Korean Native Goat Research Articles

Characterization of Trueperella pyogenes isolated from caseous lymphadenitis lesions in Korean native goats

Characterization of <i>Trueperella pyogenes</i> isolated from caseous lymphadenitis lesions in Korean native goats

PSXI-30 Effects of feeding levels on digestibility, rumen fermentation and blood metabolites of fattening Korean native goats (Capra hircus coreanae)

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of feeding levels on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation and blood metabolites of fattening Korean native goats. Five Korean native goat (Capra hircus coreanae) bucks (38.0±1.7 kg) with an average age of 2.4-year-old were randomly allocated to one of five feeding levels (maintenance [M], 1.1 x M, 1.2 x M, 1.4 x M, and 1.6 x M). The experimental design was 5 × 5 Latin square design and all animals were housed individual pens (1.2 m × 0.9 m) for an adaption period of 2 weeks and collection period for 1 weeks. The average daily gain (P &amp;lt; 0.05) and nutrient digestibility (P &amp;lt; 0.01) were increased linearly in goat as feeding level increased. Rumen pH showed no significantly differences among feeding levels. Total volatile fatty acid, acetate and propionate concentrations were increased linearly (P &amp;lt; 0.01) and quadratically (P &amp;lt; 0.01) with increased feeding levels. Butyrate and ammonia nitrogen concentrations were linearly increased with increased feeding levels (P &amp;lt; 0.01), but valerate concentration did not differ among feeding levels. Blood metabolites did not differ among feeding levels except for albumin concentration which was linearly increased with increased feeding levels (P &amp;lt; 0.05). The fecal energy loss was not influenced by feeding levels, but digestible energy was increased linearly (P &amp;lt; 0.01) and quadratically (P &amp;lt; 0.05) with increased feeding levels. The metabolizable energy requirement was estimated using quadratic line model and ranged from 153 to 161 kcal per metabolic body weight based on average daily gain and ME intake. These results found that the increased feeding level might be improve an average daily gain and ruminal fermentation of Korean native goats in fattening phase. These results may also serve as a basis for the establishment of feeding standard of goats in Republic of Korea.

PSXII-24 Effects of feeding levels on digestibility, rumen fermentation and blood metabolites of growing Korean native goats (Capra hircus coreanae)

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of feeding levels on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation and blood metabolites of growing Korean native goats. Five growing bucks (19.5±1.4 kg) with an average age of 5 months were randomly allocated to one of five feeding levels [maintenance (M), 1.1 x M, 1.2 x M, 1.4 x M, and 1.6 x M]. The experimental design was 5 × 5 Latin square design and all animals were housed individual pens (1.2 m × 0.9 m) for an adaption period of 2 weeks and collection period for 1 weeks. Rumen samples were collected before morning feeding using oral stomach tube. Nutrient digestibility increased linearly in goat as feeding level increased (P &amp;lt; 0.01), but body weight did not differ among feeding levels. Rumen pH and ammonia nitrogen concentration showed no significantly differences among feeding levels. The total and individual volatile fatty acids concentration increased linearly (P &amp;lt; 0.01) and quadratically (P &amp;lt; 0.05) with increased feeding levels. Blood metabolites did not differ among feeding levels. The fecal energy loss was not influenced by feeding levels, but digestible energy was increased linearly (P &amp;lt; 0.01) and quadratically (P &amp;lt; 0.05) with increased feeding levels. The metabolizable energy requirement was estimated using quadratic line model and ranged from 154 to 163 kcal per metabolic body weight based on average daily gain and ME intake. These results suggest that higher feeding levels of growing goat increases digestibility and nutrient utilization efficiency in the rumen. These results serve as a basis for the establishment of goat feeding programs at the farm scale in the Republic of Korea.

Physicochemical attributes, free amino acids, and fatty acids of the five major cuts from Korean native black goat

This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical traits, free amino acids, and fatty acid compositions of five different muscle cuts (loin, hind leg, neck, and foreleg) from Korean native black goat (KNBG). In a total, 21 castrated male KNGBs of 16 mon of age were reared with similar diets, conditions, and slaughtered. Results reveal that moisture content was lowest in rib compared to all tested groups (p &lt; 0.05). Moreover, rib implied the highest lipid content compared to all cuts (p &lt; 0.05). Protein and ash contents were lowest in the rib than all treatments except for the foreleg (p &lt; 0.05). Shear force (kg.f) values related to meat tenderness did not show any significant differences among the five different cuts. Regards to free amino acid contents, glutamic acid was the highest in the neck (p &lt; 0.05). The taurine and asparagine contents were highest in the foreleg (p &lt; 0.05). The essential fatty acids; linoleic acid (18:2), and arachidonic (20:4) acid were highest in the meat excised from the hind leg (p &lt; 0.05). Eicosatrienoic acid (20:3), and nervonic acid (24:1) were deemed important to brain functions highest in the hind leg (p &lt; 0.05). Also, a similar trend was noted for polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) contents in the hind leg (p &lt; 0.05). Saturated fatty acids (SFA) were highest in rib compared to all treatments (p &lt; 0.05). Taken together, our results indicate that proximate compositions, lipid contents, free amino acids, fatty acid compositions vary considerably with the anatomical locomotion of the muscles from KNBGs which could be a stratagem for consumer

흑염소 육의 부위별 일반 성분, 아미노산과 지방산 함량 및 항산화 활성 비교 분석

The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical compositions and antioxidant activities of different cuts of Korean native goat (Capra hircus coreanae) meat. Five wethers were used in this experiment. Samples were divided into four cuts: loin, leg, neck and rib. The proximate compositions and antioxidant activities of these cuts were determined using in vitro human digestion model. Results showed that dry matter content (27.25±0.26%) of the leg was higher than others (p&lt;0.05). The contents of crude protein (65.31±1.44%) and ash (3.74±0.17%) from loin were significantly higher than the others (p&lt;0.05), while crude fat (43.55±0.97%) content of rib was higher than the others (p&lt;0.05). Total contents of amino acid and fatty acid from leg were higher than the others (p&lt;0.05). The antioxidant activity of rib, based on oxygen radical absorbance capacity, was higher than the others (p&lt;0.05). Ferric reducing antioxidant power activity of neck was significantly higher than the others (p&lt;0.05). This study provides the basic data on the chemical compositions and antioxidant activities of four cuts of Korean native goat meat.

Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Coxiella burnetii in Cattle, Goats, and Horses in the Republic of Korea

Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular zoonotic bacterium with a global distribution. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of C. burnetii in different animals and to assess the potential role of these species as reservoirs of infection and transmission to humans. A total of 592 blood samples (105 beef cattle, 61 dairy cattle, 110 Korean native goats, 83 Boer goats, and 233 horses) were collected in the Republic of Korea (ROK). The C. burnetii DNA was detected from blood samples using the transposon-like repetitive region (IS1111) by PCR method. The results showed that 22.7% of the Korean-native goats, 16.4% of the dairy cattle, 15.2% of the beef cattle, 6.0% of the Boer goats, and 5.2% of the horses were positive for C. burnetii. Significant differences were found between the animal species. The univariable binary logistic regression analysis revealed that the risk of contracting C. burnetii was significantly high by 5.4-fold in Korean-native goats (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.60%-11.27%, p = 0.000), 3.6-fold in dairy cattle (95% CI: 1.48%-8.82%, p = 0.005), and 3.3-fold in beef cattle (95% CI: 1.51%-7.28%, p = 0.003) compared with horses. A phylogenetic tree based on the IS1111 gene revealed that our sequences had 92.2%-99.9% similarity and were clustered with those detected in humans, cattle, goats, dogs, rodents, and ticks. C. burnetii circulating in the ROK exhibits genetic variation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to identify C. burnetii DNA in a horse in the ROK. These results suggest that cattle, goats, and horses can be potential reservoirs for C. burnetii and play an important role in the transmission of infection. Further studies should assess the pathogenicity of C. burnetii circulating in the ROK.

Evaluation of proteinase K-resistant prion protein (PrPres) in Korean native black goats carrying a potential scrapie-susceptible haplotype of the prion protein gene (PRNP).

Prion disease is a fatal neurodegenerative disease with a broad host range in humans and animals. It is caused by proteinase K-resistant prion protein (PrPres). In previous studies, a heterogeneous infection in Cervidae and Caprinae was reported. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) has been frequently reported as the only prion disease in Korea that occurs in livestock. Thus, there is a possibility of transmission of CWD to Korean native black goats. However, PrPres has not been investigated thus far in Korean native black goats. We found strong linkage disequilibrium between c.126G>A and c.414T>C (r2 = 1) and between c.718C>T and c.126G>A (r2 = 0.638). In addition, the haplotype GTGTAAAC (representing codons 42, 102, 127, 138, 143, 146, 218 and 240) showed the highest frequency with 45.1%. Among 41 Korean native black goats, 20 animals (48.78%) were homozygous for the susceptible haplotypes (histidine at codon 143, asparagine at codon 146 and arginine at codon 154). Interestingly, we did not detect PrPres bands in any of the tested animals, including the 20 animals carrying potential scrapie susceptible haplotypes.

English

The Korean native black goat (Capra hircus coreanae) is the only goat species to be officially registered in Korea under the Food and Agriculture Organization; however, no systematic research on their genetic diversity has been conducted. Decreased genetic diversity in Korean native black goat leads to an increase in the level of inbreeding across generations. In this study, the genetic parameters and effective population size of three strains of Korean native black goat—82 Dangjin, 87 Jangsu, and 118 Tongyeong individuals—were estimated using their genomic information. The average linkage disequilibrium (r2) between single nucleotide polymorphism markers in the genome was 0.16, 0.14, and 0.13 for the Dangjin, Jangsu, and Tongyeong strains, respectively. The largest linkage disequilibrium was observed in the 14th and 26th chromosomes (r2 = 0.18) of Dangjin individuals. Furthermore, an increase in physical distance between markers decreased the linkage disequilibrium. The effective population size of the three Korean native black goat strains showed a decreasing trend proportional to the decrease in generation. The effective population size was 47, 59 and 56 individuals for the Dangjin, Jangsu and Tongyeong strains, respectively, 13 generations ago. These values could be due to the high level of inbreeding for generating populations to preserve the Korean native black goat genetic resource. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

Physicochemical and microbial characteristics of longissimus lumborum and biceps femoris muscles in Korean native black goat with wet-aging time.

This study examined the effects of different wet-aging times on the physicochemical characteristics and microbial profile of longissimus lumborum (LL) and biceps femoris (BF) muscles from Korean native black goat (KNBG) meat. The water holding capacity (WHC), pH, cooking loss, shear force, meat color, free amino acid, total bacteria, and coliform count of KNGB meat were analyzed at 0, 5, 10, and 15 days of wet-aging at 4°C under vacuum packaging. The results showed that different wet-aging times led to significant pH variations between the muscles throughout the aging period. The wet-aging time did not affect the WHC and cooking loss in meat from the LL muscle. In the BF muscle, however, meat wet-aged for five days had a significantly higher WHC and less cooking loss than meat aged for 0, 10, and 15 days. The meat from the LL muscle wet-aged for five days produced tenderer meat (low shear force value) than the unaged meat (p < 0.05). Moreover, the color was similar in the LL muscle regardless of the number of aging days. In the BF muscle, the redness (a*) was higher in the meat wet-aged for 15 days compared to that aged for 0, 5, and 10 days (p < 0.05). Regardless of the muscles, an increase in wet-aging time led to an increase in the total free amino acids contents in both muscles (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the tasty/bitter amino acid ratio was significantly higher for five days of wet-aged meat than 10 and 15 days of aging from the BF muscle. In addition, regardless of the muscles, the total bacteria and coliform counts were significantly lower for five days of wet-aged meat than 10 and 15 days of aging (p < 0.05). Therefore, chevon wet-aged for five days is an optimal aging period under vacuum packaging that fortifies meat quality with a minimal microbial negative defect.

Comparison and Validation of Genetic Diversity and Population Structure Using Monomorphic SNP Data of the Korean Native Black Goat and Crossbred Goat

Comparison and Validation of Genetic Diversity and Population Structure Using Monomorphic SNP Data of the Korean Native Black Goat and Crossbred Goat

SNP-based Genetic Diversity and Relationships Analysis of the Korean Native Black Goat and Crossbred Goat

SNP-based Genetic Diversity and Relationships Analysis of the Korean Native Black Goat and Crossbred Goat

Comparison of Meat Quality Characteristics and Aromatic Substances of Korean Native Black Goat Ribs by Different Sex

This study was conducted to compare the meat quality characteristics and aromatic substances in rib cut of Korean native black goat (KNBG) based on gender. Comparison of the proximate composition, including moisture, crude protein, crude fat, and crude ash content, of the ribs from female and male KNBGs did not show a significant difference. The meat quality characteristics, such as water holding capacity (WHC), cooking loss, and shear force, did not show a significant difference when compared by gender. However, the pH of rib meat from female KNBGs was significantly higher than that of male KNBGs (p = 0.001). Meat color characteristics represented by lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*) of ribs from female KNBGs were significantly higher than those of male KNBGs. Fatty acid analysis revealed highest amount (44.74-45.93%) of oleic acid (C18:1n9) in ribs regardless of gender, while the amount of saturated fatty acids (C14:0 and C16:0) was significantly higher in ribs from female than male KNBGs (p < 0.05). However, the overall ratios of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in the rib meat were 41.89-44.83% and 55.17-58.11%, respectively, while no significant difference was found based on gender. The aromatic substances in the rib meat differed significantly based on gender (PC1, 99.768%). Particularly, in rib meat from female KNBGs, ethanol content was significantly higher, lending a distinguished aroma to the meat when compared to that from male KNBGs. Further, 2-butane was detected in female KNBG meat alone while Z-3-hezen-1-ol, acetate was detected in male meat. These data indicated that pH and color (L* and b*) of the rib meat from male and female KNBGs differed significantly; particularly, 2-butane and Z-3-hezen-1-ol, acetate may be potentially used as biomarkers for gender discrimination of KNBG meat.

Development and Differentiation of Epididymal Epithelial Cells in Korean Native Black Goat.

Simple SummaryStudies have revealed that the communication networks among epididymal epithelial cells play an essential role in sperm maturation and storage. Therefore, the localization and expression of V-ATPase and cytokeratin 5 in the clear cells and basal cells, respectively, of immature and mature goat epididymis was investigated. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to use immunofluorescence labeling and confocal imaging to characterize the differentiation of clear cells and basal cells in the goat epididymis. The findings could help the understanding of the regulatory mechanism that creates an optimal luminal environment for sperm maturation and storage in the epididymis.The acidic luminal environment of the epididymis is regulated by the communication networks among epididymal epithelial cells; it is necessary for sperm maturation and storage. To characterize epididymal epithelial cell differentiation, the localization and expression of hydrogen-pumping vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) and cytokeratin 5 (KRT5) in the clear and basal cells, respectively, of immature and mature goat epididymis and vas deferens was examined. The epididymides and vas deferens were obtained from goats aged 1, 2, and 12–14 months. To assess the localization and expression patterns of V-ATPase and KRT5 in the caput, corpus, and cauda of the epididymis and proximal vas deferens, the tissue sections were subjected to immunofluorescence labeling and observed by confocal microscopy. Both clear and basal cells progressively started to differentiate in a retrograde manner. Clear cells disappeared from the cauda region after puberty, and they were maintained only in the caput and corpus regions of the adult goat epididymis. V-ATPase and KRT5 were co-expressed in the differentiated cells located at the base of the epithelium (i.e., basal cells). This cell type-specific differentiation and distribution of the epithelial cells plays a critical role in establishing a unique luminal environment for sperm maturation and storage in the goat epididymis.

Meat Composition, Fatty Acid Profile and Sensory Attributes of Meat from Goats Fed Diet Supplemented with Fermented Saccharina japonica and Dendropanax morbifera

A 90-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of diets supplemented with three concentrations (control or 0%, 0.5% and 1.0%) of fermented Saccharina japonica and Dendropanax morbifera (FSJ-DM) on the meat composition, growth performance, oxidative stability and fatty acid profile of Korean native black goat (KNBG) meat. The feed conversion ratio and body weight gain (1st to 2nd month) were improved significantly (p < 0.05) in response to feed supplemented with 1.0% FSJ-DM. Moisture content was increased, whereas ether extract and cholesterol contents were decreased in meat obtained from goats supplemented with 1.0% FSJ-DM dietary feeds (p < 0.05). In the same diet group, the total saturated fatty acids (ΣSFA) were lower, whereas the sum of polyunsaturated fatty acids (ΣPUFA) was higher, along with higher PUFA/SFA ratio and lower n-6/n-3 ratio (p < 0.05). On an average, the dietary supplementation of 1.0% FSJ-DM reduced the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and pH values of goat meat. Overall, the results of this study suggest that diet supplemented with 1.0% FSJ-DM improves the meat composition, growth performance and fatty acid profile and reduces lipid oxidation of goat meat.

Molecular Identification of Borrelia afzelii from Ticks Parasitizing Domestic and Wild Animals in South Korea.

Lyme borreliosis is one of the most prevalent tick-borne infectious zoonotic diseases caused by spirochetes of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato group. The present study assessed the risk factors and prevalence of Lyme borreliosis in ticks parasitizing domestic and wild animals. A total of 589 ticks (329 tick pools) collected from animals were identified as Haemaphysalis longicornis, (85.7%), H. flava (10.0%), and Ixodes nipponensis (4.3%) using morphological and molecular methods in South Korea. In this study, the 5S–23S gene sequences of B. afzelii (6/329, 1.8%) were detected in ticks taken from mammals, including ticks from horses (2/147 pools, 1.4%), wild boar (1/19 pools, 5.3%), native Korean goats (NKG, 2/34 pools, 5.9%), and Korean water deer (1/129 pools, 0.8%). Unfortunately, ospA, pyrG, and flagellin genes were not able to be amplified in the present study. To our knowledge, our results are the first inclusive data available for B. afzelii circulation in several tick species taken from NKG, horses, and wild boar in South Korea. We believe that the current findings extend our knowledge of the distribution and possible vector spectrum of Borrelia spp. We recommend continuous evaluation of the potential public health threat posed by Borrelia infected ticks.

Effective Population Size using Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Information in Korean Native Black Goat

Effective Population Size using Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Information in Korean Native Black Goat

Molecular and Phylogenetic Analysis of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Ticks Parasitizing Native Korean Goats (Capra hircus coreanae) in South Korea.

Tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) are considered zoonotic re-emerging pathogens, with ticks playing important roles in their transmission and ecology. Previous studies in South Korea have examined TBPs residing in ticks; however, there is no phylogenetic information on TBPs in ticks parasitizing native Korean goat (NKG; Capra hircus coreanae). The present study assessed the prevalence, risk factors, and co-infectivity of TBPs in ticks parasitizing NKGs. In total, 107 hard ticks, including Haemaphysalis longicornis, Ixodes nipponensis, and Haemaphysalis flava, were obtained from NKGs in South Korea between 2016 and 2019. In 40 tested tick pools, genes for four TBPs, namely Coxiella-like endosymbiont (CLE, 5.0%), Candidatus Rickettsia longicornii (45.0%), Anaplasma bovis (2.5%), and Theileria luwenshuni (5.0%) were detected. Ehrlichia, Bartonella spp., and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus were not detected. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report CLE and T. luwenshuni in H. flava ticks in South Korea. Considering the high prevalence of Candidatus R. longicornii in ticks parasitizing NKGs, there is a possibility of its transmission from ticks to animals and humans. NKG ticks might be maintenance hosts for TBPs, and we recommend evaluation of the potential public health threat posed by TBP-infected ticks.

Differences in Muscle Fiber Characteristics and Meat Quality by Muscle Type and Age of Korean Native Black Goat.

To investigate the relationship between muscle fiber characteristics and meat quality traits by age of Korean native black goat (KNBG), four muscles (longissimus dorsi, LD; psoas major, PM; semimembranosus, SM; gluteus medius, GM) were obtained from five adult goat (AG; 18 months old) and five young goat (YG; 9 months old). PM muscle had the highest fiber number percentage (FNP) and fiber area percentage (FAP) of type I, followed by SM, GM, and LD muscles. FNP and FAP of type IIB were significantly (p<0.001) higher in AG than those in YG. YG had higher L* values but lower b* values than AG. The highest L* and b* values were observed in LD muscle (p<0.001). Age and muscle type had detrimental (p<0.001) effect on shear force and collagen content for all muscle in AG as compared to YG. YG had significantly (p<0.001) higher myofibrillar fragmentation index (MFI) than AG for all four muscles. These results suggest that muscle fiber compositions of different muscle types of KNBG depend on age, resulting in variations of meat color, MFI, collagen content, and shear force.

Effect of Slaughter Age on Muscle Fiber Composition, Intramuscular Connective Tissue, and Tenderness of Goat Meat during Post-Mortem Time.

This study evaluated the effects of slaughter age and post-mortem time on meat quality traits, tenderness, histochemical analyses, and perimysium thickness in the longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle of the Korean native black goat (KNBG) maintained at 4 °C for up to 21 days post mortem. Samples of LT muscle were obtained from the carcasses of 24 KNBGs, including old and young goats (AG, n = 12, 18 months of age; YG, n = 12, 9 months of age), to measure all analyses during 21 days of post-mortem time. AGs had a higher percentage of type I fiber but a lower percentage of type IIA fiber than YGs (p < 0.05). AGs had higher a* value, lower released water (RW) %, and higher Warner–Bratzler shear force (WBSF) value than YGs (p < 0.05). The perimysium thickness (PMT) of AGs was also higher than that of YGs (p < 0.05). Although the PMT did not change during post-mortem period, the WBSF value of AGs was higher than that of YGs after 21 days post mortem (p < 0.05). The results imply that AGs are tougher than YGs due to their muscle fiber characteristics and thicker perimysium.

Sea tangle (Laminaria japonica) supplementation on meat quality of Korean native black goat.

The supplementation effects of sea tangle powders were determined for the meat quality in Korean native black goats. A total 90 castrated male black goats at 3-month age were divided into 3 dietary treatment groups: control (basal diet + mineral block), T1 (0.3% sea tangle feeding with the basal diet), T2 (0.9% sea tangle feeding with the basal diet). At 9-months feeding, 10 goats per treatment group were slaughtered, and the longissimus dorsi muscle samples were vacuum-packed, and subsequently analyzed for physicochemical evaluations. Analysis revealed decrease in the shear force and TBARS values of meat in the sea tangle dietary groups (p < 0.05). The T2 group exhibited increased levels of unsaturated fatty acids such as C16:1, C18:1, C18:2, and C20:4 (p < 0.05). The content of free amino acids with desirable taste such as aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, and serine were higher in T2, whereas alanine content was higher in both sea tangle dietary groups, as compared to control (p < 0.05). These data indicate that feeding dietary sea tangle as an alternative mineral source results in an improvement in the physicochemical profiles of goat meat.