Korean Tourists Research Articles

Building Food-Based Destination Image in Meishan City: Inspirations from Korean Kimchi

Meishan is a city in Sichuan, China. There is a traditional local food called Dongpo Kimchi. Compared with other kimchi, its production and sales are at the leading level in China, but its brand awareness in the international market is far less than that of Korean kimchi, which has a high international reputation and effectively drives the development of the Korean tourism industry. Amid the growing popularity of food tourism, many national and local governments have been developing food tourism-centred destination management. Meishan City attaches great importance to the tourism industry and is trying to build a food-based destination image. Employing qualitative research methods, this article analyses media information and public statistics related to the marketing of Korean kimchi, and conducts in-depth interviews with experts. The research conclusions are expected to provide inspirations for Meishan City to promote Dongpo Kimchi and build a food-based tourist destination image.

환율변동과 Outbound-Inbound 관광수요에 대한 비대칭성 연구

In order to estimate the asymmetry of exchange rate changes (won/dollar, won/yen) on tourism demand, the ARDL-bounds model was used to test the effect of long-term and short-term asymmetry. By dividing tourism demand into outbound and inbound, an analysis was conducted based on the influence of Korean tourists and the tourists who visited Korea. As a result of estimating Korea''s total demand for outbound tourism, in the long run, an exchange rate rise of 1% has the effect of a decrease of 1.2% of outbound Koreans, whereas when the exchange rate falls, the number of outbound travelers increases by 2.1%. These results indicate an asymmetry. The result of the inbound tourism demand analysis indicates a long-term asymmetry was significantly observed in the total tourism demand analysis, but the long-term coefficient value was not significant, limiting the numerical interpretation.

방한 스포츠 관광객들의 관광이미지에 영향을 끼치는 이벤트의 질에 관한 연구

The aim of this study is to explore the sports event elements that influence Korean tourism image. Based on a review of relevant literature, the following paper divided the quality of sports events into 12 elements. With the use of AMOS and SPSS tools, Chinese tourists were selected as the research sample and 198 questionnaires were collected in total. Based on the data analysis, key findings were revealed. First of all, tourists have a better tourism image with higher quality performance, longer operating time, better staff attitude and more reactions between fans. Secondly, the rate of re-visiting Korea will increase when accompanied by an improvedtourism image. In contrast, information, fan reaction and valence are not taken into consideration since they are not key values to Korean tourism image.

Crowding-out or crowding-in: The impact of Chinese tourists on selected tourist segments in Vietnam destinations

This study estimates the short and long-term impacts of Chinese tourists on Vietnam's five leading inbound tourist markets. While most prior studies perceive crowding as an undesirable phenomenon relating to visitors' dissatisfaction and lower perceived destination attraction, this study extends the understanding of crowding's impacts on tourism by identifying crowding-out and crowding-in effects among tourist segments. The study contributes to the existing literature by considering crowding's impacts on different cultures in Vietnam's context, representing a fast-growing tourist destination that only earned a reputation in recent years and is different from ones previously considered. The methodology includes unit root, cointegration, causality testing, and application of the Limited Information Maximum Likelihood regression method. The findings indicate that Chinese tourist demand has primarily positive impacts on the other researched tourist markets. The findings provide practical implications for policymakers to strengthen inbound markets and enhance sustainability-oriented tourism development in the long run. • Chinese tourist demand for Vietnam has both crowd-in and crowd-out effects. • Chinese tourists foment demand from Japan, Taiwan, Malaysia, and the United States. • Chinese tourists have both crowd-in and -out effects on Korean tourists to Vietnam. • Crowd-in and crowd-out effects can have both long- and short-term dimensions.

Facilitators and Reducers of Korean Travelers' Avoidance/Hesitation Behaviors toward China in the Case of COVID-19.

Given that little is known about overseas travelers’ responses and behaviors toward China after the outbreak of COVID-19, this study aimed to uncover risk perception factors and investigate its role in Korean travelers’ avoidance/hesitation behaviors toward China as an international tourism destination in the case of the COVID-19 pandemic. To explore the relationship with risk perception, anticipated emotion and avoidance/hesitation behavior, a quantitative method along with an online survey was employed. This focus was on Korean tourists who had traveled to China at least once. Findings revealed that risk perception and negative anticipated emotion are vital facilitators of avoidance/hesitation behaviors, and that positive anticipated emotion reduces such behaviors. The efficacy of a higher-order structure of risk perception, which encompasses six dimensions, was also demonstrated. In addition, destination attachment lowered the influence of risk perception on the formation of avoidance/hesitation behaviors. Overall, our results will help tourism researchers and practitioners understand what factors drive and reduce international travelers’ avoidance/hesitation behaviors toward China in the post-pandemic world. Implications for theory and practice are offered.

The role of mobility apps in memorable tourism experiences of Korean tourists: Stress-coping theory perspective

Mobility, which refers to all available modes of transportation in a tourism destination, is an essential element of the tourism service and can increase memorable tourism experiences. Paradoxically, mobility is also considered a significantly stressful factor in tourism experiences. Unfamiliar mobility at a local destination can evoke tourists' anxiety, which can have a negative impact on their memorable tourism experiences and stress levels. This study examined tourists' mobility app use behavior to search for and obtain mobility information by applying the Stress-Coping Theory perspective. The results show that perceived behavioral control, based on mobility app quality, comprising usefulness, trust, and interactivity, positively influences memorable tourism experiences and mobility app reuse intention by reducing stress from mobility. Thus, mobility apps can reduce tourists' stress and enhance memorable tourism experiences by causing tourists to feel that they have control over local mobility. When those positive effects arise, tourists have an intention toward mobility app reuse. Based on these results, we present theoretical and practical implications for understanding tourists' mobility app use behavior.

Chinese Tourists’ Perception of the Tourism Image of North Korea Based on Text Data from Tourism Websites

A good tourism image can significantly enhance the travel willingness and experience of international tourists. Most related research focused on the tourism image perception of world-famous cities, but research on the tourism image of North Korea is insufficient. We extracted text data from travel notes and reviews on Chinese travel websites. Subsequently, we used text mining and semantic network analysis to investigate Chinese tourists’ perception of the tourism image of North Korea. The results of the semantic network analysis show that tourism in North Korea consisted mainly of visits to the main cities and famous scenic spots, always with tour guides. Changes in high-frequency words indicated that Chinese tourists’ interest in North Korea’s history has weakened in recent years, and their interest in scenic spots and tourism products has increased. The results of the iterative correlation convergence analysis show that the topics relevant to tourists’ image of North Korea are composed of representative scenic spots, the Korean War, Kaesong city, the Pyongyang City, people’s lives, and other notable experiences. This research makes an empirical case for the study of tourists’ perception of the tourism image of North Korea and provides targeted suggestions for the sustainable development of North Korean tourism.

The effects of destination product placement in TV drama on the intention to visit South Korea : An Indonesian audience case

This study uses the hierarchy of effect by Lavidge and Steiner as the groundwork theory to examine the process and the effect of product placement in Korean dramas as a Korean tourism marketing strategy to persuade Indonesian audiences to visit Korea. Cognitive, affective, and conative psychological responses were used to explain the process of the audience’s response toward advertising exposure using 475 valid online survey data samples from Indonesian viewers as the source market. The empirical results confirmed that people go through a hierarchical process in response to advertising exposure, indicating both recall and informativeness as cognitive response affect brand attitude in terms of both attitude toward the drama itself and PPL destinations. The positive brand attitude led to visit intention among the viewers. Results strongly suggest that K-drama is an effective media to promote Korean tourism. Practical implications and limitations are also presented.

CHINA’S SHIFTING BEHAVIOUR TOWARDS SOUTH KOREA IN THAAD CRISIS RESOLUTION IN KOREAN PENINSULA

ABSTRACTThe THAAD crisis between South Korea and China occurred due to the installation of the THAAD (Terminal High Altitude Area Defense) system by South Korea with the help of the United States which was considered as a threat to China's national security. China strongly opposed the installation of the defense system and imposed unofficial sanctions in a form of a boycott in the field of South Korean tourism, products, and pop culture, which provided significant losses due to China's retaliation. After the South Korean state visit to China which was held in Beijing, China’s boycott was later lifted, but the THAAD installed in South Korea remain stayed and deployed. Thus the question arises about why China chose to soften and not force the South Koreans to withdraw THAAD. This article uses the qualitative research method of literature studies and uses variables of foreign policy theory by Yuen Foon Khong as the theoretical framework in this paper. Therefore, it can be seen that China's softening of the THAAD issue is caused by the influence of China’s "peripheral diplomacy" foreign policy and the shifting of Chinese behavior so that China does not impose its will on the South Korean THAAD system to maintain good relations with South Korea as a peripheral country. Keywords: China, China’s Behavior, Foreign Policy, South Korea, THAAD

Impact of tourists’ psychological ownership of an eco-friendly trail on their behavior intention: an empirical investigation of Jeju Olle Trail in South Korea

ABSTRACT By adopting psychological ownership theory, this study examines the factors influencing trail visitors’ psychological ownership and behavioral intentions. A field survey was conducted with Korean tourists of Jeju Olle Trail, to test determining factors for psychological ownership and the role of commitment in the relationship between psychological ownership and intention to recommend. The results show that tourists’ participation and their sense of belonging were key predictors for psychological ownership. In addition, tourists’ psychological ownership had a positive influence on their commitment and intention to recommend. This study also discusses theoretical and practical implications along with suggestions for future research.

국내 ICT기반 관광 스타트업의 동향 및 성과 연구

Purpose-Recently, the Korean government considers the start-up as the engine of future economic growth. Tourism businesses have increasingly changed to innovative and technology-based businesses after the fourth industrial revolution and the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to systematically understand and describe the growth and output of the ICT(information and communications technology)-based tourism start-ups, which have been dramatically developing in the Korean tourism industry. Design, data, and methodology-We utilized the secondary data of the Korea Tourism Organization, which collected 87 tourism start-ups from January 2011 to April 2021. Data analysis was performed using the descriptive analysis and cross-tab analysis. Result-The results showed that the two-sided market is prominent in the domestic tourism market, with O2O(online to offline) and online business being the main focus. It was also found that many technological innovation companies are concentrated in Seoul, where infrastructure and support are abundant. The large majority of tourism start-ups are mainly based on e-commerce technology and have patents. Additionally, venture capital plays a vital role in the investment and growth of tourism start-ups in South Korea. Conclusions - Based on the results, theoretical and practical implications were discussed to foster tourism start-up businesses in South Korea.

관광지 선택속성이 관광지이미지와 재방문의도에 미치는 영향 : 외국인 유학생을 중심으로

Along with economic growth, people are paying more attention to improving the quality of life as national income increases and leisure time becomes more important. In order to build a positive tourism image of Korean tourism for foreign students, increase satisfaction with Korean tourism, and maximize the attraction of foreign students, in this study, foreign students find out what the purpose of tourism is when they choose to visit Korea, The purpose of this is to select a tourist destination based on what criteria when visiting, and to clarify the image and revisit intention of the tourist destination after the tour. In order to achieve the purpose of the study, a research hypothesis was established and a questionnaire survey was conducted for foreign student tourists who had visited tourist destinations in Korea from March 20 to May 28, 2021. The study results can be summarized as follows. First, except for the safety and convenience factor among the tourist destination selection attributes, three factors of facility, service, and hospitality were found to have a significant effect on the tourist image and revisit intention. Second, 4 factors of experience quality, attractiveness, environment, and accessibility according to the tourist destination image had a significant effect on the intention to revisit. Based on these important findings, the policy implications, limitations, and future directions of the study were also discussed.

An Estimation of the Volatility in the Demand for Malaysian Tourists Visiting Korea

Purpose: With the rapid growth of Muslim tourists visiting Korea in recent years, Southeast Asia countries’ Muslims are emerging as new Korea inbound markets. In particular, Malaysia has the largest number of tourists to Korea among 57 countries belonging to the Organization of the Islamic Conference, making it a bridgehead for the Muslim tourism market. The purpose of this study is to derive an optimal volatility estimation model for more accurate predictions of the demand for Malaysian tourists visiting Korea Research design, data, and methodology: This study conducted empirical analysis on the volatility of the demand for Malaysian tourists visiting Korea using GARCH, EGARCH and TGARCH models using the monthly series data from June 2006 to November 2019. Results: The research results are as follows. First, it was found that symmetrical GARCH model, asymmetrical TGARCH model were identified to be appropriate in estimating the volatility of the demand for Malaysian tourists visiting Korea. Second, it was found that TGARCH(1,1)model is better than GARCH(1,1) models in estimating of the volatility in the demand for Malaysian tourists visiting Korea. Third, according to the estimation results of volatility in the demand for Malaysian tourists visiting Korea, the impact to volatility persists for a while following the news shock. and bad news seemed to show a greater impact to volatility than good news. Implications: The implication of this study lies in that it has derived an optimal model of volatility for the demand of Malaysian tourists visiting Korea, which has been drawing attention due to the growing importance of Muslim tourists in the Korean tourism market. and the research results also provide basic materials to improve the real condition of accepting Muslim tourists visiting Korea by making it possible to predict more accurately the demand for Malaysian tourists visiting Korea.

Analysis of the image South Korean university students have of Barcelona before visiting

The aim of this study is to determine the necessity of measuring the present image of the destinations that are important in tourism marketing and then to provide fundamental material for a marketing strategy parallel to this image. In 2018, 225 thousand Korean tourists arrived in Catalonia, 60% more than in 2017. And since 2012, the number of tourists of this destination has multiplied by 4.5. This tourist flow increases year after year and Barcelona is one of the preferred destinations. Beyond this small context, the truth is that the Catalan tourism industry does not have conscientious studies that describe the image of Barcelona perceived by the Korean tourists. Therefore, statistical data have been analyzed and 340 surveys have been carried out on young Korean people in their twenties who intend to travel to Barcelona. A credibility analysis and a regression analysis were conducted to study the effects of these affective and cognitive images on South Korean students’ intention to visit. As a result of this study, affective image was rejected because it did not have an impact on intention to visit, while cognitive image was found to do influence it.
 Keywords: Barcelona; Korean tourists; young tourism; South Korea; tourist image

Effect of Ethical Consumption Behavior of Korea Airport Users On Perception of Fair Tourism and Purchase Intentions

Purpose - The purpose of this paper aim to understand the relationship between individual ethical consumption behavior and ethical behavior in tourism, awareness of fair tourirm and purchase intention. Design/Methodology/Approach - Investigating the relationship among ethical consumer behaviors, perception of fair tourism and purchase intention of fair tourism is pertinent in understanding the future direction and development of fair tourism at its early stage. Likewise, an empirical research was conducted with underlying assumptions that the usual ethical consumer behaviors of Korean tourists influence perceptions of fair tourism and purchase of fair tourism, as does enhancing perceptions of fair tourism on purchase intention. First, the oretical considerations were conducted on ethical consumption behavior, fair tourism awareness, and purchasing intentions. Second, we set up research models and hypotheses, and present questionnaire composition and analysis methods after survey design. Third, empirical analysis was conducted using SPSS ver.21 and multiple regression analysis was conducted. Findings - As a result of this study first, the importance of ethical consumption behavior was verified by recognizing fair tourism and revealing the impact of purchasing fair tourism. Second, travelers’ usual ethical consumption behavior has not been linked to social responsibility in travel. Third, it was confirmed that only the traveler’s behavior among the characteristics of fair tourism was recognized as fair tourism, which resulted in low perception of fair tourism, and that only travelers, or personal factors, were found to be factors in choosing fair tourism. Finally, the reason for purchasing fair tourism is the realization of an individual’s ethical beliefs rather than as part of actions that fulfill social responsibility and consider the environment, reflecting a lack of awareness of the effectiveness of fair tourism. Research Implications - Through the process, the study presents the significance of ethical consumer behaviors of tourists and enhancing perceptions of fair tourism, as well as the attempts to facilitate attention towards the related industry and participation of individuals in enrooting fair tourism. The expanded understanding of fair tourism will lead to ethical consumption in tourism, that is, purchase of fair tourism, as well as to relieve social and environmental problems caused by mass-tourism.

방한 베트남 관광객의 쇼핑관광 선택속성

Over the last decades, the Korean Wave’s popularity has spread to a number of South East Asian countries, including Vietnam. Consequently the number of Vietnamese shopping tourists visiting Korea is gradually increasing, and is expected to have an important impact on the Korean tourism market in the future. This study aims to analyze Vietnamese tourists’ selection attributes on shopping tourism in Korea. By using IPA in both traditional and revised views, the present sutdy enhances the understanding of the actual importance and satisfaction attributes considered by Vietnamese shopping tourists. To achieve this purpose, we conducted a survey from February to March, 2020 for 300 Vietnamese tourists who have visited Korea in the last two years. A total of 261 surveys were used for analyses through SPSS 22.0. The study findings indicate that there was a significantly different result between the traditional IPA and revised IPA. Specifically, while in traditional IPA many categories were placed in the first and third quadrants, this problem was improved in the other two methods of revised IPA. Vietnamese tourists put importance on shopping location accessibility, so shopping tourism managers should consider precisely of traffic congestion in the surrounding area when choosing a location for shopping destinations. Also Vietnamese tourists visit Korea to purchase Hallyu products due to Korean Wave, but the lack of products might become dissatisfaction factor. This is a task that must be solved in order for Korea to grow as a global shopping tourism destination.

북한 방문의도에 영향을 미치는 관광 동기요인에 관한 연구: 국내잠재관광객을 대상으로

북한 방문의도에 영향을 미치는 관광 동기요인에 관한 연구: 국내잠재관광객을 대상으로

The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the psychological needs of tourists: implications for the travel and tourism industry

ABSTRACT This study aims to explore the psychological needs and satisfaction of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean tourists across three phases (i.e. before, during and perceived aftermath) of the COVID-19 pandemic. It fulfilled the theoretical extension of the Existence, Relatedness and Growth (ERG) theory to identify the basic psychological needs of the tourists in a pandemic situation. In-depth interviews, findings confirmed ERG processes of Satisfaction-Progression, Frustration-Regression, and Simple-Frustration. Nevertheless, the predominant psychological needs of tourists were different in each phase. The study contributes to a better understanding of post-pandemic needs of the tourists and is useful in redesigning travel experiences.

한국관광벤처기업의 성장체계 구축 및 육성 방안에 관한 탐색적 연구: 전문가 대상 심층인터뷰 조사결과를 중심으로

한국관광벤처기업의 성장체계 구축 및 육성 방안에 관한 탐색적 연구: 전문가 대상 심층인터뷰 조사결과를 중심으로

관광안전에 관한 연구: 포스트 코로나19와 해외여행 형태 변화

Impacts of Covid-19 are blowing out the global tourism industry because it has been triggering tremendous downturn in the world tourism market. UNWTO and OECD predict that a number of international tourists will decrease by about 80% in the end of 2020 and Korean tourism market experiences over 80%. The study aimed to forecast the changes of outbound travel after Covid-19 in Korea.BR 760 samples were analysed into 5 items: type of travel product, travel term, travel company, travel activity and travel accomodation. Online survey was performed from October 1 to November 30 in 2020 and a self-administered questionnarie.BR Consequently, new types of tours, small-sized family tour and relaxation tour with a villa or a pension will be popular as all outbound tourists do not want exposure from the risks like pandemic and disease. It is also inferred that more luxury tours and nearly accessible destinations will be preferred if untacted with others. Besides, controlling health risk will be one of the most important factors in examination of the tourist’s decision-making process.