHAN

An overactive bladder syndrome is a group of symptoms, i.e., frequency, urgency, nocturia, and sometimes accompanied by urge incontinence. The recent pharmacological options are some drugs, mainly used anti-muscarinic. However, anti-muscarinic drugs have different adverse effects, i.e., constipation and dry mouth. In 2011, a β3 receptor agonist, mirabegron, was studied to treat overactive bladder syndrome. This non-randomized trial was conducted in the Department of Urology, Gomal medical college, D.I. Khan, KPK Pakistan. The study was done from June 2018 to January 2022. We divided 4220 patients into two equal groups. Group a used solifenacin 5 mg for 6 weeks, while group B used mirabegron 50 mg for the same duration. We assessed safety and efficacy after 6 weeks. Most of the adverse effects were mild to moderate severity. Dry mouth occurred in 125 patients out of 2110 (5.92%) in group A and 66 out of 2110 (3.12%) in group B. p-value = 0.0001. Constipation occurred in 53 (2.51%) patients in group A and 46 (2.18%) patients in group B. p-value=0.5417. The improvement in overactive bladder symptoms score (OBSS) occurred in 1443 out of 2110 (68.38%) patients in group A and 1409 out of 2110 (66.77%) patients in group B. p-value=0.2778. Based on the results, it can be concluded that Mirabegron has fewer adverse effects than solifenacin, while both drugs are approximately similar in efficacy.

Anthropocentric perspective on climatic variability, potentially toxic elements, and health risk assessment in the Mansehra district: a case study of the Kunhar River, Pakistan

Abstract The quality of the surface water along the Kunhar River in Mansehra district, KPK Pakistan was assessed for ten water samples stations. A variety of parameters indicating water quality including physicochemical parameters, nutrients, heavy metals, and antibiotic residues were measured for both the rainy and dry seasons, the two main tropical seasons in Mansehra, using the standard methods. Kunhar River, one of the local drinking water sources, was studied to assess the heavy metal content, health risk assessment, and its suitability for human consumption. Health risk assessment for all the stations indicated that there is no particularly dangerous single heavy metal, but their cumulative effect is indicated by the hazard index. Concentrations of metals in water have a trend of decreasing in water, indicating that the accumulation of metals can affect the water chemistry of aquatic systems due to any physical or chemical process in the system. Greater consideration should be given to the variety of metals in relationship to multivariate analyses, suggesting that the industrial and residential activities were more important contributors to the pollution of the Kunhar River than the agricultural activities in Mansehra district. Such metals pose risks to aquatic life.

Assessment of Tobacco Fields for the Prevalence of Verticillium dahliae in District Swabi, Pakistan

Field and laboratory investigations of tobacco plants were carried out to analyze the distribution of Verticillium wilt caused by V. dahliae. V. dahliae is isolated from field Z (Tarkhai, Yarhussain region of Swabi). Species of Fusarium and Actinomycetes were detected in field B (Shaheedan, Yarhussain region of Swabi), while no V. dahliae was isolated from these fields. V. dahliae was identified based on its colony and conidia morphology. The colony was white, having oval spores and septate mycelium with phialides. The isolate also produced irregularly elongated dark brown to black color microsclerotia of various sizes. The spores count for V. dahliae isolate was 3.61 × 108 conidia/ml. The average colony diameter of V. dahliae after 9 days of incubation on PDA and CM media was 6.55 cm and 5.5 cm, respectively. The biology of Verticillium spp. in tobacco plants and soil in Swabi has not been studied. For the first time, this study reported the presence of V. dahliae in the tobacco fields of Swabi, KPK Pakistan. Detection and isolation of V. dahliae from field soil are necessary for studying the ecology and virulence and creating deterrent control strategies for Verticillium wilt diseases.

Antibiotics resistance pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from different hospitals in Nowshera KPK Pakistan

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an invasive nosocomial pathogen of immunocompromised individuals that mainly affects the respiratory system, urinary tract, burns, and wounds, as well as blood diseases. In this investigation, samples from pus, wound swabs, sputum, blood, and urine were collected to examine the isolation, biochemical identification, and antibiotic resistance pattern against antibiotics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Qazi Medical Complex (QMC) and District Headquarter Hospital (DHQ) Nowshera, KPK Pakistan. For biochemical identification, the catalase, oxidase, triple sugar iron, and citrate utilisation tests were run. Using the Kirby Bauer Disc diffusion technique, antibiotic resistance was revealed. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was most prevalent in group C males (51-100 years old) and group B females (60.7%), (19-50 ages). The Clinical samples were divided as follows: pus (40.6%), urine (16.2%), sputum (16.2%), sputum (10.5%), wound (4.8%) and blood (3.2%). According to the antimicrobial resistance pattern, from 6 antibiotics of different classes, Ceftazidime (90%) and cefotaxime (86%) showed high resistance. In contrast, Meropenem (12%), Levofloxacin (16%), and Ciprofloxacin (24%) showed sensitivity, and Gentamicin (30%) was intermediate against P. aeruginosa. Our outcome specifies that P. aeruginosa was highly resistant to some commonly prescribed antibiotics. The selection and reasonable application of antimicrobial drugs in hospital settings for first therapy would be beneficial in preventing the further spread of resistance as the incidence of isolates of P. aeruginosa raises over time.

Molecular, Biochemical and Hematological Investigations of - Thalassemia Children in Bannu KPK Pakistan

Molecular, Biochemical and Hematological Investigations of - Thalassemia Children in Bannu KPK Pakistan

Evaluation of Herpes, Cytomegalovirus, Rubella, and Toxoplasma Gondii Infections in Swabi, KPK, Pakistan

Introduction: Toxoplasma gondii (TG), Rubella virus (RV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1 and 2, globally most neonatal and infant deaths are reported due to this group of infections. Purpose: The objective of this research study is to estimate the Prevalence of TORCH infections. Methods: This research study was carried out at the Hi-Tech clinical laboratory Shewa Adda Swabi KPK Pakistan for a duration of 4 months from April 2022 to July 2022. Data statistics looking at the clinical characteristics of Toxoplasma gondii, CMV, RV, and HSV were filled from n=371. All samples were qualitative and quantitative tested by using Immune chromatographic (ICT) and Chemiluminescence Microparticle Immunoassay (CMIA) techniques. Results: Out of n=317 pregnant women, n=131 (35 %) women were found positive while n=240 (65 %) women were found negative. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondi 32 %, RV 28 %, CMV 27 %, and HSV 13 % in Swabi, KPK, and Pakistan. Among them, a high-frequency fraction of co-infection was detected for CMV and Rubella 17 (58 %), followed by CMV, Herpes, Rubella virus, and Toxoplasma gondii combined 7(25 %). The highest number of infected individuals 37 % we found in the age-group 21-25 years, followed by the 15-20 years age group 23 %, 26-30 years age group 17 %, 31-35 years age group 23 % while the lowest number of positive individuals found in >36 age group. Conclusion: In brief context, TORCH pathogens have potentially shocking clinical manifestations. Hence, screening before pregnancy, and timely diagnosis of TORCH can reduce disease and death in both kid, and the mother. Moreover, knowing the epidemiology survey is a significant aspect to develop strategies and implementation for the prevention of disease. Keywords: Pregnancy, Prevalence, TORCH, Swabi, Infections.

Parasitic Nematodes of Plant Persimmon (Diospyros Kaki, l.) Rhizosphere in District Swat, Kp Pakistan

Purpose: Different species of plant parasitic nematodes of persimmon (Diospyros kaki, L.) were identified from various localities of District Swat KPK Pakistan namely Chail, Madyan, Piya, Jare, Chikrai, Thesil, Fateh pur, Baghdheri, Naway kalay, Shin, Pirpatay, Sambat and Gurra. Methods: Soil samples were collected from the bases of persimmon trees along with rhizospheres that show stunted growth. The collected samples were then processed by using modified Bearmann funnel technique. Nematode specimens isolated in cavity block were killed by heat and treated with TAF (Triethylamine formaldehyde) solution. Findings and Practical implication: After 24 hours, the specimens were transferred to 1.25 % glycerin with trace amount of picric acid for staining of nematodes. Nine different species of nematodes were reported from these localities were Tylenchus spp, Psilenchus spp, Meloidogyne larvae, Aphelenchus spp, Tylenchus juveniles, Filenchus spp, Pratylenchus spp, Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus and Helicotylenchus dihystera. Helicotylenchus species were more common in the collected samples. Conclusion: It is concluded from analysis of soil samples that plant parasitic nematodes associated with persimmon cause economic loss in district swat. Persimmon plants show stunted and retarded growth in soil which has high nematode population density. Keywords: Nematodes, Persimmon, Swat, Diospyros kaki, Triethylamine formaldehyde.

Partial Substitution of Chemical Fertilizers with Organic Supplements Increased Wheat Productivity and Profitability under Limited and Assured Irrigation Regimes

Crop wastes could be applied in conjunction with synthetic fertilizers to satisfy crop nutritional needs and enhance soil fertility. A field experiment was carried out during winter 2019–2020 at the AMK Research Farm (Palatoo) Mardan, KPK (Pakistan) to investigate the combined effect of phosphorous (PS) and organic sources (OSs) on wheat productivity under different irrigation regimes. The experimental factors were: two irrigation regimes (limited and full irrigation), three inorganic sources of phosphorus (triple super phosphate (TSP), single super phosphate (SSP) and di-ammonium phosphate (DAP)) applied at 90 kg ha−1, and three organic amendments (farmyard manure (FYM), mung bean residue (MBR), and canola residue (CR)) applied at a rate of 10 t ha−1. A control plot (no phosphorus or organic supply) was included. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was adopted. Among the fertilization strategies, SSP + FYM outperformed all other P fertilizers combined with legume or nonlegume residues in terms of grains per spike−1 (52), thousand-grain weight (41.6 g), biological yield (9.7 t ha−1), and grain yield (4 t ha−1). Under full irrigation, improved yield, yield components, and profits were obtained compared to the limited irrigation regime. Three clusters were obtained after applying an Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC), and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) conferred the positive effects of inorganic P with FYM on the wheat yield and its related parameters. This study indicated that the productivity of wheat under the SSP + FYM fertilization strategy was found to be more economical with respect to the benefit–cost ratio (BCR). The combined application of SSP + FYM was more profitable in terms of a higher BCR (3.25) than other treatments under the full irrigation regime.

Workplace violence against nurses in the emergency department of hospital in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan: A cross sectional survey

In many countries, there is serious concern regarding workplace violence in the healthcare profession. Nursing is one of the profession in healthcare that is mostly exposed to various types of violence. Objectives: To determine the prevalence, experiences, responses, and effects of workplace violence against nurses. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out on emergency nurses regarding workplace violence in KPK Pakistan. A survey questionnaire was used to collect the data from June 2 and July 2, 2022. The sample size was 102 and the nurses who worked in the emergency department for six months were included in this study. Results: Females made up two-thirds of the study participants (64.7 percent, n = 66). Almost half of the participants (45.1%) had less than five years of experience. Majority of participants (92.2 percent) were verbally abused. More than half of the participants had been exposed more than three times, 35.3% and 31.4% had experienced this in night and morning shifts respectively. Only 39.2% of nurses were counselled by hospital management after workplace violence (WPV). Conclusions: The emergency department at KPK Hospital experiences workplace violence quite regularly, according to this study. A major blow to the nursing profession is caused by the poor level of job satisfaction among ED nurses

Comparison of Transvaginal Sonographic Doppler Indices Between Normal Intrauterine and Extrauterine Pregnancies Confirmed by Maternal Serum Beta-HCG in the First Trimester of Pregnancy

Background: Transvaginal Sonography provides high-resolution images with high reliability and is typically used for the diagnosis of intrauterine pregnancy and ectopic conception. The extra-uterine pregnancy responsible for morbidity and mortality in First Trimester and is 80 percent accounts for maternal death. Doppler ultrasound is a safe and non-invasive technique in the evaluation of uterine artery flow patterns. It can calculate the indices like Resistivity index and Pulsatility index in numerical value. It is also observed that there are changes noted between the uterine artery indices in normal intrauterine and extrauterine pregnancies. However, it is important to compare them in normal intrauterine and extrauterine pregnancies. Objective: To compare the trans-vaginal sonographic Doppler indices of the uterine artery between normal and ectopic pregnancies confirmed by maternal serum Beta-hCG. Methodology: This case-control study was conducted at Shireen Ultrasound Clinic Peshawar, KPK Pakistan. This study enrolled a purposive sample of 80 (40 ectopic & 40 intrauterine) pregnant female patients with age 18 to 45 years. The examination was performed with Toshiba Nemio 20(Xario Prime with TVS Probe frequency range 7-14MHz). The Resistive index, Pulsatility index, mean and standard deviation were calculated for the continuous variables. Results: In normal early pregnancy, the mean RI of the right uterine artery was 0.53±0.10 and the mean RI of the left uterine artery was 0.52±0.07. In the cases of (ectopic pregnancy), the mean RI of the right uterine artery was 0.73±0.08 and the mean RI of the left uterine artery was 0.78±0.10. The p-value of the right and left uterine arteries in normal intrauterine and extrauterine ectopic pregnancies were significant at 0.05 level. Conclusion: The resistivity index of uterine arteries is significantly high in ectopic conceptions than in normal intrauterine pregnancies. But there was no significant change in PI of normal intrauterine and ectopic pregnancies. Keywords: adnexal mass, ectopic pregnancy, Transvaginal ultrasound, tubal pregnancy.

Factors That Affect the Performance of Undergraduate Nursing Students of Khyber Pukhtankhwa, Pakistan

Nursing education is the combination of clinical skills and theoretical knowledge. The nursing institutes prepare students for the future as part of the workforce or leaders where they will represent their college or university in clinical practice or in teaching. Objective: To identify the factors that affect the performance of nursing students of KPK. Methods: The study was conducted in the public and private nursing institutes of KPK Pakistan from June 2022 to July 2022 having a sample size of 120 using a cross-sectional descriptive design and a non-probability sampling technique through adopted questionnaire. Results: The male participants of the study were higher (72%) than female (28%) participants. The mean and standard deviation score among all the categories the score of teacher related issues were high (3.26 ± 0.70), followed by the mean and standard deviation score of institute related issues (3.00 ± 0.82), study related issues (2.97 ± 0.76), while home related issues were (2.94 ± 0.67), and personal related issues (2.86 ± 0.96). Conclusions: The study concluded based on the finding that out of the basic 5 factors, teachers-related factors including the teacher's subject-matter expertise, the use of audiovisuals inappropriately and the number of topics covered in a single class have the greatest impact on students' performance.

Stakeholders Consensus On Nutrition Policy for Better Maternal and Child Nutrition – Proceedings of ‘The Nutrition Education and Policy Workshop’ Held in KPK Pakistan

Stakeholders Consensus On Nutrition Policy for Better Maternal and Child Nutrition – Proceedings of ‘The Nutrition Education and Policy Workshop’ Held in KPK Pakistan

The Effect of HR Practices on Job Satisfaction in the Banking Sector of Pakistan. The Practical Implication from Long-term and Short-term Perspectives – COVID-19

This empirical investigation identifies the effect of organizational culture on the job satisfaction of bank employees in KPK Pakistan. Data were collected from the banking sector on employees’ job satisfaction. The sample consisted of over 165 employees from 30 national and international banks in Pakistan. Data were analyzed using correlation and regression analysis. The results of the study highlight that job satisfaction is closely connected with the variables of organizational satisfaction such as reward, organizational support, work environment, leadership, and communication. Culture and the variable of culture pay play a significant in job satisfaction. Many other organizational factors variables have a deep and positive relationship with job satisfaction.

Occurrence and Distribution of Diabetes Mellitus in Mardan, KPK Pakistan

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder which is described by chronic hyperglycemia due to faulty insulin secretion. Metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins are disturbed in DM Objective: To assess the occurrence and distribution of diabetes mellitus in Mardan, Pakistan Methods: It is a cross-sectional, survery-based study conducted at District Headquarter Hospital Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The detailed information about age and gender of the patients was collected. Blood glucose level was detected by Glucose oxidase test. Results: The overall prevalence of DM was found as 50.4%. DM was found dominant in females (52%) as compared to males (48%). Moreover, the age groups of 30-40 years were most affected. Fasting blood sugar (FBS) range was high in the age of 10-20 years and Random blood sugar (RBS) range was high in the age of 40 years and above. Conclusions: It is concluded that DM is most commonly found in females and the age group of 30-40 years is more affected. FBS range was high in the age group of 10-20 years and RBS range was high in the age of 40 years and above

The value of the Aesthetic Component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) in the Assessment of Subjective Orthodontic Treatment Need

Background: Malocclusion is the most common dental problem. Its correction needs assessment before planning Orthodontic treatment. The index of orthodontic treatment need (IOTN) is one of the most valuable method of grading and evaluating malocclusion. A number of studies stated; using the IOTN have reported that there is limited use of aesthetic component in school going children. Objectives: To estimate whether dental concern expressed by the grade of the AC chosen by subjects is reliable and whether it may be predictive for potential co-operation. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out in school going children of 12 year of age in kpk Pakistan. This study was based on a questionnaire and clinical examination. The questionnaire consists of various items. On the basis of these item questionnaire was filled. Clinical examination was done at the schools each time by the same orthodontist. Statistical analysis was done. Results: Out of total children, 29 were female and 58 were male. Most of the children were satisfied with dental aesthetics. Most of them wanted to change colour of the teeth. Most of the enrolled students were classified in “no treatment need’ category” followed by “need borderline treatment” category. Satisfaction with aesthetic were also evaluated (P-value <0.090). Conclusion: It was concluded that large number of people were in need of the orthodontic therapy as per the aesthetic component of IOTN. Key words: Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need, Aesthetic Component, Scan scale