Kosciuszko Foundation Research Articles

In Memoriam – Joseph Wieczerzak

Dr. Joseph Walter Wieczerzak was born on January 1, 1931, in Newark, New Jersey, and passed away on September 10, 2022, at 91 years old, in Greenwich, Connecticut.Dr. Wieczerzak attended Stuyvesant High school as a science major, graduating in 1946. In 1952, he earned a BA from Brooklyn College. During the Korean War in 1952–1955, Wieczerzak served in the US Army as a translator at the rank of sergeant. Under the GI Bill, Wieczerzak earned his MA and then PhD in European history from New York University. He was a member of Phi Beta Kappa and was fluent in several languages.Dr. Wieczerzak's distinguished academic career included tenure as a European history professor at Bronx Community College, where he taught for over twenty years. He was also the Editor-in-Chief of The Polish Review, a quarterly journal of the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America, for seventeen years. Dr. Wieczerzak was active in the Kosciuszko Foundation, Polish American Historical Association (President, 1970; Miecislaus Haiman Award, 1980), and the Polish National Catholic Church, serving for many years as Dean of Students at the Savonarola Seminary in Scranton, Pennsylvania.In 2008 Dr. Wieczerzak was honored with a City of New York Commendation for inspiring generations of students at Bronx Community College, and for his scholarly achievements. Among others, he authored A Polish Chapter in Civil War America: The Effects of the January Insurrection on American Opinion and Diplomacy (1967) and edited Bishop Francis Hodur: Biographical Essays (1998). Together with Theodore L. Zawistowski, Dr. Wieczerzak worked to create the PNCC History and Archives Commission, which he eventually chaired and served as editor of the scholarly journal, PNCC Studies. He also served on the Bishop Hodur Biography Commission of the Central Diocese PNCC.Outside the world of scholarship, Joseph Wieczerzak loved to sing, including in concerts of the PNCC United Choirs of the New York–New Jersey Seniorate. He was a friend, mentor, and collaborator to many in PAHA, being always willing to share his advice and knowledge with others.He will be greatly missed.

Polsko-amerykańskie ślady współpracy. Korespondencja Eileen i Floriana Znanieckich w zbiorach archiwalnych Fundacji Kościuszkowskiej w Nowym Jorku, część 1

Artykuł przedstawia część pierwszą korespondencji Eileen i Floriana Znanieckich, znajdującej się w Archiwum Fundacji Kościuszkowskiej w Nowym Jorku. Pokazuje ona wiele nieznanych wątków z życia Znanieckich, a zwłaszcza Floriana – jednego z najsłynniejszych polskich socjologów, profesora Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, który wiele lat pracował w Stanach Zjednoczonych Ameryki. Prezentowana edycja obejmuje listy ze Stefanem Piotrem Mierzwą, który w języku angielskim używał nazwiska Stephen Peter Mizwa, oraz z Edith Brahmall Cullis-Williams. Mierzwa był założycielem Fundacji Kościuszkowskiej, długoletnim dyrektorem wykonawczym fundacji, a w końcu jej prezesem. Dzięki swojej działalności na rzecz kulturalnego i naukowego zbliżenia Polski i Ameryki stał się jedną z najbardziej rozpoznawalnych postaci w życiu Polonii amerykańskiej w XX w. Cullis-Williams była założycielką i prezeską Polskiego Instytutu Sztuk Pięknych i Literatury w Nowym Jorku i znaną w środowisku amerykańskim polonofilką. W zasobach archiwalnych Fundacji Kościuszkowskiej przetrwały kopie listów Mierzwy pisanych do Znanieckich. Kopie listów Cullis-Williams nie zachowały się w tej kolekcji, ale choćby te, wysłane do niej przez Eileen, prezentowane w niniejszej edycji, doskonale uzupełniają obraz amerykańskich relacji i powiązań towarzyskich małżeństwa Znanieckich, jakie wyłania się z innych źródeł. Chronologicznie listy obejmują okres 1923–1940 i pokazują początki współpracy Znanieckiego z Fundacją Kościuszkowską, wnoszą trochę nowego światła do obecności Znanieckiego w Nowym Jorku w latach 1931–1933 oraz do pierwszych miesięcy pobytu poznańskiego socjologa w Stanach Zjednoczonych Ameryki w 1940 r. Polish-American traces of cooperation. The correspondence of Eileen and Florian Znaniecki in the archival collections of the Kościuszko Foundation in New York, part 1 The article presents the first part of the correspondence of Eileen and Florian Znaniecki, which is located in the Archives of the Kosciuszko Foundation in New York. It shows many unknown threads from the life of Znaniecki family, especially Florian – one of the most outstanding Polish sociologist, a professor at the University of Poznań, who worked for many years in the United States of America. The presented edition includes letters with Stefan Piotr Mierzwa, who used the name Stephen Peter Mizwa in English, and Edith Brahmall Cullis-Williams. Mierzwa was the founder of the Kościuszko Foundation, a long-term executive director of the foundation, and finally its president. Thanks to his activities for the cultural and scientific rapprochement between Poland and America, he became, if not one of the most important figures in the life of American Polonia in the twentieth century, so certainly among the New York State Poles. Cullis-Williams was the founder and president of the Polish Institute of Arts and Literature in New York City and a well known American polonophile in the American environment. The archives of the Kościuszko Foundation have survived copies of Mierza’s letters written to Znaniecki. Copies of Cullis-Williams letters have not been preserved in this collection, but even those sent to her by Eileen, presented in this edition, perfectly complement the picture of American relationships and social relations of the Znaniecki marriage emerging from other sources. Chronologically, the letters cover the period 1923–1940 and show the beginnings of Znaniecki's cooperation with the Kosciuszko Foundation. What is more, the collection brings a little new light to Znaniecki’s presence in New York in 1931–1933 and the first months of the Poznań sociologist’s stay in the United States of America in 1940.

Cyborgs’ Perception, Cognition, Society, Environment, and Ethics: Interview with Neil Harbisson and Moon Ribas, 14 October 2016, Ace Hotel, New York City

ABSTRACTThe article contains an interview conducted with Neil Harbisson and Moon Ribas during research at Temple University in Philadelphia (funded by the Kosciuszko Foundation), at the invitation of professor Joseph Margolis, as part of a larger forthcoming research project—a monograph on cyborg persons. It asks how the artefactual senses implanted by Harbisson and Ribas affect their perception and cognition, allowing consideration of how these two cyborg persons redefine their relationships to the environment in both social and ecological terms. Harbisson and Ribas are case studies for answering the question of how new cyborg senses (obtained by inserting implants into their bodies) change their beliefs and attitudes toward their own bodies, the bodies of others, and the world at large. I seek to identify changes in the knowledge of the world experienced by cyborg persons, trying to understand their perceptual and emotional experience of the world.

Building intercultural sensitivity through foreign language learning – Teaching English in Poland Program (TEIP)

Intercultural competence is listed more and more commonly, along with language and communication competences, as one of main goals of language education. Why are intercultural competences a vital resource for the contemporary human? During enculturation and socialization processes we learn not only how to behave, but also how to perceive and comprehend the conduct of others. These rules of perception and interpretation are sort of filters, through which a person looks at the world, interprets it and, basing on these interpretations, forms attitudes and undertakes actions. Given the importance of this resource, comprising elements of intercultural education might be seen as a significant element of foreign language teaching and learning. The article focuses on the theoretical framework and practical features of Teaching English in Poland Program (TEIP), which has been established as a response to the need of developing intercultural competences among children and adolescents under the age of 18. The programme has been managed by The Kosciuszko Foundation since 1991. Teaching English during camps in Poland, linked with experiencing cultural differences between Polish teachers and students and voluntary teachers from the United States brings children and adolescents, as well as Polish teachers, a chance to thrive crucial social skills and competences such as better understanding of other person when trying to empathize and conceive their situation as the “Other”, as well as to recognize similarities and differences to one’s own culture. Intercultural education accompanying TEIP demands not only to provide knowledge and skills about society and culture in which the language to be acquired is used, but also to develop competences which are essential to gain adequate, open mindset towards “otherness” and “differences”.

Ludzie wobec wyzwań epoki: anglistyka w Uniwersytecie Jagiellońskim w latach 1945–1952 – zarys problematyki

This article provides a brief history of the English Department at the Jagiellonian University from 1945 to 1952. It presents the members of the staff and discusses their background and responsibilities as well as problems they faced in the new post-war reality. After the death of Prof. Roman Dyboski, the founder and first Head of the Department, and the arrest of his successor, Prof. Władysław Tarnawski, formerly affiliated with the University of Lvov, the staff were mainly of junior academic ranks, with no involvement in any serious research. Despite that and despite a perennial shortage of space and problems with logistics, the number of students enrolling in the English studies programme would increase each year making the Department grow in size and scope. Thanks to the help of the New York Kosciuszko Foundation, the Department received a collection of several thousands of books, a few young American grantees of the Foundation joined the teaching staff, and some of the outstanding academics and students (e.g. Przemysław Mroczkowski and Alfred Reszkiewicz) obtained funding support to study or conduct research abroad. For ideological reasons, however, Poland’s authorities closed the programme, which ultimately led to the closure of the Department in 1952.

The corpus-driven revolution in Polish Sign Language: the interview with Dr. Paweł Rutkowski

Dr. Paweł Rutkowski is head of the Section for Sign Linguistics at the University of Warsaw. He is a general linguist and a specialist in the field of syntax of natural languages, carrying out research on Polish Sign Language (polski język migowy — PJM). He has been awarded a number of prizes, grants and scholarships by such institutions as the Foundation for Polish Science, Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education, National Science Centre, Poland, Polish–U.S. Fulbright Commission, Kosciuszko Foundation and DAAD.Dr. Rutkowski leads the team developing the Corpus of Polish Sign Language and the Corpus-based Dictionary of Polish Sign Language, the first dictionary of this language prepared in compliance with modern lexicographical standards. The dictionary is an open-access publication, available freely at the following address: www.slownikpjm.uw.edu.pl/en/.This interview took place at eLex 2017, a biennial conference on electronic lexicography, where Dr. Rutkowski was awarded the Adam Kilgarriff Prize and gave a keynote address entitled Sign language as a challenge to electronic lexicography: The Corpus-based Dictionary of Polish Sign Language and beyond. The interview was conducted by Dr. Victoria Nyst from Leiden University, Faculty of Humanities, and Dr. Iztok Kosem from the University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts.

The corpus-driven revolution in Polish Sign Language: the interview with Dr. Paweł Rutkowski

Dr. Paweł Rutkowski is head of the Section for Sign Linguistics at the University of Warsaw. He is a general linguist and a specialist in the field of syntax of natural languages, carrying out research on Polish Sign Language (polski język migowy — PJM). He has been awarded a number of prizes, grants and scholarships by such institutions as the Foundation for Polish Science, Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education, National Science Centre, Poland, Polish–U.S. Fulbright Commission, Kosciuszko Foundation and DAAD.Dr. Rutkowski leads the team developing the Corpus of Polish Sign Language and the Corpus-based Dictionary of Polish Sign Language, the first dictionary of this language prepared in compliance with modern lexicographical standards. The dictionary is an open-access publication, available freely at the following address: www.slownikpjm.uw.edu.pl/en/.This interview took place at eLex 2017, a biennial conference on electronic lexicography, where Dr. Rutkowski was awarded the Adam Kilgarriff Prize and gave a keynote address entitled Sign language as a challenge to electronic lexicography: The Corpus-based Dictionary of Polish Sign Language and beyond. The interview was conducted by Dr. Victoria Nyst from Leiden University, Faculty of Humanities, and Dr. Iztok Kosem from the University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts.

American Books to the Rescue: The American Library Association (ALA) and the Postwar Restoration of Polish Libraries, 1944–1948

Abstract The American Library Association (ALA)’s role in the postwar cultural restoration of Polish libraries remains relatively unknown. This article discusses the ALA’s efforts at sharing the works of American cultural and research institutions with war devastated libraries in the context of war losses suffered by Polish libraries. Special attention is given to individual requests for American books and journals as they offer insight into various needs of Polish libraries. The ALA’s collaboration with the Kosciuszko Foundation and the American Book Center for War Devastated Libraries with respect to Polish libraries is also examined.

Continuity and Change in the (New) Kosciuszko Foundation Dictionary

Abstract The Kościuszko Foundation Dictionary (KFD)1, the only bilingual dictionary between Polish and American English, first came out in 1959 (English-Polish volume) and 1961 (Polish-English volume). Between then and 1995, it was reprinted fourteen times, with the content completely intact. In 2003, The New Kosciuszko Foundation Dictionary (NKFD1) finally appeared, in two printed volumes accompanied by a CD. Originally intended as a straightforward update of KFD, it ended up being closer to a brand new dictionary, linked with its predecessor mainly through the title - a consequence of the continuing patronage of The Kosciuszko Foundation - and through its focus on American English. With around 133,000 main entries, it was, at the time of publication, the most comprehensive English-Polish, Polish-English dictionary in existence. A new, revised and enlarged edition (NKFD2) is about to be published soon, this time exclusively in digital form. Having been involved in the latter two projects - respectively, as editor of the English-Polish volume and editor-in-chief - the author examines the development of the dictionary, tracing the continuity and change in its three successive incarnations.

Announcement

Abstract Hundreds of eminent scholars of Polish origin and ancestry reside in the United States. These scholars have excelled and achieved high recognition in diverse branches of science. While many are known for their outstanding work within the confines of their particular field of specialty, little is known of achievements by scientists working in other disciplines or by the general public in the United States or in Poland. In 2012 the Kosciuszko Foundation (KF) established the Kosciuszko Foundation Collegium of Eminent Scientists. The goals for this initiative are (1) to identify, record, and catalogue eminent Polish scientists and scientists of Polish descent residing in the United States who have made significant contributions in their respective scientific fields and (2) to recognize, highlight, and publicize their achievements. Currently the selection of the Collegium members is limited to scientists specializing in the natural sciences (broadly defined).

Wincenty Lutosławski i jego zainteresowanie Stanami Zjednoczonymi Ameryki w świetle korespondencji z Fundacją Kościuszkowską

Author found and gave to print unknown letters of Vilnius philosopher and scholar, Wincenty Lutosławski to Stefan Mierzwa, executive director of the Kosciuszko Foundation – the source kept in the Archives of the Kosciuszko Foundation in New York City. The letters reveal unknown facts from the life of Vilnius philosopher. Lutosławski appears to be a great admirer of Juliusz Osterwa and his The Reduta (Redoubt) Theatre, as well as a good advocate of his students. In the same time despite of being in late 60. Lutosławski had great plans and ambitions to arrive to the U.S. under auspices of the KF. What is more, the correspondence shows that Lutosławski, focused on promoting his own person and achievements, was not far of underestimating the authority even those scholars, who like Roman Dyboski, were generally favorable to him. The correspondence confirms therefore not the best opinion enjoyed by Polish philosopher in the world of science.

Role of ATP in the Mechanisms Underlying Intestinal Afferent Sensitivity to Hydrogen Sulphide

the 3rd CRD, 24 h after the last WAS (day 5). The VMR to CRD after WAS was expressed as percentage of the respective baseline values at different pressures of CRD. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by a multiple comparison Bonferroni post-hoc test. Results: Immediately after the 1h exposure to WAS, on day 4, non-injected male and female rats exhibited visceral analgesia at 40 mmHg (p<0.05). Saline or naloxone injected sc before each WAS enhanced the visceral analgesia in both sexes in comparison to noninjected rats (analgesic response at 40 and 60 mmHg). On day 5, 24h after the last session of stress, the VMR was back to baseline values in all non-injected and injected male and female rats, except in females injected with naloxone which exhibited an analgesia at 60 mmHg (74.8±11.9 vs 100.0±0.0 %, p<0.05). Conclusions:When monitored non-invasively, intermittent repeated exposure to a psychological stress induces an immediate naloxoneindependent visceral analgesia in male and female rats. Repeated sc injections potentiate the immediate analgesic response suggesting that the concomitant somatic noxious stimuli may exert heterotopic analgesic effects. The sex-dependent delayed restoration of the VMR to baseline values by naloxone indicates an opioid-dependent component in females' stressinduced visceral response. Supported by NIH P50 DK-64539, The Kosciuszko Foundation (AM) and Wonkwang University (YSK) *ML, AM equal contribution

A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (FMRI) Scanning Environment Enhances Visceral Pain in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

the 3rd CRD, 24 h after the last WAS (day 5). The VMR to CRD after WAS was expressed as percentage of the respective baseline values at different pressures of CRD. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by a multiple comparison Bonferroni post-hoc test. Results: Immediately after the 1h exposure to WAS, on day 4, non-injected male and female rats exhibited visceral analgesia at 40 mmHg (p<0.05). Saline or naloxone injected sc before each WAS enhanced the visceral analgesia in both sexes in comparison to noninjected rats (analgesic response at 40 and 60 mmHg). On day 5, 24h after the last session of stress, the VMR was back to baseline values in all non-injected and injected male and female rats, except in females injected with naloxone which exhibited an analgesia at 60 mmHg (74.8±11.9 vs 100.0±0.0 %, p<0.05). Conclusions:When monitored non-invasively, intermittent repeated exposure to a psychological stress induces an immediate naloxoneindependent visceral analgesia in male and female rats. Repeated sc injections potentiate the immediate analgesic response suggesting that the concomitant somatic noxious stimuli may exert heterotopic analgesic effects. The sex-dependent delayed restoration of the VMR to baseline values by naloxone indicates an opioid-dependent component in females' stressinduced visceral response. Supported by NIH P50 DK-64539, The Kosciuszko Foundation (AM) and Wonkwang University (YSK) *ML, AM equal contribution

TRP Channels-Mediated Intestinal Afferent Sensitivity to Hydrogen Sulphide

the 3rd CRD, 24 h after the last WAS (day 5). The VMR to CRD after WAS was expressed as percentage of the respective baseline values at different pressures of CRD. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by a multiple comparison Bonferroni post-hoc test. Results: Immediately after the 1h exposure to WAS, on day 4, non-injected male and female rats exhibited visceral analgesia at 40 mmHg (p<0.05). Saline or naloxone injected sc before each WAS enhanced the visceral analgesia in both sexes in comparison to noninjected rats (analgesic response at 40 and 60 mmHg). On day 5, 24h after the last session of stress, the VMR was back to baseline values in all non-injected and injected male and female rats, except in females injected with naloxone which exhibited an analgesia at 60 mmHg (74.8±11.9 vs 100.0±0.0 %, p<0.05). Conclusions:When monitored non-invasively, intermittent repeated exposure to a psychological stress induces an immediate naloxoneindependent visceral analgesia in male and female rats. Repeated sc injections potentiate the immediate analgesic response suggesting that the concomitant somatic noxious stimuli may exert heterotopic analgesic effects. The sex-dependent delayed restoration of the VMR to baseline values by naloxone indicates an opioid-dependent component in females' stressinduced visceral response. Supported by NIH P50 DK-64539, The Kosciuszko Foundation (AM) and Wonkwang University (YSK) *ML, AM equal contribution

Introduction: Untimely Nostromo

Introduction:Untimely Nostromo Peter Lancelot Mallios (bio) In this foretaste of eternal peace they floated vivid and light, like unearthly clear dreams of earthly things that may haunt the souls freed by death from the misty atmosphere of regrets and hopes [. . . . ] [Martin Decoud] had the strangest sensation of his soul having returned into his body from the circumambient darkness in which land, sea, sky, the mountains, and the rocks were as if they had not been. —Nostromo (1904) We are discussing a problem of abstraction whereby, among many other things, a supreme abstract form slowly appears which is called that of Time itself, and which then holds out the mirage of some pure and immediate experience of itself [. . . . ] [But Nostromo] is rather the situation which suddenly allows the veil to be ripped away from this intolerable ontological bedrock, and it imposes it on consciousness as the ultimate lucidity. —Fredric Jameson, The Political Unconscious (1982) It is a normal if unconscious ambition of the reader to live vicariously through an imagined experience; to live through scenes. But [in Nostromo] every promised scene is here broken off, at most after a few pages. The reader is never allowed to settle down and enjoy. And so too, if only to combat that vertigo, the reader incorrigibly longs to locate himself in time and space, and incorrigibly wants to apprehend experience in its order and degree of importance. But this longing is frustrated from beginning to end [. . . . ] The common reader's notorious general aim—to enter into the book and become one of its characters—is carefully and austerely baffled. The novelist (shifting scene, time, focus, post of observation) maliciously chops at his hands. —Albert Guerard, Conrad the Novelist (1958) [End Page 213] This special issue of essays on Nostromo has its origins in two centennial events of 2004: one, a panel at the Modern Language Association convention in Philadelphia entitled "Nostromo at 100"; the other, the day-long conference "One Hundred Years of Nostromo" hosted by the Kosciuszko Foundation in New York City. "Contemporaneity"—Conrad's timelines—was an important note at both events, as it has been in many recent "twenty-first century" discussions of Conrad's work. But the fact that the essays gathered here appear in the displaced and belated year 2008 , each heavily revised from its original format, each also significantly dislocated from its original scenes of discussion and discussants, all now appearing in a year of no totemic significance or mystic numerical symmetry with respect to either Conrad or Nostromo—all these raise the question of Conrad's untimeliness: i.e., how we might read him, and how we might need to read him, as not a figure of "our man," "our text," "our time," "one of us," but rather as a textual locus irreducibly out of phase with and disruptive of any attempt among its various audiences to construct themselves as "contemporary." Nostromo is the exemplary Conrad text to raise this kind of question because, its ample claims to contemporary "resonance" notwithstanding, there is no other Conrad work, and on so many different levels of composition, construction, and reception, that flaunts problems of temporal displacement and deferral, and challenges assimilation to any specific moment "in" time, the way this one does. "Untimely" from the very beginning, Nostromo was originally inspired by a "story" Conrad heard while in "the Gulf of Mexico" during a shipping run in "1875 or '6"—(Conrad's only visit to Latin America and one in which his "contacts with land were short, few, and fleeting," if any)—which could not be told in that moment (Nosotromo xl-xli). Rather, it had to wait until "twenty-six or seven years afterwards," when Conrad encountered a different (printed) version of the story, in a different location (England), amid a very different spatio-temporal field of available1 European historiography on Latin America and informing political events like the secession of Panama from Columbia in 1903 (Nostromo xl-xli). Actually composed between (roughly) October 1902 and August 1904, Nostromo very nearly was not indigenous to this "moment" either. Though by no means Conrad's most deferred or prolonged text in the making, it may...

The Stability of Neurocognitive Patterns in HIV Infected Men: Classification Considerations

For the neuropsychological impairment which takes place in HIV-1 infection, various classification systems, based on either neuropathological criteria, severity of the disorder or functional criteria, have been suggested in the literature. This study identifies the patterns of neurocognitive disorders in HIV-1 infection and investigates their stability at one-year follow-up. Two hundred and seventeen HIV-1-positive subjects in various stages of infection and 55 HIV-1-negative subjects were evaluated. Our results suggest that there is considerable diversity in the neuropsychological functioning of HIV patients but the patterns are relatively stable, functionally distinct, and differ with respect to the severity of the deficit. The overall pattern is consistent with existing neuropsychological knowledge on HIV infection. Comparison of the patterns identified in this study with other classification systems posed several problems, however, and these problems may have important implications for the theory and methodology of neuropsychological HIV research. The authors thank Dr. B. Marcopulos and anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on the manuscript. This study was supported by grants from The National Institute of Mental Health (MH45649), The National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA10248), and The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA11720). Dr. E. Lojek’s visit at the OSU was supported by the research grant from the Polish American Kosciuszko Foundation.

Standardization of infrasounds and low-frequency noises for health benefits on humans

Annoyances from low-frequency noises and infrasound are effects of using technologies, transportation, manufacturing equipment, and large air-condition systems. Present developed procedures for evaluations of annoyance of low-frequency noise (LFN) on humans and occupational health are based on international and national standards. Comparisons show that there is a large difference between permitted values of acoustic pressure levels used. These standards are based on levels of thresholds heard by the human auditory system and subjective observations of impacts from vibrations of infrasound waves on the human body. A newly discovered phenomenon shows a follow-up effect in the brain and is an important reason to check and investigate attenuation of infrasound, especially near and below 10 Hz. Previous investigations showed that nonlinear reaction is observed according to the external infrasound field pressure on the human body. New studies need to investigate electrical reactions of the human brain and electrodermal reactions by influences of infrasound. [Work supported by the Kosciuszko Foundation, Inc., an American Center for Polish Culture, with Funding provided by the Alfred Juzykowski Foundation and KBN Warsaw.]

Polish Music History Series, and: Szymanowski, and: Karol Szymanowski: His Life and Works, and: Grazyna Bacewicz: Her Life and Works, and: Grazyna Bacewicz: Chamber and Orchestra Music, and: Polish Music Literature (1515-1990): A Selected Annotated Bibliography, and: After Chopin: Essays in Polish Music (review)

Polish Music History Series. Edited by Wanda Wilk. (Los Angeles: Friends of Polish Music, University of Southern California; Hillsdale, N.Y.: Pendragon Press). Szymanowski. By Wanda Wilk. 1982. [16 p. out of print.] Karol Szymanowski: His Life and Works. By Teresa Chylinska. Translated by John Glowacki. 1993. [v, 355 p. ISBN 1-916545-00-8. $30.] Grazyna Bacewicz: Her Life and Works. By Judith Rosen. Foreword by Witold Lutoslawski. 1984. [ii, 70 p. ISBN 1-916545-024. $10 (pbk.).] Grazyna Bacewicz: Chamber and Orchestra Music. By Adrian Thomas. 1985. [iii, 128 p. ISBN 1-916545-03-2. $15 (pbk.).] Polish Music Literature (1515-1990): A Selected Annotated Bibliography. Compiled by Kornel Michalowski and revised with additions by Gillian Olechno-Huszcza. 1991. [iv, 244 p. ISBN 1-916545-04-0. $30 (pbk.).] After Chopin: Essays in Polish Music. Edited by Maja Trochimczyk. 2000. [ix, 333 p. ISBN 0-916545-059. $36 (pbk.).] This much under-publicized and generally well-presented series is devoted to filling the gap in the English literature about Polish music and musicians. The slim, opening booklet, Wanda Wilk's Szymanowski (no longer in print) recognized the most neglected composer of the on the one hundredth anniversary of his birth. It has since been supplanted by several major studies, including Teresa Chylinska's Karol Szymanowski: His Life and Works as well as her pictorial volume on the composer (Szymanowski [New York: Twayne Publishers; Kosciuszko Foundation, 1973]). As editor of Szymanowski's Korespondencja (Krakow: Polskie Wydawn. Muzyczne, 1982- ), his literary writings, and his music, Chylinska ranks as authority to whom later work on the composer is indebted. The and volume is notable for its extensive extracts from the composer's correspondence--which reveals much about his changing psychological moods and thoughts about his recent compositions--and from his articles about music, which became increasingly larger part of his productivity and influence on Polish musical culture after 1920. Szymanowski's was not unproblematic and Chylinska presents it with sensitivity and perception. She also includes contextual information about his works, with critical reactions to first performances and important performers, including those in the United States. Her writing about the works themselves. however, is more descriptive than analytical and the only musical examples are reproduced in two letters by the composer. A worklist and a very good bibliograph y conclude this engaging and significant addition to the literature on Szymanowski, a composer who has recently gained recognition as an outstanding artist and a great humanist of the twentieth century (p. 293). In spite of Grazyna Bacewicz's remarkable achievements from the 1940s through the 1960s, only a few short articles had been written about her in English until Judith Rosen's Grazyana Bacewicz.: Her Life and Works appeared. In this gracefully written monograph, the remarks on Bacewicz's music are almost without exception accessible to Liebhabern of modest musical background. Much of the biographical information was obtained from the composer's sister Wanda. Rosen characterizes Bacewicz as a creator who, building on a foundation forged in part by her studies with Boulanger, was able to adapt some of the new tools and revolutionary techniques of the twentieth century and synthesize [them] with the old to create her individual voice. Along with some of her colleagues, she bridges the gap between the neo-romanticism of Szymanowski and the modernism of Lutoslawski (p. 15). Rosen emphasizes the slow and subtle evolutionary process ... [of Bacewicz's development] that is best comprehended by following the inte rnal and external events of her life (p. 16). She concludes that the composer's important contribution to the stringed-instrument literature in a large variety of forms should insure her standing as a composer of exceptional merit (p. …

Psychoacoustic evaluation of random‐like deviation changes in FM signals

The detection threshold for frequency modulation was measured at several carrier frequencies. The standard (unmodulated) waveform was a sinusoidal signal of fixed amplitude and fixed frequency. The comparison waveform was frequency modulated. The modulating signal had constant frequency, but the amplitude was a random variable. The amplitude of each successive period was the absolute value of a Gaussian random variable with mean, 0, and standard deviation, σ. The ability of listeners to detect the FM modulation by adaptively varying σ in a two‐alternative forced‐choice procedure was determined. An increase in the carrier frequency from 120 to 1000 Hz causes, on average, a three‐fold increase in the threshold value of σ. Changes in modulation frequencies from 4 to 16 Hz increase the threshold by twofold at the highest carrier frequency. At low‐modulation frequencies, different amplitude samples produce statistically different discrimination thresholds. Compared with the classical data for FM signals, the random deviations are easier to hear at higher carrier frequencies and harder to hear at lower carrier frequencies. [Research supported by the Kosciuszko Foundation and the NIH.]

Józef miąso. &lt;italic&gt;The History of the Education of Polish Immigrants in the United States&lt;/italic&gt;. Translated by Ludwik Krzyżanowski. (Library of Polish Studies, number 6.) New York: Kosciuszko Foundation. 1977. Pp. 294. $8.95

Journal Article Józef miąso. The History of the Education of Polish Immigrants in the United States. Translated by Ludwik Krzyżanowski. (Library of Polish Studies, number 6.) New York: Kosciuszko Foundation. 1977. Pp. 294. $8.95 Get access miąso Józef. The History of the Education of Polish Immigrants in the United States. Translated by Krzyżanowski Ludwik. (Library of Polish Studies, number 6.) New York: Kosciuszko Foundation. 1977. Pp. 294. $8.95. James S. Pula James S. Pula University of Maryland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 84, Issue 2, April 1979, Page 566, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/84.2.566 Published: 01 April 1979