Kostiakov Model Research Articles

Soil physical and hydrological properties under three biofuel crops in Ohio

While biofuel crops are widely studied and compared for their energy and carbon footprints, less is known about their effects on other soil properties, particularly hydrologic characteristics. Soils under three biofuel crops, corn (Zea mays), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), and willow (Salix spp.), were analyzed seven years after establishment to assess the effects on soil bulk density (ρb), penetration resistance (PR), water-holding capacity, and infiltration characteristics. The PR was the highest under corn, along with the lowest associated water content, while PR was 50–60% lower under switchgrass. In accordance with PR data, surface (0–10 cm) bulk density also tended to be lower under switchgrass. Both water infiltration rates and cumulative infiltration amounts varied widely among and within the three crops. Because the Philip model did not fit the data, results were analyzed using the Kostiakov model instead. Switchgrass plots had an average cumulative infiltration of 69 cm over 3 hours with a constant infiltration rate of 0.28 cm min−1, compared with 37 cm and 0.11 cm min−1 for corn, and 26 cm and 0.06 cm min−1 for willow, respectively. Results suggest that significant changes in soil physical and hydrologic properties may require more time to develop. Soils under switchgrass may have lower surface bulk density, higher field water capacity, and a more rapid water infiltration rate than those under corn or willow.

Evaluation and modelling of furrow infiltration for uncropped ridge - furrow tillage in Loess Plateau soils

The soil water dynamic process is critical for the design, management, and evaluation of ridge–furrow tillage in the semi-arid region of the Loess Plateau. The aim of this study was to determine the effectual infiltration variables, to evaluate the performance of four classical infiltration models, and to investigate the effect of those variables on the infiltration characteristics in a ridge–furrow configuration. Sixteen experimental treatments with two replications were conducted to monitor furrow infiltration in four types of Loess Plateau soils. The path analysis method was applied to quantify the effects of variables—opportunity time (T), initial soil water content (Q), bulk density (P), flow section area (S), and wetted perimeter (Wp) as independent variables—on cumulative infiltration (I). The results revealed that the direct effects of variables Wp, P, T, Q, and S on I were 0.751, –0.649, 0.291, –0.251, and –0.123, respectively. Variables Wp and P were the effectual components of furrow infiltration. The direct effect and total effect of Q on I were relatively minor compared with the other variables. The performance of four infiltration models (Philip model, Kostiakov–Lewis model, Kostiakov model, and Horton model) was investigated on the basis of evaluation indices. The Kostiakov–Lewis infiltration model with three parameters provided the best description of the relationship between cumulative infiltration and time. The influence of Wp on the constant coefficient k of the Kostiakov–Lewis model was significant. A furrow infiltration model taking Wp into consideration was developed. Validations in different Wp of two other soil types indicated that the soil water infiltration characteristics could be effectively simulated by the effectual variable based model for an uncropped ridge–furrow system. The information obtained from this research is useful in designing irrigation schemes and field management for ridge–furrow tillage.

Study on rain-runoff process in the peripheral mountainous area of the Sichuan Basin

Studies on rain-runoff process in the peripheral mountainous area of the Sichuan Basin, which is regarded as a key ecological shelter, will contribute to flood control and environmental protection for the Upper Yangtze River Basin. In two typical catchments—the Fujiang River Catchment and the Wujiang River Catchment, rainfall simulations have been conducted to study the rain-runoff processes of yellow soil and limestone soil in three types of land use—forestland, farmland and grassland. Results showed that (1) within the same rainfall process, overland flow occurs first on farmland, then on grassland, and finally on forestland; (2) soil surface coverage has a great impact on the occurrence and amount of overland flow. The runoff amount can increase 2–4 times after the coverage is removed; (3) the infiltration before the occurrence of overland flow will decrease because of higher gravel contents of soil, but it takes no effect on infiltration once overland flow becomes stable; (4) the runoff coefficient of the limestone soil forestland is greater than that of the yellow soil forest land, but less than that of the farmland; (5) three empirical infiltration models, including Horton’ model, Kostiakov’ model, and modified Kostiakov’ model, were compared by using the observed results under rainfall simulation. The results showed that the Kostiakov’ model performed better than both the Horton’ model and modified Kostiakov model. According to the results of this research, the Kostiakov’s model can be used to simulate rainfall infiltration when water erosion is modeled in the peripheral mountainous area of the Sichuan Basin.

NO TITLE AVAILABLE

To know the infiltration behavior is very important due to its application in the agricultural production, since it allows to define the operation of irrigation systems and to study the effects of different practices of soil use. The objective of present study was to determinate the spatial variability of the infiltration model parameters of Philip and Kostiakov, as well as its relation with the bulk density, soil particles density and the sand, lime and clay contents. The infiltration tests were made using double ting infiltrometers, in a rectangular grid of 5 x 8 points of sampling, spaced at separation distance of 20 m, among two moisture soil conditions. It was found that soil spatial variability and mainly the clay contents affect the spatial variability of the infiltration, showing that the parameters of Philip and Kostiakov model, not always adjusted to theoretical semivariogramas models. The model that fitted for all sampling points in the two moisture soil conditions was Kostiakov. The test presented limiting for the Philip model, when the soil water content is high, indicating that this model is not adequate in this andic soil.

Performance Evaluation of Infiltration Models in a Hydromorphic Soil

Four infiltration models were investigated for their capacity to describe water infiltration into hydromorphic (gleysol) soil. The Models were Kostiakov\'s (1932), Philip\'s (1957) Kostiakov- Lewis\'(1982) and Modified Kostiakov (1978). Field measurement of infiltration was made using double ring infiltrometers on an hydromorphic soil of the flood plain in Zango village, Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria. Infiltration tests were carried out in a land area of 80 m by 240 m divided into four strips of 20 m by 240 m, with the top strip located 90 m away from the main watercourse of the area. A total of 16 infiltration tests were carried out over the area. A set of the field-measured cumulative infiltration depths were used for estimation of parameters of the models studied, and the other set was used to evaluate the performance of the infiltration models in simulating cumulative infiltration depths. All four models studied provided good overall agreement with field-measured data. However, Kostiakov and Modified kostiakov models provided the best fit with experimental data for the hydromorphic soil. Keywords: Infiltration, Hydromorphic soil, Ring Infiltrometer, Infiltration models. Nigerian Journal of Soil and Environmental Research Vol. 7 2007: pp. 53-59

A Modification to Kostiakov and Modified Kostiakov Infiltration Models

Incorporating the time variant function of the otherwise used as steady infiltration rate, this paper presents revised versions of the popular and frequently used Kostiakov and modified Kostiakov infiltration models. The proposed, along with the existing, versions are tested on 40 datasets of infiltration observed on five different soils in India and USA The former indicated an improved performance over their respective existing versions. Further generalization of the improved modified Kostiakov model incorporating time to ponding showed an enhanced performance on all the soils.

Modified Kostiakov Infiltration Function: Accounting for Initial and Boundary Conditions

The effect of specific initial and boundary conditions is generally not considered when applying the Kostiakov infiltration functions. A methodology is developed to account for changes in water levels and initial soil moisture. First, Richards’ equation is solved numerically to generate a database of one-dimensional infiltration values, with varying initial (water content or pressure head) and boundary (ponding depth) conditions for three contrasting soils. These are then used to calibrate corresponding coefficients for modified Kostiakov models and, by considering linear regressions, to obtain simple correction factors. Results show that the correction factors are not universally valid, and only the correction to the Kostiakov k parameter shows statistically consistent applicability. However, examples demonstrate potentially significant improvement in the accuracy of irrigation models by correcting the Kostiakov equation to account for initial and boundary conditions.

Determination of infiltration characteristics and suitability of Kostiakov and Philip infiltration models in predicting infiltration into soils under different treatments

No abstract Keywords: infiltration, western Nigeria, infiltration models, vetiver, orgnomineral fertilizer Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences Vol. 11(3) 2005: 323-326

RECHARGE ESTIMATION USING INFILTRATION MODELS

ABSTRACT Different infiltrations models were tested at 50 locations in a basin based on the soil type and land use variations at Neyveli. Infiltration models namely Green Ampt model, Modified Kostiakov model and Horton model were found to be fit to the observed field data to estimate infiltration rates at any given time and their parameters were determined using least square method. The basin is divided into four zones based on location of rain gauge stations. Ground water recharge was estimated using three infiltration models for each zone. Their results were compared with that of the standard SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model developed by the USDA agricultural research service (ARS). Horton model was found to be high correlated with SWAT model when compared to the other two infiltration models. It can be concluded that Horton model is the most appropriate infiltration model for estimating recharge in Neyveli region.

Infiltration parameters for furrow irrigation

This paper analyzes four different methods to determine for two furrow sizes (narrow=40 cm and wide=60 cm at the top) the infiltration constants of the Kostiakov model: the two-point method, furrow infiltrometer method, advance method, and one-point method. Based on representative data of conditions in Central Valley, Chillán, Chile, it was found that values of infiltration constants depend on the methodology employed in the measurements. The value for the constant B of the Kostiakov equation does not differ significantly for each method and furrow size. However, the value of A shows certain differences among the methods used, as well as between furrow size. The cumulative infiltration curves for narrow furrows are quite similar, independent on the infiltration technique used, and for wide furrows the cumulative infiltration curves depend on the infiltration method used. Using the Kinematic-wave model and the Kostiakov constants obtained with the advance model, simulate better the advance phase of the water front in the furrow. Additionally, for a wide furrow the two-point method shows the best fit. The poorest results were obtained using the Kostiakov constants determined from one-point method.

Infiltration parameters for furrow irrigation

This paper analyzes four different methods to determine for two furrow sizes (narrow=40 cm and wide=60 cm at the top) the infiltration constants of the Kostiakov model: the two-point method, furrow infiltrometer method, advance method, and one-point method. Based on representative data of conditions in Central Valley, Chillán, Chile, it was found that values of infiltration constants depend on the methodology employed in the measurements. The value for the constant B of the Kostiakov equation does not differ significantly for each method and furrow size. However, the value of A shows certain differences among the methods used, as well as between furrow size. The cumulative infiltration curves for narrow furrows are quite similar, independent on the infiltration technique used, and for wide furrows the cumulative infiltration curves depend on the infiltration method used. Using the Kinematic-wave model and the Kostiakov constants obtained with the advance model, simulate better the advance phase of the water front in the furrow. Additionally, for a wide furrow the two-point method shows the best fit. The poorest results were obtained using the Kostiakov constants determined from one-point method.

Comparison of infiltration models

AbstractFourteen popular, representative infiltration models, some physically based, some semi‐empirical and some empirical, were selected for a comparative evaluation. Using the Nash and Sutcliffe efficiency criterion, the models were evaluated and compared for 243 sets of infiltration data collected from field and laboratory tests conducted in India and the USA on soils ranging from coarse sand to fine clay. Based on a relative grading scale, the semi‐empirical Singh–Yu general model, Holtan model and Horton model were graded respectively as 6·52, 5·57 and 5·48 out of 10. The empirical Huggins and Monke model, modified Kostiakov and Kostiakov model were graded as 5·57, 5·30 and 5·22, respectively. The physically based non‐linear and linear models of Smith–Parlange were graded as 5·48 and 5·22, respectively. Other models were ranked lower than these models. All the models generally performed poorly in field tests on Georgia's sandy soils, except the Robertsdale loamy sand. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Changes in water infiltration along a catena prior to mechanised clearing operations and after two cropping seasons

Maintenance of water infiltration into sloped agricultural lands is an important mechanism for both moisture supply to crops and erosion control. Changes in water infiltration of a typic Kandiudult (Rhodic Nitisols) with a 21% slope were measured in the upper-, middle- and lower-backslope segments of 9 m by 40 m run-off plots located at Makerere University Agricultural Research Institute, Kabanyolo, Uganda. Cumulative infiltration was computed for the Green-Ampt, Philips, and Kostiakov models from infiltrometer measurements taken prior to mechanised land clearing and during maize (Zea mays) cropping. Kay et al. (1994) model was used to predict the time of 50% reduction in infiltration rate. The infiltration behaviour was best described by the Kostiakov model. Changes in infiltration rate were dependent on slope position with greatest alterations recorded on the upper and middle positions. Mean cumulative infiltration after 60 minutes was highest prior to land clearing with values of 150, 97 and 97 cm for the upper-, middle- and lower-slope segments, respectively. The Kay et al. model predicted significant (P

ESTIMATING INFILTRATION PARAMETERS FROM BASIC SOIL PROPERTIES

Infiltration data were collected on two rectangular grids with 25 sampling points each. Both experimental grids were located in tropical rain forest (Guyana), the first in an Arenosol area and the second in a Ferralsol field. Four different infiltration models were evaluated based on their performance in describing the infiltration data. The model parameters were estimated using non-linear optimization techniques. The infiltration behaviour in the Ferralsol was equally well described by the equations of Philip, Green–Ampt, Kostiakov and Horton. For the Arenosol, the equations of Philip, Green–Ampt and Horton were significantly better than the Kostiakov model. Basic soil properties such as textural composition (percentage sand, silt and clay), organic carbon content, dry bulk density, porosity, initial soil water content and root content were also determined for each sampling point of the two grids. The fitted infiltration parameters were then estimated based on other soil properties using multiple regression. Prior to the regression analysis, all predictor variables were transformed to normality. The regression analysis was performed using two information levels. The first information level contained only three texture fractions for the Ferralsol (sand, silt and clay) and four fractions for the Arenosol (coarse, medium and fine sand, and silt and clay). At the first information level the regression models explained up to 60% of the variability of some of the infiltration parameters for the Ferralsol field plot. At the second information level the complete textural analysis was used (nine fractions for the Ferralsol and six for the Arenosol). At the second information level a principal components analysis (PCA) was performed prior to the regression analysis to overcome the problem of multicollinearity among the predictor variables. Regression analysis was then carried out using the orthogonally transformed soil properties as the independent variables. Results for the Ferralsol data show that the parameters of the Green–Ampt and Kostiakov model were estimated relatively accurately (maximum R2 = 0.76). For the Arenosol, use of the second information level together with PCA produced regression models with an R2 value ranging from 0.38 to 0.68. For the Ferralsol, most of the variance was explained by the root content and organic matter content. In the Arenosol plot, the fractions medium and fine sand explained most of the observed variance.

ESTIMATING INFILTRATION PARAMETERS FROM BASIC SOIL PROPERTIES

Infiltration data were collected on two rectangular grids with 25 sampling points each. Both experimental grids were located in tropical rain forest (Guyana), the first in an Arenosol area and the second in a Ferralsol field. Four different infiltration models were evaluated based on their performance in describing the infiltration data. The model parameters were estimated using non-linear optimization techniques. The infiltration behaviour in the Ferralsol was equally well described by the equations of Philip, Green-Ampt, Kostiakov and Horton. For the Arenosol, the equations of Philip, Green-Ampt and Horton were significantly better than the Kostiakov model. Basic soil properties such as textural composition (percentage sand, silt and clay), organic carbon content, dry bulk density, porosity, initial soil water content and root content were also determined for each sampling point of the two grids. The fitted infiltration parameters were then estimated based on other soil properties using multiple regression. Prior to the regression analysis, all predictor variables were transformed to normality. The regression analysis was performed using two information levels. The first information level contained only three texture fractions for the Ferralsol (sand, silt and clay) and four fractions for the Arenosol (coarse, medium and fine sand, and silt and clay). At the first information level the regression models explained up to 60% of the variability of some of the infiltration parameters for the Ferralsol field plot. At the second information kvel the complete textural analysis was used (nine fractions for the Ferralsol and six for the Arenosol). At the second information level a principal components analysis (PCA) was performed prior to the regression analysis to overcome the problem of multicollinearity among the predictor variables. Regression analysis was then carried out using the orthogonally transformed soil properties as the independent variables. Results for the Ferralsol data show that the parameters of the Green-Ampt and Kostiakov model were estimated relatively accurately (maximum R 2 = 0.76). For the Arenosol, use of the second information level together with PCA produced regression models with an R 2 value ranging from 0.38 to 0.68. For the Ferralsol, most of the variance was explained by the root content and organic matter content. In the Arenosol plot, the fractions medium and fine sand explained most of the observed variance.

Testing the goodness of fit of infiltration models for highly permeable soils under different tropical soil management systems

The Kostiakov, modified Kostiakov (A), modified Kostiakov (B), Philip, modified Philip (A) and modified Philip (B) infiltration models were tested for their ability to describe water infiltration into highly permeable sandy soils from the Nsukka plains of SE Nigeria. Infiltration data were obtained on field plots with the following management systems: tilled-mulched, tilled-unmulched, untilled-mulched, untilled-unmulched and continous pasture. On all treatments, the cumulative infiltration values predicted by the classical Kostiakov, Philip and modified Philip (A) models deviated most from the experimental data. The other models produced values that agreed very well with the measured data. Considering the ease of determining the fitting parameters it is proposed that on soils with high infiltration rates, either the modified Kostiakov model ( I = Kt a + I c t) or modified Philip model ( I = St 1 2 + I ct ), (where I is cumulative infiltration, K is the time coefficient, t is the time elapsed, a is the time exponent, I c is the steady infiltration rate and S is the soil water sorptivity), be used for routine characterisation of the infiltration process.

Influence of 25 years of continuous corn production by three tillage methods on water infiltration for two soils in Ohio

Soil infiltrability measurements were made for two long-term tillage experiments in Ohio. Accumulative infiltration, infiltration rate, soil water sorptivity and transmissivity, and coefficients and exponents of Kostiakov's model were computed from double-ring infiltration measurements. These studies were conducted for Crosby and Wooster silt loam soils at South Charleston and Wooster, OH, respectively. Measurements were made following 25 years of corn cultivation by three tillage methods, i.e. moldboard plowing (MP), chisel plowing (CP) and no-till (NT). At South Charleston, accumulative infiltration was 5.3, 8.0 and 8.2 cm per 2 h for MP, CP and NT treatments, respectively. The corresponding values for the Wooster soil were 22.0, 15.5 and 26.5 cm, respectively. The equilibrium infiltration rates were 1.3, 1.5 and 1.6 cm h −1 for South Charleston and 6.2, 5.3 and 8.5 cm h −1 for Wooster site for MP, CP and NT treatments, respectively. There were no significant differences among tillage treatments for accumulative infiltration or equilibrium infiltration rate at either site. There were significant differences between the row zone and the traffic zone for accumulative infiltration and initial infiltration rate for the Wooster site. Furthermore, a slight reduction in infiltration rate in the traffic vs. row zone was observed to be significant for the plow-till treatment. For Wooster silt loam, the highest value of soil-water sorptivity was measured for the NT treatment. Soil-water sorptivity was also lower in the traffic zone than in the row zone. There was, however, a marked development of platy structure and surface crust in the NT and minimum till treatments. Despite the platy structure, maintenance of a favorable infiltration rate in the NT treatment was presumably due to the biopores and worm channels. These channels were stable and continued to about 60 cm depth in the NT treatment. The correlation coefficients for regression equations were generally higher for Kostiakov's than Phillip's model. The data support the conclusion that 25 years of continuous cultivation of corn by NT had no deleterious effects on the infiltration rate of these soils.

Long-term tillage and wheel traffic effects on a poorly drained mollic ochraqualf in northwest Ohio. 2. Infiltrability, surface runoff, sub-surface flow and sediment transport

Tillage-caused alterations in water infiltration, surface runoff, subsurface flow and sediment transport in surface and subsurface flow were studied for a clayey Mollic Ochraqualf for corn-soybean rotation in northwestern Ohio. Measurements were made on field runoff plots, 0.04 ha each, established in 1975. There were 4 tillage treatments: (A) continuous no-till for 12 years; (B) no-till for 10 years followed by plow-till for 2 years; (C) plow-till for 10 years followed by no-till for 2 years; (D) continuous plow-till for 12 years. Twelve years of continuous no-till and plow-till systems resulted in differences in soil water sorptivity and transmissivity coefficients of Philip's infiltration model for the traffic zone (TZ) and the row zone (RZ) sites. Average soil-water sorptivity in plow-till treatments was 9.1 times that in no-till treatments. In no-till, sorptivity in RZ was 4.8 times that in TZ. The infiltration data was better described by the Kostiakov model than by the Philip model. Surface runoff was somewhat more in plow-till than in no-till treatments. Subsurface flow was generally more in plow-till than no-till treatments. In no-till plots, the threshold value of subsurface flow, below which there was no surface flow, was about 22% of the annual precipitation. No such relation was observed for plow-till treatment. In general, sediment load was low, but was more for plow-till than no-till treatments. The mean sediment load in surface runoff ranged from 0.09 to 0.35 t ha −1 year −1 in plow-till plots compared with 0.015–0.117 t ha −1 year −1 in the no-till treatment.