Korean Style Research Articles

Pengaruh Media Sosial Lemon8 Terhadap Pemenuhan Kebutuhan Informasi Mengenai Korean Fashion Style

Social media plays a vital role as a primary source of information, bringing the ability to spread information and introduce new things to its environment. This has an impact on the creation of more open and clear communication. The effect is a widening of the public's viewpoint, even beyond the borders of the country. One of the most popular cultural trends, especially among younger generations, is Korean Wave-inspired fashion. With the growing demand for information about Korean fashion, many people turn to search for it through social media. One platform that meets this need is Lemon8, a social media app that focuses on sharing and exploring lifestyle information, Korean Fashion Wave. The study aims to measure how much social media influence Lemon8 has on meeting Korean style information needs. The research method used was quantitative, with sampling through simple random samplings and involving 400 respondents. According to the hypothesis test, the influence of Lemon8 was significant with t counting far larger than the table. The study showed that Lemon 8 contributed to meeting the information needs of Korean fashion style, while the remaining were likely to be influenced by other variables not studied in this study.

교사의 다문화교육과정 편성·운영·재구성을 제약하는 사항과 제약의 원인 연구

Objectives This study aims to investigate the types and causes of constraints that elementary, middle, and high school teachers experience while organizing, operating, and restructuring the multicultural curriculum. This study investigated trends of the constraints depending on each teacher’s approach to the multicultural curriculum, the opportunity to develop expertise, and the level of practice. this research analyzed the causes of major constraints by qualitative analysis. Methods Questions to be surveyed were developed based on the implications derived from the analysis of prior theories and previous studies. Afterward, a survey was conducted on 316 elementary, middle, and high school teachers for analysis. And then Written interviews were conducted with 11 teachers to examine the causes of the survey results. Results Regarding the first research question, the highest rate of responses was that all schools experienced re-strictions that limited other cultures to Korean style. And restrictions were different depending on the school level. Regarding the second research question, And restrictions were different depending on the teacher’s approach to the multicultural curriculum. Multicultural education experience and related work experience showed a positive correlation with the Education Support Office's guidelines. There was a negative correlation between the training time of the multicultural curriculum and the restriction that limited other cultures to the Korean style. About the third research question, it was examined that the constraints stemmed from school structural and contextual causes, respectively. Conclusions Through this study, first, it is necessary to provide training specialized in the multicultural curriculum but provide incentives for teachers to actively participate and provide practical content, practice cases, and teach-ing and learning materials to make the training more beneficial. Second, it was suggested that an institutional de-vice that can reflect the multicultural curriculum in the school education evaluation plan is needed.

Evaluating the Potential of Korean Mudflat-Derived Penicillium nalgiovense SJ02 as a Fungal Starter for Manufacturing Fermented Sausage.

The objective of this study was to isolate, identify, and evaluate novel Korean starter cultures for use in fermented sausages. A total of 72 strains were isolated from various indigenous sources, including Nuruk, Jeotgal, and mudflats on the west coast of South Korea. Two strains were identified as Penicillium nalgiovense (SD01 and SJ02), a traditional starter used in the production of fermented sausages. A comparative analysis was performed between SD01 and SJ02 using the commercial starter culture (M600). Strain SJ02 exhibited superior lipolytic and proteolytic activities, as well as an enhanced growth rate at the optimal salinity level of 2% NaCl compared to M600. No significant differences were observed in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values, sausage colors, and texture properties between SJ02 and M600 fermented sausages, except for adhesiveness. Profiles of mycotoxin-related genes were similar for both strains. Electronic nose analysis revealed distinct aroma profiles between SJ02 and M600 fermented sausages, with a relatively higher levels of propan-2-one and butyl butanoate in SJ02, and a higher level of ethanol and propanal in M600. In electronic tongue analysis, there was no significant differences in taste characteristics between SJ02 and M600. These results indicate that P. nalgiovense SJ02 is a potential starter culture to produce dry fermented sausages, enhancing Korean style cured meat processing industry.

Survival of O157 and non-O157 shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in Korean style kimchi

Korean style kimchi contaminated with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7 was the cause of an outbreak in Canada from December 2021 to January 2022. To determine if this STEC O157:H7 has greater potential for survival in kimchi than other STEC, the outbreak strain and six other STEC strains (O26:H11, O91:H21, O103:H2, O121:H19, and two O157:H7) were inoculated individually at 6 to 6.5 log CFU/g into commercially sourced kimchi and incubation at 4 °C. At intervals of seven days inoculated and control kimchi was plated onto MacConkey agar to enumerate lactose utilising bacteria. The colony counts were interpreted as enumerating the inoculated STEC, since no colonies were observed on MacConkey agar plated with uninoculated kimchi. Over eight weeks of incubation the pH was stable at 4.10 to 4.05 and the STEC strains declined by 0.7–1.0 log, with a median reduction of 0.9 log. The linear rate of reduction of kimchi outbreak STEC O157:H7 was −0.4 log per 30 days (Slope Uncertainty 0.05), which was not significantly different from the other O157 and nonO157 STEC strains (P = 0.091). These results indicate that the outbreak was not due to the presence of strain better adapted to survival in kimchi than other STEC, and that STEC can persist in refrigerated Korean style kimchi with a minimal decline over the shelf-life of the product.

North Korean appropriating Stanislavsky for the revolutionary theatre acting: focusing on experience

ABSTRACT This study investigates the correlativity between the acting of the Seonghwangdang (Village Shrine)-style revolutionary theatre in North Korea and the Stanislavsky system. Kim Jong-il dictates that Seonghwangdang-style revolutionary theatre is one of the representative art works that explains the origin of North Korean juche in his books On the Art of the Cinema and On the Art of the Theatre. Despite his criticism of the Stanislavsky system, Kim almost translates the process of role creation into urisik (our style, that is, North Korean style) one, borrowing a given circumstance, experience, jagam (creative state), and “magic if” from the system according to the principles of juche and sokdojeon (speed battle). The result is simplification of the semantic area of experience and the creative state, which shows how theatrical arts are limited by political ideological centrality.

낙동강하류역 와질토기의 편년

In this paper, as part of the basic work to examine the establishment and development process of various groups during the Proto-Three Kingdoms period in the Nakdong River lower region before the establishment of Gaya, a chronology of regional Grayish Pottery in the Nakdong River lower region is established through regional attribute analysis and formal classification of Grayish Pottery. I wanted to come up with a plan. As a result, the level of Grayish Pottery was set at level 6 in the Miryang area, level 8 in the Changwon area, and level 12 in the Gimhae area. By examining the morphological similarities and regional characteristics of Wajil pottery at each stage in each region, the early Grayish Pottery was synthesized into 8 stages and the late Grayish Pottery into 5 stages, and a chronological plan with a total of 13 stages was presented. Due to differences in the selection of properties and forms and differences in duration observed during this series of analysis processes, Grayish Pottery changes differently in each region, and the subtle differences in form between similar types of the same period were understood as regional characteristics of Grayish Pottery. Regionality refers to the differences between the production and group of Grayish Pottery at the regional or heritage level, and was interpreted as having the potential to be interpreted as the growth and integration of the Grayish Pottery. The age of each stage presented absolute age data such as the Korean style scriptures confirmed in the lower reaches of the Nakdong River, and the age of each stage was assigned by referring to existing research results. At the beginning of the early Grayish Pottery stage, early Grayish Pottery began to be produced mainly in Dahori, Changwon, and Gyodong, Miryang. In the later period, production of early Grayish Pottery began to decrease in Dahori, Changwon, and Gyodong, Miryang, and production of early Grayish Pottery began in earnest, centering on Gimhae, resulting in a transition to the late Grayish Pottery stage. In other words, in the latter part of the Early Grayish Pottery phase, the production of Early Grayish Pottery was reduced at the ruins located in the current inland, and the full-scale production of Early Grayish Pottery was centered on the ruins adjacent to the southern coast, and there was a transition to late Grayish Pottery. The explanation was combined with research results related to sea level fluctuations during the Proto-Three Kingdoms period.

한국의 교육훈련 정책차용 메커니즘 연구

The purpose of this study is to analyze the mechanism by which external apprenticeship policies are borrowed in Korea, and to identify the reasons why external policies are transformed into Korean style within this mechanism.
 To achieve this goal, this study conducted a qualitative case study by securing data through literature analysis and semi-structured interviews. The interviews were conducted by selecting a total of 34 people involved in industry, academia, government, and research institute concurrently in consideration of the representativeness and balance of the sample.
 In this study, from the perspective of morphogenetic theory that explains the mechanism of social change by considering both the influence of the structure and agency, a new analysis framework was designed to supplement the existing education training policy borrowing analysis framework. Based on this analysis framework, Korea's apprenticeship policy borrowing mechanism was analyzed by dividing it into three stages: structural conditioning, actor interaction, and structural internalization. And how the external policy prototype was transformed into the Korean style by the structure and actors was discussed. Based on this, the meaning of the ‘Korean style’ transformation was reexamined and the direction for the Korean education training policy borrowing was suggested.
 The implications of this research is that first, by clarifying the mechanism of the Korean apprenticeship policy borrowing, it provides feedback to policy makers and researchers on ways to develop a truly Korean style apprenticeship policy by taking the Korean structure and agency into account. This research also suggests a new framework to analyze the education training policy borrowing mechanism by considering both the structure and the agency on equal terms.

Review of Symbolic Interactionism Theory an Adolescent Self-Actualization through Korean Popular Culture

Korean Popular or often abbreviated as K-Pop, the fever is not only felt only in Indonesia, but has gone global. The craze for K-Pop music and Korean drama movies is an inseparable part of Korean fever in various countries. Korean popular culture fever also affects fashion in Indonesia, this can be seen from young people in Indonesia who often imitate Korean fashion. The desire of young people to follow this style of Korean popular culture fashion gives rise to an achievement of their self-actualization. Many teenagers imitate the Korean style, ranging from hairstyles, clothing models, accessories, to lifestyle and how to interact with peers. This is because they really like Korean popular culture such as Korean movies, Korean boy bands, to top Korean stars. One of the reasons is the beauty of the style or style of the film players and boy bands, the beauty of the appearance and physique of the stars, and the dramatic and unique storyline of Korean films. The theory of symbolic interactionism has three concepts, namely mind, self, and society, where these three concepts are strongly influenced by the interpretation of others who make contact or interact with us. The emergence of popular Korean culture is used as a symbol of interaction followed by young Jakartans. The clothes we wear, the way we walk and talk, the work we do, are perceived by others as symbols we build to tell others about who we really are. Who we are is called self-concept (Jones, 2001:145). The concept of interactionism is a guideline to analyze the self-actualization of Jakarta's youth. They fulfill their self-actualization needs, that is, fulfill their desire to be what they want to be.

How “K-Style” has influenced the younger generation through local Vietnamese influencers

This study delves into the dissemination of K-Style in Vietnam, highlighting the multifaceted role of influencers in co-creating Korean culture through vivid videos that embrace and customize K-Style. Our study reveals the interconnectedness of K-Style practice elements (grooming material, styling competence, imagery meaning) and practice systems. We contribute to the understanding of ‘style’ as a concept connected to ethnic contexts and processes. By aligning practice elements, ‘non-carriers’ contribute to constructing the image of ‘Korean style’. Overseas social influencers hold more significant sway over local consumers, adapting to their sociocultural and ethnic characteristics. This study unveils the process through which everyday life accumulates through practice and eventually forms into culture by analyzing the discourse of influencers naturally present in daily life. Our research offers several significant contributions: (1) A topological approach to the hybridization of the K-Style was employed by analyzing real-time cultural transformation captured in videos. (2) Additionally, the process of cultural diffusion by Vietnamese influencers for Korean culture was identified, thus laying the groundwork for future research on consumption culture migration and evolution.

An Analysis of Preference for Potted Houseplant Products Using a Conjoint Analysis Method for the Development of Pet Plant Products

Background and objective: Recently, social interest in indoor plants (houseplants) has been increasing. This study was conducted to determine consumer preferences for houseplants by surveying their perception of houseplants, also referred to as “pet plants” using a conjoint analysis method.Methods: For the conjoint analysis, Attribute 1 was defined as the type of houseplants, which was divided into four levels: orchids, oriental orchids, general foliage plants, and variegated foliage plants. Attribute 2 was set as the shape of pots and was classified into two levels: square and round. Attribute 3 was set as the material of pots, and was divided into four levels: earthenware, ceramic, plastic and onggi (Korean style earthenware). Sixteen profiles were extracted through the orthogonal design using the SPSS Statistics. The survey was conducted online in December 2021, and the responses of 320 out of 332 respondents were analyzed, after unclear responses were excluded.Results: A conjoint analysis of the preference for houseplant products was conducted using part-worth function models. When purchasing houseplants, it was found that the material of pots (53.0%) was considered as the most important attribute, followed by the type of plants (34.0%), and the shape of the pots (13.0%) (Pearson's R = .991, <i>p</i> = .000). Foliage plants (part-worth utility = .143) for the type of plants, round shape (part-worth utility = .056) for the shape of pots, and ceramic (part-worth utility = .284) for the material of pots were preferred as a priority. Clusters with similar part-worths were established using the coefficients representing the estimated part-worths for each attribute derived from a conjoint analysis, as a variable. Cluster 1 was a group of 153 people that had 109 females (36.6%), 68 people in their 50s (22.8 %), 59 bachelor's degree holders (19.8 %), and 42 workers in flower business (14.1 %) as the majority for each demographic item. They preferred variegated foliage plants in round-shaped ceramic pots. Cluster 2 was a group of 104 people with 71 females (23.8%), 44 people in their 50s (14.8%), 47 bachelor's degree holders (15.8%), and 30 flower-related industrial workers (10.1%) for the largest share. They preferred foliage plants in round-shaped earthen pots. Cluster 3 was a group of 41 people with 32 females (10.7%), 17 people in their 50s (5.7%), 25 bachelor's degree holders (8.4%), and 9 office workers (3.0%) and 9 workers in flower businesses (3.0%) for the largest share. They preferred general foliage plants planted in round-shaped ceramic pots.Conclusion: In this study, consumers' perceptions of pet plants were confirmed. The findings can be used as basic data for the development of pet plant products, which is likely to aid houseplant producers in creating new income sources, giving positive effects to differentiated plant producers and flower shops.

The Context Matters to the Exclusive Talent Management: How to Measure and Pay in South Korea

Talent Management (TM) has been derived from Western, mainly the US and there are gaps between westernized TM format and contexts of non-Western countries when they practice Western-format TM. Therefore, this article aims to explore South Korean-style local TM practices through a view of Resource-Based View. The local practices are also compared to foreign firms in South Korea in four areas: talent identification via performance evaluation system, South Korean style payment structure to include performance-related pay dispersion, non-monetary rewarding and training and development. This article conducted 55 semi-structured interviews from employees who are working for local and foreign companies in South Korea. TM practices in large local firms were more discriminative, and monetary focused rewards than foreign firms. Talent development programmes (e.g., a job rotation) were not practiced in local firms but in foreign firms. The TM practices are influenced by the local context and the traditional human resource management philosophies.

The paradox of authenticity: The Korean Product Showroom of Mitsukoshi department store in colonial Seoul

AbstractMitsukoshi, a famed Japanese department store, opened a Korean Product Showroom in its Keijō (Seoul) branch in 1930. The Korean Product Showroom was the only space decorated in ‘Korean style’ within the Keijō Mitsukoshi building, which was designed in Neo-Renaissance style, much like its flagship store in Tokyo. This showroom offered Korean artefacts as luxury souvenirs aimed at Japanese tourists. The most popular items sold in the showroom were Koryŏ-style celadon ware and lacquerware inlaid with mother-of-pearl, which Mitsukoshi ordered from local workshops in Korea. Interestingly, the workshops were run by Japanese entrepreneurs and sometimes even employed Japanese artisans. This article examines the inauthentic authenticity of ‘Korean style’ and ‘Korean products’ that the Japanese produced and consumed in colonial Korea. It does not imply that only Koreans are entitled to represent Korean culture. There have been many studies asserting that Korean culture was destroyed and distorted from its ‘original’ forms by Japan’s cultural genocide during the colonial period. This article neither is interested in repeating such criticism nor focuses on recuperating genuine Koreanness. Rather, it explores why the Japanese desired ‘pure Korea’ and how that desire shaped ‘Korean style’ and ‘Korean products’ through Keijō Mitsukoshi’s Korean Product Showroom and its products.

프리티와 섹시 이미지의 걸 그룹 메이크업 연구

This study aimed to make a comparative analysis of color and shape in eye and lip makeup between South Korean girl groups with a wide appeal of pretty and sexy image to understand ingredients of South Korean style makeup in order to provide basic data for Chinese girl groups to apply to their makeup. First of all, when it comes to color for pretty image, eye shadow saw orange red or reddish orange have its desired effect, and so do orange on cheeks and red on lips. With regard to shape for pretty image, penciling eyebrows naturally straight and drawing eye lines extended horizontally with no emphasis on the outer corner of the eye to make eyes look long had the much more desired effect. In addition, incurved lips, with cupid’s bow upper lip and lip lines not clear, proved to be effective. In brief, such makeup designs may be what is recommended as an effective option for Chinese girl groups to have their pretty image. Secondly, as far as color for sexy image goes, eye shadow saw orange red or orange enjoy its apposite effect, and so does red purple, red or orange red on cheeks and on lips. As regards shape for sexy image, penciling eyebrows naturally straight and drawing eye lines extended horizontally with an emphasis on the outer corner of the eye to make eyes look long had its desired effect. Besides, out curved lips, with cupid’s bow upper lip and lip lines underscored, turned to work well. In short, this makeup design option can be a good suggestion for Chinese girl groups to have their sexy image.

우리나라 연속보호체계형 은퇴주거단지(CCRC)의 운영 요인에 관한 연구

Korea is rapidly entering a super-aged society, creating housing issues for the elderly. Determining the necessity to understand the continuing care retirement community (CCRC), a model that enables the realization of the value of “aging in place” (AIP), was the starting point of this study. This study aims to identify the types of facilities that most closely resemble the “Korean style of CCRC” and to analyze the factors affecting its operation because there is currently no complete CCRC type in Korea. The subjects of this study were 31 senior welfare housing and 3 paid elderly care facilities among the residential welfare facilities for the elderly registered with the Ministry of Health and Welfare as of 2020. The “Korean style of CCRC” was defined as facilities with four or more of the independent living, assisted living, nursing home, daycare center, and community center . Subsequently, logistic regression analysis was conducted. The results indicated that the probability of operating as a “Korean-style CCRC” increases when the following factors are greater: land area, total number of households, efficiency rate, number of community facilities, number of workers, and monthly living expenses. Meanwhile, the number of years elapsed and the move-in price per 3.3㎡ were analyzed to have no effect. This study is expected to identify the current status of residential welfare facilities for the elderly and suggest implications for potential consumers who wish to move into CCRCs in order to facilitate their facility selection.

Journey to Equality: The Establishment of the Relationship Between the United States and Republic of Korea Forces in the Vietnam War

Abstract This article examines the problem of Operational Control (opcon) in the relationship the Republic of Korea Forces in Vietnam (rokfv) built with the U.S. military during the Vietnam War. When the rokfv deployed in Vietnam, they faced the dilemma of pursuing their own interests while maintaining a good relationship with U.S. forces. Therefore, the rokfv refused to fight under the opcon of U.S. forces, even though all rok troops remaining in South Korea were under U.S. opcon. Instead of arguing who would have opcon over the rokfv, the United States and the rok negotiated the establishment of a cooperative relationship. Although their opcon was not perfect at first, the rokfv nevertheless proved their military professionalism and achievements through securing areas and building company bases in their Vietnamese territories, rather than search-and-destroy operations, to achieve pacification. As a result, the rokfv built a parallel command in which the South Vietnamese, Americans, and South Koreans cooperated, which allowed them to carry out a Korean style of war under a more equal relationship with U.S. forces.

The Poetics of Body: Representing Cultural Imaginations in Yang Jung-Ung’s "A Midsummer Night’s Dream"

This article explores the psychology that motivates Yang Jung-Ung and his actors in the process of translating Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream into a Korean style. By focusing on the ways of showing the theme of the play in modern styles fused with traditional modes of theatrical practice, the director attempts to develop his own ways of expression to communicate with the modern Korean audience. In this process, Yang reconstructs the dialogues between the characters rather than rely heavily on Shakespeare’s text and language. For this reason, his production has often been criticised for missing Shakespeare’s poetry. However, the beauty of poetry is not only in Shakespeare’s language itself, but rather it is in the mental process of how the artist and audiences understand and translate its meaning in their cultural contexts. Shakespeare’s language includes a great deal of imagery that provides the artists with concrete information for constructing the stage mise-en-scène. In Yang’s production, Shakespeare’s poetry is expressed through the visual images created by the performer’s physical bodies, which reflects the director’s interpretation of the play in his cultural context. By analysing the performers’ physical movements, this article studies how Yang perceives the theme of Shakespeare’s Dream in relation to a Korean cultural context and presents his unique vision on the play.

치유와 희망을 지향하는 지역문화콘텐츠 활성화방안 - 대구 근대골목투어 ‘성모당’을 중심으로 -

Local governments in each city in Korea are trying to develop cultural tourism programs at various levels, such as holding festivals using local specialties to revitalize tourism. However, the Modern Alley Tour of Daegu Metropolitan City has an uniqueness that it was started as a civilian-led civic culture movement apart from the efforts of local governments. However, despite the fact that the Modern Alley Tour is considered a successful example of a downtown revitalization project using historical and cultural contents, the place such as Seongmodang has not yet received adequate attention. Although the Seongmodang is a historical and cultural heritage built in 1918, it is not widely publicized due to its religious colors. Therefore, this thesis seeks to find a way to revitalize the Seongmodang, which has not yet received adequate attention among the fifth course of the Modern Alley Tour, as a local cultural content that aims for healing and hope. To this end, firstly, the birth process of the Modern Alley Tour was examined. Then this paper focused on the possibility of the storytelling of healing and hope with Korean style by comparing the Holy Land of Lourdes, which has been attracting many tourists regardless of religions and has had a deep connection with the Daegu Seongmodang, with the Daegu Seongmodang.

Humanism Against Bullying in Sohn Won Pyung’s Almond Novel

Korean Pop culture has millions young followers around the world including Indonesian. Starting from music, Korean style also emerges in the form of its drama and novel. One of valuable Korean works which is worth to analyze is Almond. Beside this novel has been translated into 13 different languages, it contains humanism values. This study reveals humanism classifications in Almond by applying a theory proposed by Copson (2015). Since this study deals with literature, library research is applied. The researchers collected the data from the novel by reading and highlighting parts based on Humanism theory. After that, the results of classification were analyzed using formalism approach and delivered qualitatively. This research found that Yoon Jae, the main character, fulfills most of the classifications of humanism, namely starting with human being, valuing truth, death, tragedy, the pursuit of happiness, personal development, making connections, the origins of morality, and the aim of morality in the story. Some of the humanism classifications were reflected in Yoon Jae when experiencing bullying, namely: valuing truth, having personal development, and making connections. He managed to get through bullying when he started to feel the pursuit of happiness and when he started doing the aim of morality. Yoon Jae's humanism action managed him to survive from bullying and to continue his life like an ordinary person.

How foreign cultural identity affects franchise business in overseas markets

This study aimed to explore which factors influence franchise restaurant consumers’ loyalty by developing a theoretical framework consisting of cultural identity, cultural marketing, food and beverages quality, employee service quality, flow experience, satisfaction, and loyalty. Differences between non-Korean style and Korean style franchise were also considered. Standardized parameter estimates of the PLS was used for assessment of the conceptual framework and test of research hypotheses. Data of 496 Chinese consumers who had visited franchised restaurants were analyzed using multiple group analysis with SmartPLS 3. The findings suggest that foreign cultural identity positively affects perceived cultural marketing, which in turn affects food and beverages quality, service quality, and flow experience. Detailed findings and implications can be found in the main content.

Korea at the Exhibition: Making the Appearance of Korean Style with ‘Hybrid Roof’ in Early 20th Century

This study analyzed 15 unique cases of buildings designed by the Japanese that had the exterior appearance of traditional Korean architecture while the Western timber truss was applied. The characteristics of Korean-style roofs were first categorized into three parts: structural frame, roof curve, and eaves space. Then, the analytic drawings were prepared in order to scrutinize the cases in accordance with these characteristics. The analysis revealed that the Western truss was hybridized to embody the Korean-style roofs. The truss was segmented, diagonal supplementary building components were added, or some components of the Korean or Japanese-style timber structure were partially applied. The advent of such a ‘hybrid roof’ shares a background with the westernization of the construction techniques of the timber structure since the late 19th century in Japan. The political initiatives of Japan deliberately led to the exhibition of exotic Joseon in the expositions, thereby requiring Korean-style pavilions. As a result, the pavilion reflected double layers of hybridization: a Korean timber structure transformed through the Japanese westernization method. Although the buildings studied in this research were designed by non-Koreans and were already demolished, they are noteworthy for the unprecedented attempts to realize the appearance of traditional Korean architecture by using truss structures.