Korean Words Research Articles

텍스트 마이닝을 이용한 온라인 리뷰 데이터의 레스토랑 선택속성과 선호도에 관한 연구

The purpose of this study was to extract and analyze the extensive review data of tourists accumulated on the Tripadvisor travel community website to identify the restaurant selection attributes and preference factors of foreign tourists, and to derive meaningful results. In order to identify restaurant selection attributes and important preference factors in online reviews generated by restaurant customers, data was refined through text mining techniques and text network analysis was performed to reveal the structural with restaurant selection attributes. For the texts extracted by crawling, a frequency matrix was created by the word frequency list and key words using the TEXTOM program. Also, using Netdraw programs, visualized the results of the sementic network analysis and centreality of the extracted words and the structural equivalence of the words. As a result of the analysis, food, restaurant, good, place, korean, seoul, try, service and great words were found to be the main attributes in frequency and centrality. Additionally the attributes were categorized atmosphere, value, purpose and food by CONCOR analysis. Based on these findings, I would like to present theoretical and practical implications for market segmentation and marketing strategies to the restaurant industry.

한국어 단어들의 음절 기반 음운이웃 네트워크

This study analyzed the syllable-based phonological neighborhood networks (PNNs) of Korean words. The network-theoretic representation of the lexicon has provided new insights on cross-linguistic and language particular factors in the composition of the phonological lexicon (Vitevitch, 2008; Shoemark et al., 2016, among others). This study draws from the literature the notion of phonological similarity as a network feature, but, unlike previous phonemic approaches, it assumes syllables as the unit of phonological similarity (Mehler et al., 1981; Kwon et al., 2006, 2011). We collected 83,881 polysyllabic words from a Korean corpus. According to the various network measurements on them, the syllable-based PNNs were similar to conventional phonemic-based PNNs in satisfying requirements for small-world networks, being influenced by the lexicon size and having a high value of assortativity by degree. However, they also showed different characteristics from phoneme-based PNNs: syllable-based PNNs had larger giant clusters, average degrees, and cluster coefficients, and they showed smaller values of the average shortest path length. The insights from the PNN analysis are significant since they can help answer empirical questions of phonological word processing and word acquisition.

1930년대 경성 관광안내서 연구

In this paper, an aspect of Gyeongseong tourism conducted in the 1930s was examined through the Chosenryori·ensekinosiori published by the Gyeongseong Tourism Association in 1933. Chosenryori·ensekinosiori is a tour guide to Gyeongseong created by the Gyeongseong Tourism Association, which guides you through food you can enjoy in Gyeongseong, major tourist attractions, and the fees accordingly. On the other hand, simple Korean words and paintings are also introduced, and the nature of the guide is stronger for Japanese than Koreans who visited Gyeongseong. It is also characterized by introducing gisaengs and night cultures in Gyeongseong and allowing them to write their own expectations and characteristics. Another characteristic of this book is that it focuses on individual tourism rather than group tourism, emphasizing the safety of Gyeongseong’s security, and there is no introduction to the historical origin of various tourist attractions in Gyeongseong or the traditional culture and customs of Koreans. This is in contrast to the relatively detailed guidance on sexual culture such as high-quality restaurants in Gyeongseong, Gisaeng, and Galbo, and it is also characterized by the comparison of ways to access the entertainment of Gisaeng and restaurants in Japan. In other words, Chosenryori·ensekinosiori is more like a guide for individual entertainment rather than a guide for tourism to scenic spots in Gyeongseong.

A Word Pair Dataset for Semantic Similarity and Relatedness in Korean Medical Vocabulary: Reference Development and Validation.

BackgroundThe fact that medical terms require special expertise and are becoming increasingly complex makes it difficult to employ natural language processing techniques in medical informatics. Several human-validated reference standards for medical terms have been developed to evaluate word embedding models using the semantic similarity and relatedness of medical word pairs. However, there are very few reference standards in non-English languages. In addition, because the existing reference standards were developed a long time ago, there is a need to develop an updated standard to represent recent findings in medical sciences.ObjectiveWe propose a new Korean word pair reference set to verify embedding models.MethodsFrom January 2010 to December 2020, 518 medical textbooks, 72,844 health information news, and 15,698 medical research articles were collected, and the top 10,000 medical terms were selected to develop medical word pairs. Attending physicians (n=16) participated in the verification of the developed set with 607 word pairs.ResultsThe proportion of word pairs answered by all participants was 90.8% (551/607) for the similarity task and 86.5% (525/605) for the relatedness task. The similarity and relatedness of the word pair showed a high correlation (ρ=0.70, P<.001). The intraclass correlation coefficients to assess the interrater agreements of the word pair sets were 0.47 on the similarity task and 0.53 on the relatedness task. The final reference standard was 604 word pairs for the similarity task and 599 word pairs for relatedness, excluding word pairs with answers corresponding to outliers and word pairs that were answered by less than 50% of all the respondents. When FastText models were applied to the final reference standard word pair sets, the embedding models learning medical documents had a higher correlation between the calculated cosine similarity scores compared to human-judged similarity and relatedness scores (namu, ρ=0.12 vs with medical text for the similarity task, ρ=0.47; namu, ρ=0.02 vs with medical text for the relatedness task, ρ=0.30).ConclusionsKorean medical word pair reference standard sets for semantic similarity and relatedness were developed based on medical documents from the past 10 years. It is expected that our word pair reference sets will be actively utilized in the development of medical and multilingual natural language processing technology in the future.

Text Mining Approaches to Analyze Public Sentiment Changes Regarding COVID-19 Vaccines on Social Media in Korea.

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the entire world, resulting in a tremendous change to people’s lifestyles. We investigated the Korean public response to COVID-19 vaccines on social media from 23 February 2021 to 22 March 2021. We collected tweets related to COVID-19 vaccines using the Korean words for “coronavirus” and “vaccines” as keywords. A topic analysis was performed to interpret and classify the tweets, and a sentiment analysis was conducted to analyze public emotions displayed within the retrieved tweets. Out of a total of 13,414 tweets, 3509 were analyzed after preprocessing. Eight topics were extracted using the Latent Dirichlet Allocation model, and the most frequently tweeted topic was vaccine hesitation, consisting of fear, flu, safety of vaccination, time course, and degree of symptoms. The sentiment analysis revealed a similar ratio of positive and negative tweets immediately before and after the commencement of vaccinations, but negative tweets were prominent after the increase in the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases. The public’s anticipation, disappointment, and fear regarding vaccinations are considered to be reflected in the tweets. However, long-term trend analysis will be needed in the future.

The nature of technology and engineering (NOTE) as perceived by science and technology teachers in Korea

ABSTRACT Purpose This study wants to identify how teachers perceive technology and engineering as distinct entities and develop a framework of NOTE. Design and methods To develop the NOTE framework, this study conducted interviews with eight secondary school teachers, comprising four technology and four science teachers. To examine how the teachers perceive technology and engineering and distinguish them, transcriptions of the interviews were analyzed using phenomenography. Results The results show that all research participants appeared to distinguish technology and engineering in some ways, but with varying degrees. In addition, their perceptions expressed through the interviews were categorized into 11 elements in three domains of the NOTE. The teachers’ perceptions also appeared to be influenced by language. As many Korean words are based on Chinese characters, teachers often understood the terms through the meanings of the Chinese characters. Teachers were confused between the Korean terms and their corresponding English terms because what the terms connote are different in each language. Conclusion This study provides useful information concerning NOTE by analyzing how teachers perceive technology and engineering, which could be helpful in teaching STEM based on NOTE.

Korean listeners’ processing of suprasegmental lexical contrasts in Korean and English: A cue-based transfer approach

This study investigates whether listeners’ use of prosodic cues to lexical contrasts can transfer from one phonological phenomenon in the native (first) language (L1) to another in a second/foreign language (L2). It investigates how Gyeongsang-Korean (GK) and Seoul-Korean (SK) listeners process English lexical stress. GK does not have lexical stress but has lexical pitch accents, whereas SK has neither; GK listeners are thus hypothesized to be more sensitive to pitch as a cue to lexical contrasts than SK listeners. GK and SK listeners completed a task in which they recalled four-item sequences of Korean words differing suprasegmentally (pitch accent contrast) or segmentally (phonemic contrast). The results showed a significant L1-by-contrast-type interaction, with GK listeners outperforming SK listeners in the pitch accent contrast condition. These results confirm GK listeners’ greater sensitivity to pitch in the L1. The same GK and SK listeners, who were matched in English proficiency, and native English listeners completed a similar task with English words differing suprasegmentally (stress contrast) or segmentally (phonemic contrast). The results showed a significant L1-by-contrast-type interaction, with GK listeners outperforming SK (and English) listeners in the stress-contrast condition. These results provide robust evidence for a cue-based transfer approach to L2 lexical stress processing.

AN ANALYSIS ON K-POP FANDOM SLANG WORD-FORMATION IN THE DRAMA ‘HER PRIVATE LIFE’

Slang is a language that is used daily and continues to grow due to the development of social media among fan communities. Each fan community has used slang specific to their interests, one of them being the K-Pop fandom. Despite the international growth of the K-Pop fandom and the spread of its cultural influence over recent years, there has been a lack of discussion on the linguistic aspect of its community, on the slang generated and used by its fan community in particular. Therefore, this research aims to expound on how K-Pop fandom slang words found in the drama ‘Her Private Life’ are formed. The study based its theoretical framework on the National Institute of Korean Language’s (2014) classification of new words in Korean based on its wordformation process. Out of the 24 slang words analyzed from the drama ‘Her Private Life’, there are 3 slang words in the form of a single word and 21 slang words in the form of a complex word. In the case of single-word form slang words, all 3 are created through the borrowing process; while complex-word form slang words are mostly created through the blending process, equating to 9 words in total.

The etymology of Korean ssal ‘uncooked grain’ and pap ‘cooked grain’

Abstract In this paper, I will provide etymological explanations for the two Korean words for ‘grain’: ssal ‘uncooked grain’ and pap ‘cooked grain.’ The word ssal ‘uncooked grain’ is a loanword from Middle Chinese bu-sat ‘Bodhisattva,’ linking the Buddhist holy figure to the type of food that has a sacred status in Korean culture. The support for this claim comes from the fact that (i) grains were sometimes associated with the Buddha’s body in Korea, and (ii) certain dialects of Japanese have also referred to rice—undoubtedly the most favored type of grain—as bosatsu ‘Bodhisattva’ or buppō-sama ‘Lord Buddha Dharma.’ Moreover, pap ‘cooked grain’ is most likely derived from the baby-talk term for ‘food,’ because cross-linguistically, baby-talk terms for ‘food’ or ‘to eat’ tend to be similar to /papa/ or /mama/, some of which shifted into the adult-talk term for food or a common type of food.

Neural correlates of confusability in recognition of morphologically complex Korean words.

When people confuse and reject a non-word that is created by switching two adjacent letters from an actual word, is called the transposition confusability effect (TCE). The TCE is known to occur at the very early stages of visual word recognition with such unit exchange as letters or syllables, but little is known about the brain mechanisms of TCE. In this study, we examined the neural correlates of TCE and the effect of a morpheme boundary placement on TCE. We manipulated the placement of a morpheme boundary by exchanging places of two syllables embedded in Korean morphologically complex words made up of lexical morpheme and grammatical morpheme. In the two experimental conditions, the transposition syllable within-boundary condition (TSW) involved exchanging two syllables within the same morpheme, whereas the across-boundary condition (TSA) involved the exchange of syllables across the stem and grammatical morpheme boundary. During fMRI, participants performed the lexical decision task. Behavioral results revealed that the TCE was found in TSW condition, and the morpheme boundary, which is manipulated in TSA, modulated the TCE. In the fMRI results, TCE induced activation in the left inferior parietal lobe (IPL) and intraparietal sulcus (IPS). The IPS activation was specific to a TCE and its strength of activation was associated with task performance. Furthermore, two functional networks were involved in the TCE: the central executive network and the dorsal attention network. Morpheme boundary modulation suppressed the TCE by recruiting the prefrontal and temporal regions, which are the key regions involved in semantic processing. Our findings propose the role of the dorsal visual pathway in syllable position processing and that its interaction with other higher cognitive systems is modulated by the morphological boundary in the early phases of visual word recognition.

Morphophonological gradience in Korean n-insertion

This study addresses the questions of what factors may have a gradient effect in application of a morphophonological process, how they interact, and which of the gradient effects speakers are aware of, by investigating the variation patterns of Korean n-insertion. An analysis is performed on the results of two surveys on speakers of two dialects of Korean, Seoul and Kyungsang, one using existing words and the other using novel Korean words. From the results of the survey on n-insertion in existing Korean words, I have found several gradient tendencies involving a variety of factors including phonological and morphological ones and their interactions. Such factors include morphological category, etymology and length of component morphemes, sonorancy and place of articulation of the consonant preceding the insertion site, height of the initial vowel of the morpheme following the insertion site and dialects of speakers. None of these factors are absolute conditions for the occurrence of n-insertion, contrary to the previous studies on Korean n-insertion, and they have gradient effect, contributing to the overall probability of n-insertion. Consequently, Korean n-insertion provides a clear case where previous categorical proposals do not match with gradient reality, lending support to quantitative theories of morphophonology.

Analysis of Dental Hygienist Job Recognition Using Text Mining

Background: The aim of this study was to analyze the public demand for information about the job of dental hygienists by mining text data collected from the online Q & A section on an Internet portal site. Methods: Text data were collected from inquiries that were posted on the Naver Q & A section from January 2003 to July 2020 using “dental hygienist job recognition,” “role recognition,” “medical assistance,” and “scaling” as search keywords. Text mining techniques were used to identify significant Korean words and their frequency of occurrence. In addition, the association between words was analyzed. Results: A total of 10,753 Korean words related to the job of dental hygienists were extracted from the text data. “Chi-lyo (treatment),” “chigwa (dental clinic),” “ske-illing (scaling),” “itmom (gum),” and “chia (tooth)” were the five most frequently used words. The words were classified into the following areas of job of the dental hygienist: periodontal disease treatment and prevention, medical assistance, patient care and consultation, and others. Among these areas, the number of words related to medical assistance was the largest, with sixty-six association rules found between the words, and “chi-lyo,” “chigwa,” and “ske-illing” as core words. Conclusion: The public demand for information about the job of dental hygienists was mainly related to “chi-lyo,” “chigwa,” and “ske-illing” as core words, demonstrating that scaling is recognized by the public as the job of a dental hygienist. However, the high demand for information related to treatment and medical assistance in the context of dental hygienists indicates that the job of dental hygienists is recognized by the public as being more focused on medical assistance than preventive dental care that are provided with job autonomy.

‘아쉽다’와 ‘可惜’의 의미적 대조

The purpose of this paper is to make an comparative analysis of the Korean word ‘aswipda’ and Chinese word ‘kexi’‘s meaning. It’s found that both can be used when people want to express that they are sorry for something bad happened. And, they also have many different usages. For example, the degree of emotion expressed by ‘kexi’ is deeper than aswipda’, and it can be used not only for describe the state of emotion, but also can be used as a verb which can have a subject behind it and the object is the reason of the emotion as well.

Age-Related Differences in Korean Word Recognition Associated with Phonological Rules and Word Frequency: An Event-Related Potential (ERP) Study

Age-Related Differences in Korean Word Recognition Associated with Phonological Rules and Word Frequency: An Event-Related Potential (ERP) Study

사용자의 입력 의도를 반영한 음절 N-gram 기반 한국어 띄어쓰기 및 붙여쓰기 오류 교정 시스템

기존의 자동 띄어쓰기 시스템은 사용자의 띄어쓰기 정보를 활용하지 않고 띄어쓰기를 모두 제거한 문장에 대해 공백을 삽입하는 방식으로 띄어쓰기 오류를 수정한다. 이러한 방식으로 띄어쓰기 오류를 교정할 경우, 사용자가 올바르게 입력한 띄어쓰기를 수정하는 문제와 사용자의 의도를 충분히 반영하지 못하는 문제가 발생한다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제를 보완하기 위해 사용자가 입력한 의도를 반영한 음절 N-gram 기반 한국어 띄어쓰기 및 붙여쓰기 오류 교정 시스템을 제안한다. 실험 결과, 오류가 10% 포함된 문장에 대해서 음절 단위 정확률 99.05%, 어절 단위 F1 score 95.57%라는 높은 성능을 보였다. 이는 사용자의 띄어쓰기 정보를 활용하지 않은 기존 방식보다 음절 단위 정확률 1.85%, 어절 단위 F1 score 5.84% 향상된 결과이다. 또한, 딥러닝 방식이 아닌 음절 확률 통계정보만을 사용함으로써 초당 2691.69 문장의 빠른 교정 속도를 보였다.

The Principles Of Typological Study Of Transposition In The Uzbek And Korean Languages

Like Uzbek, Korean belongs to the Altaic language family, and the sources assume that: a) Korean word forms are agglutinative schemes based on the stem + affix, b) sentences are based on the syntactic scheme of “possessive + second part + cut”, c) the stability of word stress and expiratory character, etc. Additionaly in a word structure the following can be divided: 1) 뾐ꭅ덽: 뾐 + ꭅ + 덽 ; 頝ꃝꍡ겑꽽鲙: 頝 + -ꃝꍡ- + -겑- + -꽽- + -鲙such that cores and appendages can be joined one after the other and separated; 2) according to the function of affix morphemes, «뾐-, -덽-, -ꃝꍡ-» word building, «-겑-, -꽽-, -鲙» 3) the formation of transpositive and non-transpositive artificial words by means of word-forming suffixes, 4) the relative freedom of the transpositive connection between independent, auxiliary words and morphemes also point to this genetic connection.

Nano-Crossbar Weighted Memristor-Based Convolution Neural Network Architecture for High-Performance Artificial Intelligence Applications.

Nano memristor crossbar arrays, which can represent analog signals with smaller silicon areas, are popularly used to describe the node weights of the neural networks. The crossbar arrays provide high computational efficiency, as they can perform additions and multiplications at the same time at a cross-point. In this study, we propose a new approach for the memristor crossbar array architecture consisting of multi-weight nano memristors on each cross-point. As the proposed architecture can represent multiple integer-valued weights, it can enhance the precision of the weight coefficients in comparison with the existing memristor-based neural networks. This study presents a Radix-11 nano memristor crossbar array with weighted memristors; it validates the operations of the circuits, which use the arrays through circuit-level simulation. With the proposed Radix-11 approach, it is possible to represent eleven integer-valued weights. In addition, this study presents a neural network designed using the proposed Radix-11 weights, as an example of high-performance AI applications. The neural network implements a speech-keyword detection algorithm, and it was designed on a TensorFlow platform. The implemented keyword detection algorithm can recognize 35 Korean words with an inferencing accuracy of 95.45%, reducing the inferencing accuracy only by 2% when compared to the 97.53% accuracy of the real-valued weight case.

한·중 말과 관련된 관용 표현 대조 연구 - ‘말’, ‘소리’과 ‘話’, ‘聲’의 대조를 중심으로

본 연구는 중국인 한국어 학습자의 보다 효율적인 관용 표현 학습을 위해 한·중 말과 관련된 관용 표현을 대조하였다. 한·중 말과 관련된 관용 표현은 주로 ‘말’, ‘소리’, ‘話’, ‘聲’ 4가지 어휘를 중심으로 이루어지는 것을 알 수 있으며 양 언어에서 형성된 관용 표현들의 의미가 같은 항목과 상이한 항목은 거의 반반씩 차지한다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 연구에서 한·중 말과 관련된 관용 표현이 그들의 통사 구조, 어휘 사용, 의미의 일치 여부에 따라 표현과 의미가 같은 유형, 표현이 같지만 의미가 다른 유형, 표현이 유사하며 의미가 같은 유형, 표현이 다르지만 의미가 같은 유형 4가지로 나눠서 분석하였다. 여기서 말하는 의미가 다르다는 것은 완전히 뜻이 다른 것보다 일부분의 의미에 차이가 나고 남은 부분의 의미가 중첩되는 특징이 있다. 학습자가 이러한 항목들을 접할 때는 모어의 영향으로 의미 차이 변별에 어려움을 겪기 쉬우므로 오류가 생기지 않도록 사용 시 특별히 주의해야 한다. 본고의 기대 효과는 아래와 같이 제시하고자 한다. 첫째, 모어와의 대조를 통해 관용 표현 사용 오류를 줄일 수 있다. 둘째, 언어 문화 학습에 있어서 미시적인 자료를 제공할 수 있다. 셋째, 말과 관련된 관용 표현이라는 작은 범주의 문화언어학적 대조를 통해 학습자로 하여금 문화 차이를 능동적으로 발견하고 해결하는 습관을 기를 수 있다.

Method of Profanity Detection Using Word Embedding and LSTM

With the rising number of Internet users, there has been a rapid increase in cyberbullying. Among the types of cyberbullying, verbal abuse is emerging as the most serious problem, for preventing which profanity is being identified and blocked. However, users employ words cleverly to avoid blocking. With the existing profanity discrimination methods, deliberate typos and profanity using special characters can be discriminated with high accuracy. However, as they cannot grasp the meaning of the words and the flow of sentences, standard words such as “Sibaljeom (starting point, a Korean word that sounds similar to a swear word)” and “Saekkibalgalag (little toe, a Korean word that sounds similar to another swear word)” are less accurately discriminated. Therefore, in order to solve this problem, this study proposes a method of discriminating profanity using a deep learning model that can grasp the meaning and context of words after separating Hangul into the onset, nucleus, and coda.

SL@Bibli8 What did we do for ISLM 2012

SL stands for student librarians, and @Bibli8 is a short name for our library. This is about our routine yearly event. For the third year of our participation in International School Library Month (ISLM) 2012, we did several events. Some of them are common events that we always hold, and some others are new activities. Some new events were guitar clinic and Hangeul lesson. The guitar clinic involved a room with the guitar coach (which were students), the participants (which were also students) and me – as the moderator. This clinic facilitated sharing knowledge between students. Sharing knowledge between students could happen anytimeand anywhere. But here, I played a role as a mediator, who prepare everything for a great event. Being able to use a musical instrument is a life skill. I knew some students who knew how to play a guitar, and students who wanted to able to play guitar. Iarranged a time to facilitate a meeting between the two groups and they met in the library. The guitar clinic event was very successful, as the students were able to easily share their knowledge and learn how to play. The Hangeul lesson was similar in concept to the guitar clinic. In the Hangeul lesson, those who attended were students who are able to read and write in Hangeul words (Korean words) and those who wanted to learn that skill. These two events were new in my school. They were not expensive to facilitate, and the students were able to easily share their knowledge and learn from each other, enhancing their life skills, both for those who taught and those who learned.