Broad-leaved Korean Pine Forest Research Articles

Spatial heterogeneities of ground-dwelling Coleoptera adults and their spatial correlations with environmental factors in a typical broad-leaved Korean pine forest in the Fenglin Nature Reserve

Spatial heterogeneities of ground-dwelling Coleoptera adults and their spatial correlations with environmental factors in a typical broad-leaved Korean pine forest in the Fenglin Nature Reserve

Climatic and human impacts on landscape development of the Murav'ev Amursky Peninsula (Russian South Far East) in the Middle/Late Holocene and historical time

The Murav'ev-Amursky Peninsula is one of the most densely populated and industrially developed regions in the Russian Far East and is included in Bolshoy (Greater) Vladivostok. Before its intensive development began approximately 150 years ago, the mountainous portion of the peninsula was covered by coniferous forests, with mixed broadleaved forests confined to the coastal lowlands. Vegetation was notably transformed during industrial development. The landscape evolution and development of native communities under Middle/Late Holocene short-time climate changes are of particular interest. The results allow the relative importance of natural and anthropogenic factors in landscape transformation to be determined. Integrated studies of marine and terrestrial sequences on the Murav'inaya Bay coasts form the foundation for reconstructing changes in the Murav'ev-Amursky Peninsula landscapes over the last 5950 cal. Yrs. Pollen and diatom analyses as well as radiocarbon dating provide insight into the landscape response to climate fluctuations during the Middle/Late Holocene. Changes in the depositional environments were essentially controlled by fluctuations in the level of the Sea of Japan, as illustrated by the reconstructed history of Cherepashye Lake, which formed ∼2000 cal. Yr BP and replaced a lagoon. Several stages in this evolution show variations in the degree of connection with the sea. The materials obtained made it possible to reconstruct the environments at the time when site Cherepakha-13 came into being. The site appeared under climatic conditions similar to those of today, and the sea level was below the present sea level (Zaisanovskaya archeological culture). The people of the Lidovskaya and Yankovskaya archeological cultures settled under a climate warmer than that at present, with a sea level above the present-day sea level, and broadleaved forests with Korean pine grew on the coast. During the Yankovskaya and Krownovskaya cultural period, the climate began to cool and the sea level dropped. These changes led to deterioration of living conditions of these people. In the 13th century, when a Jurchen settlement appeared at Murav'inaya Bay, the coastal plain was dominated by Korean pine-broadleaved forests, and mixed forests were poorer in composition than the earlier forest vegetation. Additionally, alder woodlands became widespread around the lake. In the 17th to 19th centuries, coniferous tree species (and Korean pine in particular) abruptly gained in importance in the vegetation of the peninsula. Secondary oak forests became widely distributed in the 20th century due to intensive human activities.

Negative spatial and coexistence patterns and species associations are uncommon for carrion beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) at a small scale

Biotic interactions are an important factor in determining community composition. However, spatial and coexistence patterns and species associations within a trophic group remain unclear, particularly for belowground ecosystems. We tested the hypothesis that the spatial patterns, coexistence patterns and species associations would be negative for ground carrion beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) at a small scale and that negative species associations would be stronger within a subfamily than between different subfamilies. To test this hypothesis, ground carrion beetles were collected from two permanent plots (each 300 × 300 m) within a mixed broad-leaved Korean pine forest in northeastern China and separated into the subfamilies Nicrophorinae and Silphinae. Geostatistical methods were used to evaluate the spatial patterns and spatial species associations. Null model analyses were performed to examine the coexistence patterns and coexisting species associations. Overall, most communities and species populations were positively spatially autocorrelated at multiple scales. Moreover, spatial patterns of all communities and most species populations were non-randomly aggregated, and most coexisting patterns of communities were also non-random. Furthermore, most spatial species associations were positive, with only a small number of nonsignificant negative spatial species associations observed between Nicrophorinae species. All coexisting species associations that were significant occurred only within the same subfamily. Notably, all significant spatial and coexisting species associations were positive. Based on this study, negative spatial and coexistence patterns and species associations are uncommon for carrion beetles at a small scale, and the only significant positive associations were within the same subfamily.

Selection priority for harvested trees according to stand structural indices

The selection of trees to be harvested is a core tenet of uneven-aged forest management; however, few studies have focused on the process of tree selection. A set of stand structural parameters (uniform angle index, W; mingling index, M; dominance index, U) based on tree neighbor-spatial relationships, are particularly suitable for expressing the structural characteristics of forest stands. Such indices were used to parameterize thinning in three plots (a-c, each 100 × 100 m2) in a Korean pine broad-leaved forest in northeastern China and one plot (h, 70 × 70 m2) in a pine-oak mixed forest in northwest China. Low-intensity single-tree selection was applied according to the principles of structure-based forest management (SBFM), i.e., to promote high mixture, obvious size differentiation, and random pattern with the aim of improving the overall structure of the managed plots. A group of thinning priority indices (v_ij, k_ij and z_ij) were calculated according to the bivariate distributions of the structural characteristics of harvested trees and stands before harvest. Our results demonstrated that v_ij, k_ij and z_ij adequately describe the spatial relationship between each tree and its nearest neighbors, and their combinations can be efficiently used to set thinning priorities on harvested trees with different structural characteristics. Their application can reduce the subjectivity of the selection process and improve the speed and accuracy of the choice of trees to be harvested in uneven-aged mixed forests.

Determinants of mortality in a mixed broad-leaved Korean pine forest in northeastern China

Empirical analyses of forest dynamics are important for understanding various ecological processes underlying particular forest communities, among which tree mortality is considered a key process driven by many local factors. To evaluate the effects of tree size, as well as biotic and abiotic factors on tree mortality, we compared species-specific mortality rates in a 21-ha temperate multi-species natural forest in northeastern China, where all trees had been mapped. Our study shows that the mortality rates are highly variable among the different tree species and the influence of habitat preference on the mortality rate of a species across habitats was insignificant. Using generalized linear mixed-effects models, we further found that among the drivers of tree survival, tree size had the strongest effect across different species. There are significant negative relationships between the basal area of conspecific neighbors and tree survival at the community level across almost all the guilds. Regarding abiotic factors, elevation had a greater effect on tree survival than other topographic variables did. Abiotic factors affected shrubs more than tall canopy species in terms of survival rate. Our study suggests that tree size, density-dependent effects and niche partitioning contribute to the regulation of survival pattern of temperate forest communities, but the relative importance of these factors varies greatly among guilds and species. This study has shown that it is essential to consider the relative importance of both, intrinsic (tree size) and extrinsic (biotic and abiotic) factors in analyzing tree mortality.

Sensitivity of Fruiting for Pinus koraiensis to Climate Change and Mechanisms of Masting in the Original Broad-leaved Korean Pine Forest in North Xiaoxing'an Mountain,China

Sensitivity of Fruiting for Pinus koraiensis to Climate Change and Mechanisms of Masting in the Original Broad-leaved Korean Pine Forest in North Xiaoxing'an Mountain,China

择伐对吉林蛟河阔叶红松林群落结构及动态的影响

择伐对吉林蛟河阔叶红松林群落结构及动态的影响

植被光合呼吸模型在长白山温带阔叶红松林的优化及验证

植被光合呼吸模型在长白山温带阔叶红松林的优化及验证

阔叶红松林下6种早夏草本不同生长期生物量分配及模型构建

阔叶红松林下6种早夏草本不同生长期生物量分配及模型构建

中国温带阔叶红松林不同演替系列土壤有机碳矿化特征

中国温带阔叶红松林不同演替系列土壤有机碳矿化特征

Особенности жизненной стратегии сосны корейской (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.) в позднесукцессионном хвойно-широколиственном лесу на территории южного Сихотэ-Алиня

Особенности жизненной стратегии сосны корейской (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.) в позднесукцессионном хвойно-широколиственном лесу на территории южного Сихотэ-Алиня

Multiple metrics of diversity have different effects on temperate forest functioning over succession.

Biodiversity can be measured by taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity. How ecosystem functioning depends on these measures of diversity can vary from site to site and depends on successional stage. Here, we measured taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity, and examined their relationship with biomass in two successional stages of the broad-leaved Korean pine forest in northeastern China. Functional diversity was calculated from six plant traits, and aboveground biomass (AGB) and coarse woody productivity (CWP) were estimated using data from three forest censuses (10years) in two large fully mapped forest plots (25 and 5ha). 11 of the 12 regressions between biomass variables (AGB and CWP) and indices of diversity showed significant positive relationships, especially those with phylogenetic diversity. The mean tree diversity-biomass regressions increased from 0.11 in secondary forest to 0.31 in old-growth forest, implying a stronger biodiversity effect in more mature forest. Multi-model selection results showed that models including species richness, phylogenetic diversity, and single functional traits explained more variation in forest biomass than other candidate models. The models with a single functional trait, i.e., leaf area in secondary forest and wood density in mature forest, provided better explanations for forest biomass than models that combined all six functional traits. This finding may reflect different strategies in growth and resource acquisition in secondary and old-growth forests.

Organic carbon and nitrogen dynamics in different soil fractions between broad-leaved Korean pine forests and aspen–birch forests in northeastern China

Both overharvesting and climate changes have greatly altered forest composition in northeastern China; however, forest-specific effects on soil organic carbon (SOC), N, and compositional features in different soil fractions have not yet been defined. By sampling from broad-leaved Korean pine forest (the climax vegetation) and aspen–birch forest (the secondary forest), five soil fractions were separated by a physicochemical soil fractionation method, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry were used for functional groups, mineral diffraction, and elemental composition determination together with SOC and N measurements. Aspen–birch forests tended to sequestrate more SOC in the slow fractions (sand and aggregate [SA] and easily oxidized fractions) and more N in the sensitive fractions (particulate and soluble fractions), indicating that in aspen–birch forests, high SOC sequestration (1.26-fold) coincided with the active and rapid N supply. Much higher percentages (13.1–40.5 %) of O–H and N–H stretching, O–H bending, and C=O, COO–, and C–H stretching, and also the much lower quartz grain size and mineral diffraction peaks in SA and acid-insoluble fraction (over 85 % of total soil mass), in aspen–birch forests were possibly associated with the 1.17- to 1.53-fold higher SOC compared to broad-leaved Korean pine forest. However, elemental composition on soil particles might marginally contribute to the SOC and N forest-dependent differences. Considering the increase of aspen–birch forests and the decrease of broad-leaved Korean pine forests in historical and future scenarios in northeastern China, more SOC has been and also will sequestrate in intact soils and stable soil fractions, with more N in sensitive fractions, and these should be highlighted in evaluating forest C and N dynamics during forest successions in this region.

Response of radial growth of Pinus koraiensis in broad-leaved Korean pine forests with different latitudes to climatical factors.

To reveal the radial growth trends of Pinus koraiensis and the differences in their responses to climate factors among different latitudes, and to assess the dynamic characteristics, adaptabi-lity and sensitivity of P. koraiensis under the influence of climate change, dendrochronological techniques were used to study the relationships between the climatic variables and the radial growth of P. koraiensis in broad-leaved Korean pine forests with different latitudes. The results showed that there were differences in the responses of the radial growth of P. koraiensis in four different latitudes to local climatic factors. In Baishilazi Nature Reserve, the southernmost sample plot, the radial growth of P. koraiensis was significantly positively correlated to the average relative humidity but significantly negatively correlated to the average maximum temperature of growing season. In low altitude of Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve, the intermediate sample plot, it was significantly positively correlated with precipitation, average relative humidity and PDSI, and significantly negatively correlated with the average maximum temperature in growing season. In Liangshui Nature Reserve, the intermediate sample plot, significantly positive correlations occurred for average relative humidity and PDSI in growing season, while significantly negative correlations occurred for the average temperature and the average maximum temperature in growing season. Nevertheless, in Shengshan Nature Reserve, the northernmost sample plot, it was positively correlated to the tempe-rature factors of most months. The climatic variables in June of current year were the main factors limiting the radial growth of P. koraiensis in all latitudes, and the average maximum temperature in June of current year was highly negatively correlated with radial growth for P. koraiensis measured at all sites. In recent four decades, with the rising of temperature, the radial growth of P. koraiensis decreased significantly in the southernmost point, increased significantly in the northernmost point, and did not change significantly in middle latitudes. The distribution area of P. koraiensis would be reduced if the temperature increased and precipitation remained unchanged in the future.

Applying systematic conservation planning to constitute a protection strategy for broad-leaved Korean pine forests in Changbai Mountains, China

The broad-leaved Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) forest is one of the most biodiverse zonal communities in the North Temperate Zone and an important habitat for many endangered species. Broad-leaved Korean pine forests (BKPFs) are shrinking quickly due to deforestation and rapid urbanization. Thus, scientific protection strategies are urgently needed to change this status. Changbai Mountains contains one of the largest BKPFs and is considered a priority biodiversity conservation area in China. Guided by systematic conservation planning (SCP) methods and procedures, we chose representative species and communities in BKPFs ecosystem as priority conservation objects, and set quantitative conservation target, which is in the light of the biodiversity characteristic of BKPFs. The watershed area is used as planning unit. We used C-Plan software to calculate the irreplaceability (Ir) value of each planning unit and the contribution value (Ti) of each conservation object to (1) assess the conservation efficiency; (2) identify the conservation gap of the existing conservation network. Then we calculated a human disturbance index (HDI) for planning units in the conservation gaps and combine this with the Ir value to design three conservation scenarios to optimize the conservation network. Results show that planning units with high conservation value 14.16% of the total area, with 3084.36 km2 were covered by the existing conservation network. 79.28% of planning units with high conservation value have not been protected which were concentrated mainly in the eight gap areas. Only 25.3% of protection objects achieved their conservation target with the existing conservation network. Conservation efficiency is low. Three conservation scenarios are constituted, each prioritizing a different aim: (1) ecological value; (2) species rescue; and (3) economical avoidance. The three conservation schemes potentially enable 93%, 88% and 51% of conservation objects, respectively, to achieve identified conservation targets, thereby improving conservation efficiency significantly.

Variability of soil respiration at different spatial scales in temperate forests

To identify the controlling factors of the variability of soil respiration (R S) at multiple spatial scales, R S was measured along with environmental factors, tree diameter at breast height (DBH), and soil properties for four typical forest types in northeastern China, including the primary mixed broad-leaved Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) forest (BKPF), spruce-fir valley forest (SVF), selective cutting of mixed broad-leaved Korean pine forest (SCF), and Korean pine plantation (KPP), throughout the growing season (May–October) in 2013. The variability of R S was quantified and compared at the following three spatial scales: among collars within a plot, among plots within a specific forest stand, and among forest stands within the landscape. The average coefficients of variations of R S within plots (30–52 %) were significantly higher than those of R S among plots (20–25 %) in each forest stand (P < 0.05). The water-filled pore space and mean DBH of trees within 8 m of the measurement collars explained 72 % of the variability of R S within the BKPF. The variabilities of R S within the SVF, SCF, and KPP were explained by the soil organic C content, soil C:N ratio, and mean DBH and total basal area of trees within a few meters of the measurement collars. The variability of R S across the four forest stands was best explained by the soil C:N ratio (R 2 = 0.63, P = 0.001).

长白山原始阔叶红松林土壤有机质组分小尺度空间异质性

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 长白山原始阔叶红松林土壤有机质组分小尺度空间异质性 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201503310626 作者: 作者单位: 1 山西大学环境与资源学院;2中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所，生态系统网络观测与模拟重点实验室,中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,山西大学环境与资源学院,中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金委青年项目，重大和国际合作项目（31400460，31290221，31420103917） Small-scale spatial heterogeneity of soil organic matter fractions within an original broad-leaved korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain, China Author: Affiliation: 1 Shanxi University; 2 Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS,,,,,, Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:土壤有机质（SOM）对于维持生态系统生产力具有非常重要的意义，有机质的组成、空间分布和空间关联性是影响和控制诸多生态系统过程的重要因素。应用地统计学方法，对长白山原始阔叶红松林局部尺度内0-20 cm土壤有机质与活性有机质的空间异质性进行了研究，并通过交叉半方差分析探讨了二者之间的相关性。研究结果表明：（1）总体上来说，土壤有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）、颗粒态有机碳（POC）和颗粒态有机氮（PON）空间异质性较小；而土壤微生物量碳（MBC）、微生物量氮（MBN）和表层（0-10 cm）溶解性有机碳（DOC）的空间异质性较大；（2）SOC、TN、MBC、DOC、POC和PON随着深度的增加空间自相关性增加；而溶解性有机氮（DON）的空间自相关性随深度的增加变化不大；（3）SOC与TN在表层和下层（10-20 cm）均存在空间上的正相关关系；（4）SOC、TN在表层和下层分别与MBC、MBN、DOC、DON和POC呈空间上的正相关性，但是与PON之间的空间相关关系较差；（5）不同土层深度的土壤活性有机质之间的相关关系存在差异。在表层，除POC，PON外，其余土壤活性有机质组分在空间上两两相关；但是随着土壤深度的增加，活性有机质变量之间在空间上两两相关。研究结果表明土壤有机质组分在长白山原始阔叶红松林小尺度内存在不同空间异质性和空间关联性，这为人们更好的理解森林生态系统功能（如土壤养分循环）提供了重要的理论依据。 Abstract:Soil organic matter (SOM) plays an important role in the maintenance of ecosystem productivity. In particular, the fractions, spatial distribution, and spatial dependency of SOM are important factors influencing multiple ecosystem processes including nutrient cycling, retention, and availability for plant growth. In the present study, geostatistical approaches were used to study the spatial variability of total and labile SOM fractions from the soil at a depth of 0-20 cm, in a Broad-Leaved Korean Pine forest in Changbai Mountain, China. Furthermore, the dependency between total SOM and labile organic matter was analyzed by calculating the cross-variogram. The results showed that:(1) The spatial heterogeneity of soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), particulate organic carbon (POC), and particulate organic nitrogen (PON) was smaller than soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), and the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the surface horizon (0-10 cm); (2) With increased soil depth, the autocorrelation of SOC, TN, MBC, DOC, POC, and PON increased, but remained unchanged for dissolved organic nitrogen (DON); (3) SOC and TN were positively correlated in space within both the 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil layers; (4) SOC and TN were both spatially correlated to MBC, MBN, DOC, DON, and POC, respectively, but were not related to PON; (5) The correlations between labile organic matter varied with soil depth. The labile organic matter fractions were spatially correlated with each other at all depths, except POC and PON on the surface. Our results suggest that the spatial heterogeneity and dependency of SOM fractions are different at small scales in a Broad-Leaved Korean Pine forest in Changbai Mountain, providing an important theoretical basis to understand the ecological function of soil nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

小兴安岭阔叶红松林木本植物种-面积关系

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 小兴安岭阔叶红松林木本植物种-面积关系 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201410282107 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（31210103911） Woody plants species-area relationships in a broad-leaved Korean pine forest in the Xiaoxing'an Mountains Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:种-面积关系研究是了解植物群落结构的重要途径，是群落生态学的基本问题。不同的研究方法对种-面积关系影响很大。利用黑龙江省小兴安岭两个10.4 hm2样地和5个1.0 hm2样地的调查数据，采用移动窗口法确定各样地的最小取样面积，避免了巢式取样法及随机样方法的不足。并采用4种种-面积关系模型进行拟合，评价各关系模型的适合度。在此基础上，基于最小面积进行模拟随机取样，探讨取样大小对物种数估计精度的影响。研究结果表明：由于拟合曲线模型的适用性及曲线外推可靠性问题的存在，采用拟合曲线的方法所估计的最小面积与实际值偏差较大。实际调查得到的各样地最小面积40 m×40 m-45 m×45 m，说明小兴安岭地区阔叶红松林群落所需的最小面积基本一致，但各样地群落结构的差异却在对取样数量的要求上体现出来。其中丰林与大亮子河样地物种数分布相对均匀，所需最小样方数量较少；而方正与胜山样地物种数分布异质性较大，差异的机理还有待于进一步研究。 Abstract:The species-area relationship is an important approach for understanding the structure of the plant community, which represents a fundamental issue in ecology, and is an important component of community surveys. The minimum sampling area of a community can be determined by a species-area curve. However, different sampling methods have dramatic effects on the species-area relationship. Previous studies have shown that the minimum sampling area can be determined by species-area relationship models (e.g., logarithmic function, power function, and logistic function), which are constructed from nested plots and quadrate combination methods. However, the forms and parameters of the species-area relationship models vary with sampling method, regional location, and spatial scale. The nested plot method may increase the probability of appearance of rare species, resulting in exaggeration of the number of species, while the quadrate combination method may neglect the aggregation distribution. Therefore, further research is needed to develop methods with decreased uncertainty. Here, based on the inventory data from two 10.4 hm2 plots (Shengshan and Liangshui) and five 1.0 hm2 plots (Fangzheng, Tangwanghe, Daliangzihe, Dongzhelenghe, and Fenglin) in the broad-leaved Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) mixed forests in Xiao Xing'an mountains, Heilongjiang Province, the minimum sampling areas were determined by species-area curves with the moving window method. This method overcame the limitations of the nested sampling and quadrate combination methods and prevented the interference of sampling error on the species-area relationship caused by the community spatial heterogeneity. Additionally, the species-area curves of the seven plant communities were fitted with four saturation curve models to simulate the minimum sampling areas, and the suitability of these fits was evaluated. Furthermore, random sampling simulation was carried out with the minimum sampling area to examine the effects of sampling number on the accuracy of the species number estimation. The results showed that the measured minimum sampling areas of the seven forest communities with the moving window method varied from 40 m×40 m to 45 m×45 m, demonstrating that the minimum sampling areas of the broad-leaved Korean pine forest communities were similar. The R2 values of the four species-area relationship models were all greater than 0.8 for the seven plots, but the minimum sampling areas determined by the models differed greatly from that measured because of the suitability of the models and the reliability of the curve extrapolation. Moreover, the proportions of the species of minimum sampling areas to that of the entire plot were overestimated by the models. By simulating the process of random sampling, we examined the effects of sampling number on the accuracy of species number estimation and found that the differences in community structures could be reflected in the demands of sampling numbers. Plots at Fenglin and Daliangzihe required only a small number of samples, indicating an even spatial distribution of species. However, the plots at Fangzheng and Shengshan required a large number of samples, indicating high spatial heterogeneity in the species distribution. Further studies are required to determine the mechanisms responsible for this difference. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Режим естественных нарушений как фактор, определяющий формирование древостоя кедрово-широколиственного леса юга российского Дальнего Востока

Режим естественных нарушений как фактор, определяющий формирование древостоя кедрово-широколиственного леса юга российского Дальнего Востока

Disturbance history and natural regeneration of an old-growth Korean pine-broadleaved forest in the Sikhote-Alin mountain range, Southeastern Russia

We used a dendroecological approach to reconstruct the disturbance history of the old-growth Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Siebold et Zucc.)-broadleaved forest in the southern part of the Sikhote-Alin mountain range (Southeastern Russia). We also performed a point pattern analysis to study the population structures of the five dominant tree species, and our findings demonstrate that there were no intense, stand-replacing disturbances from 1800 to 2000. Low- and medium-intensity disturbance events predominated, and the most probable cause of these disturbances was windthrow due to strong winds. The age structure of the coniferous species indicates recruitment continuity, so the stand is unevenly aged, but regeneration waves associated with the disturbances can be distinguished. The population structure of the dominant species is characterized by similar features, and the aggregate distribution pattern is typical of immature plants. The virginal and generative plants of most species are uniformly distributed, but the generative individuals of some species tend to be hyperdispersed over a small spatial scale. The advanced regeneration pool is mostly composed of immature plants of both shade-tolerant coniferous and light-demanding deciduous species, which confirms that immature deciduous species are characterized by significant shade tolerance, although to a lesser extent than coniferous plants. In virginal plants, light demand is greater for both coniferous and deciduous species. The populations of the dominant species are stable, so the current disturbance regime promotes the coexistence of shade-tolerant and light-demanding species but affects the abundance of the various plant species in the stand.