Korean Nationals Research Articles

Can Affirming National Identity Increase International Trust? Experimental Evidence from South Korean, Chinese, and Japanese Nationals

How can states with a history of conflict promote trust with one another? Distrust between South Korea-Japan and China- Japan aggravates security fears and limits institutional cooperation in the region. Existing studies support the promotion of a common, overarching identity (e.g. “Asian-ness”) over a strong sense of national belonging. Are salient national identities harmful or helpful for increasing trust between countries? Applying the psychological theory of group-affirmation to an international context and integrating experimental methods from behavioral economics, I aim to examine whether affirming national identities can increase trust of another country. In a novel experiment with South Korean, Chinese, and Japanese participants, I find that group-affirmed individuals reported higher levels of trust, measured by payments in a trust game.

Representations of Zainichi Koreans in Japanese Media: The Case of The Japan Times 2000–2014

Abstract Zainichi Koreans are Korean nationals, permanently living in Japan without holding Japanese citizenship. Their living conditions there have been difficult from the very beginning, dating back to 1910. Since then, various myths and stereotypes were created about Zainichi Koreans. What is more interesting, media has been playing an important role in spreading information about them and creating a specific image about this ethnic minority in Japan. In order to find out what image of Zainichi Koreans is being created nowadays, articles in Japanese internet news website The Japan Times were used while accomplishing a discourse analysis.

Review for the Korean Health Professionals and International Cooperation Doctors Dispatched to Peru by the Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA)

South Korea dispatches Korean nationals to partner developing countries as an Official Development Assistance (ODA) project through the Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA). In the health sector, KOICA dispatches international cooperation doctors (ICDs), nurses, physical therapists, radiologic technologists, nutritionists, medical laboratory technologists, occupational therapists, and dental hygienists. A total of 216 ICDs were dispatched over 19 times from 1995 until 2013. There were 19 areas of specialties among the ICDs. The most common specialty was internal medicine (61/216, 28.2%), the second most common specialty was general surgery (43/216, 19.9%), followed by oriental medicine (27/216, 12.5%), pediatrics (17/216, 7.9%), orthopedics (16/216, 7.4%), family medicine (16/216, 7.4%), and odontology (14/216, 6.5%). The ICDs have worked in 21 countries. KOICA dispatched the highest number of ICDs to Asia (97/216, 44.9%), followed by Africa (50/216, 23.1%), Latin America (34/216, 15.7%), the commonwealth of independent states (31/216, 14.4%), and Oceania (4/216, 1.9%). Nobody was dispatched to the Middle East. A total of 134 KOICA health professionals were dispatched to Peru from 1996 until October 1, 2014. Of these, 19.4% (26/134) were ICDs, 44.8% (60/216) were nurses, 20.1% (27/134) were physical therapists, 6.7% (9/134) were radiologic technologists, 2.2% (3/134) were nutritionists, and 6.7% (9/134) were medical laboratory. ICDs' specialties comprised internal medicine (13/26, 50%), family medicine (8/26, 30.8%), pediatrics (2/26, 7.7%), otorhinolaryngology (1/26, 3.8%), orthopedics (1/26, 3.8%), and oriental medicine (1/26, 3.8%). Most of the dispatched health professionals worked at institutions that were supported by KOICA. For this reason, the proportion of health professionals who worked at public health centers (PHCs) was the highest (58.2%, 78/134) when classified by workplace type. Other KOICA health professionals worked at hospitals, governmental organizations (GOs), or schools.

Critical Study on Discourse on Korean Society's Anti-Multiculturalism

이 논문은 한국사회에서 유통되고 있는 반다문화 담론의 내용과 그 구성방식을 밝히는 것이다. 이를 위해 필자는 반다문화주의를 주장하는 대표적인 학자들의 견해를 분석대상으로 삼아 그들 주장의 핵심 내용과 그 문제점에 관해 살펴보았다.<BR> 반다문화 진영은 다문화 영역 전반을 비판의 대상으로 삼고 있는데, 그중에서도 ① 사회적인 합의 없이 일방적으로 진행되고 있는 정부주도의 다문화정책, ② 글로벌 기업의 이윤 확대를 위한 이주민 정책, ③ 정치적 올바름의 영역이 된 다문화주의로 인해 생겨난 정체성과 가치관의 혼란에 집중되어 있다.<BR> 반다문화주의자들은 다문화정책으로 한국사회는 ① 외국인 범죄의 증가와 테러의 위협 등으로 인해 국가의 안보의 위협, ② 값싼 외국인 노동력으로 인한 재벌의 서민 착취의 지속, ③ 자기 비하의식 및 지적 사대주의의 만연 등을 거론하면서 다문화정책의 폐기를 주장한다.<BR> 반다문화 담론은 폭주기관차처럼 거침없이 달려왔던 다문화 담론에 대한 성찰적 반성을 촉구한다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 하지만 이들의 주장 대부분이 한국사회의 다문화성에 근거한 비판이기라기보다는 정치적 올바름(Political Correctness)의 영역이 돼버린 다문화주의에 대한 거부감과 신자유주의 체제에 대한 불안의식, 그리고 왜곡된 서구추종주의에 기대고 있다는 점에서 아쉬움을 남긴다.

Chinese–North Korean Relations and China's Policy toward Korean Cross-Border Migration, 1950–1962

Making use of Chinese Foreign Ministry archives and provincial and municipal archives, this article traces the history of cross-border migration of ethnic Koreans from 1950 to 1962, especially the illegal migration of ethnic Koreans to North Korea (DPRK) in 1961. A historical examination of Koreans in northeast China demonstrates that the Chinese Communist Party attempted to achieve a workable policy toward Korean border crossers as well as a disposition to accommodate the DPRK's concerns and imperatives in defining nationality, handling cases of Sino-Korean marriages and exit procedures for ethnic Koreans, receiving Korean nationals to visit China, and dealing with cases of illegal border crossings. To this end, the Chinese authorities were pursuing larger Cold War interests, specifically the desire to keep the DPRK aligned with China during the Sino-Soviet split.

North Korean Asylum Seekers and Dual Nationality

In recent years an increasing number of North Korean escapees have attempted to claim asylum outside of South Korea. One of the principal legal questions that tribunals face when addressing these claims is whether these asylum seekers should be considered as dual North/South Korean nationals, and, if so, whether that would disqualify them from refugee status due to article 1(A)(2) of the 1951 Refugee Convention. This states that an asylum seeker who is a dual national must fear persecution in both of his or her countries of nationality in order to be considered a refugee. This dilemma exists because under South Korean law, North Korean escapees are usually considered to be South Korean nationals, as the South Korean Constitution defines the country’s territory as encompassing the entire Korean peninsula. However, South Korean nationality is often viewed as merely theoretical, as it arguably does not automatically provide a right to actually enter or reside in South Korea. This article examines recent court cases from Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom dealing with the issue of North Korean asylum seekers’ possible dual nationality. In each country, tribunals have employed different analytical frameworks to come to different conclusions. This article argues that these recent cases represent largely unsatisfying attempts to deal with a challenging issue, and that it would make more sense for tribunals to analyze the potential dual nationality of North Korean asylum seekers using the principle of ‘effective nationality’, which has often been endorsed by commentators but less commonly used by tribunals in recent years.

A Study on the Korean’s Psychological, Relational, and Physiological Adjustments

The study determined the rate of psycho-social adjustments of Korean nationals in Cagayan de Oro City. Specifically, the study determined (1) the profile of the respondents in terms of their length of stay, purpose of stay, and visa status; (2) the psychosocial adjustment rate of respondents in terms of psychological, relational, and physiological dimensions; and (3) the relationship between the profile of the respondents and psycho-social adjustments. Twenty respondents were chosen from the original four hundred. A researcher-made questionnaire which was pre-tested for validity and reliability was utilized. The data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, and its weighed mean. The findings of the study revealed that the Korean nationals who were taken as respondents have stayed in Cagayan de Oro City from nine months to five years. Majority of them stayed In CDO for reasons of doing business and studying. Moreover, in terms of visa status, 50% of them have working visa and 25% each have student and working visas. During their stay in the City, they manifested experiencing greatest satisfactory responses to physiological adjustments. Moderately, they feel somewhat satisfied with their psychological adjustment and quite satisfied with their relational adjustments. In the long run, those Korean nationals would learn the concomitant process of cultural adaptation in order to improve the quality of their life during their stay here. While adaptation might not be expected during a short term of expectation, nevertheless, the other process of knowing the host culture could be fostered on a long Term.

Exploring Familiarity and Destination Choice in International Tourism

The aim of this study is to identify the characteristics of prospective and experienced tourists to international tourism destinations. More specifically, this study examines how the differences in the level of familiarity with the host country (i.e., informational familiarity and experiential familiarity) influence sub-destination choice in terms of its scale and popularity. A survey was conducted with Korean nationals as potential visitors to tourism destinations in Japan. Six one-way ANOVA tests and six chi-square tests were performed to identify the relationships and differences between tourists' characteristics and the destination choices. The results indicate that (1) teens and people in their 50s and above were interested in visiting more popular places, (2) tourists who are more familiar with Japan tended to visit less popular destinations, and (3) tourists with more travel experiences to the country tended to visit destinations with bigger scale and less popularity. Managerial implications for each destination with different scales and popularities will be suggested to customize service for prospective first-time and experienced visitors.

The Social Integration Policy for Immigrants and Korean Nationals: Reality and Issues

The Social Integration Policy for Immigrants and Korean Nationals: Reality and Issues

Shared national memory as intangible heritage: Re-imagining Two Koreas as One Nation

This paper suggests that shared national memory, as intangible heritage of tangible heritage, is of crucial significance in encouraging South Korean nationals to reaffirm their ethnic and cultural affinities with North Korea during heritage tourism experiences in Changdeok Palace. Importantly, heritage can be a safe and neutral ground for mediating political contentions and conflicts. Despite the political tensions between the two Koreas, the essence of ‘Koreanness’, deeply grounded in shared national memory revived during the Changdeok experience, facilitates the process of re-imagining two Koreas as one nation. The intangible heritage of Changdeok Palace stands as one definitive symbolic representation that augments national sentiment at a time of redefining notions of national belonging and re-emphasising entrenched primordial associations with North Korea.

Desigualdade e discriminação de imigrantes internacionais no mercado de trabalho brasileiro

This study investigates the presence of discrimination in the Brazilian work market between foreign immigrants and Brazilians, all men, ranging from 25 to 60 years of age. The foreign immigrants, who were Korean, Chinese, Argentine, Bolivian, Chilean, Paraguayan, Peruvian, and Uruguayan nationals, were compared to native Brazilians. The data came from the Brazilian National Census, 2000. The findings were: 1) immigrant status is associated with higher class position and income; 2) ethnic/national origin has an impact on the individual's position in the work market; 3) immigrants' situation in the work market is heterogeneous; and iv) a situation of occupational and wage advantage does not mean that the individual does not suffer negative discrimination in the work market.

History of nephrology and renal replacement therapy in Korea

Korea has a long tradition of Eastern (Korean) medicine. Modern nephrology in Korea began in the 20th century after the Second World War. The first nephrology report was presented in 1949 at the third annual meeting of the Korean Society of Internal Medicine. The first hemodialysis was performed in 1952 during the Korean War, the first acute peritoneal dialysis in 1957, the first kidney biopsy in 1959, the first kidney transplantation in 1969 and the first continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis in 1981. National Health Insurance was launched in 1976 with a limited coverage, which was gradually expanded to cover all Korean nationals in 1989. The Korean Society of Nephrology (KSN) was inaugurated in 1980. The KSN End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Registry was started in 1985. Brain death legislation was enacted, and the Korean network for organ sharing launched in 2000. During 2009, a total of 8,906 patients or 175.9 patients per million population (PMP) began renal replacement therapy (RRT), and at the end of the year a total of 56,396 patients or 1,113.6 patients PMP were on RRT in Korea. The prevalence of ESRD continues to grow in Korea while its incidence is stable or declining as compared with the previous year.

Valuation of Consumers’ Personal Information: A South Korean Example

The purpose of this study was to identify the appropriate monetary value of personal information from a consumer’s perspective. To this end, Korean nationals above the age of 16 living in Seoul and the greater metropolitan region responded to an online survey. Quota sampling was used with regard to gender, and the data pool consisted of 985 samples. Using the contingent valuation method (CVM), the authors elicited the amount of money respondents were willing to accept as being equivalent to the value of their personal information, with the resulting mean and median being US$1,500 and US$500, respectively. Via a nested probit model analysis, the existence of a relative minority, which placed a significantly lower value on their personal information, was found.

Explaining Divergent Responses to the North Korean Abductions Issue in Japan and South Korea

This article examines the divergent approaches pursued by Japan and South Korea in their attempts to resolve an issue that is related to a fundamental responsibility of sovereign states: the protection of citizens. The case considered here is North Korea's abduction of Japanese and South Korean nationals. In Japan, the abduction issue has taken center stage in the country's North Korea policy, whereas in South Korea, recent administrations have downplayed the issue—despite the fact that nearly 500 South Korean citizens remain detained in North Korea, compared to fewer than 20 known Japanese abductions. The authors find that the key to understanding the divergent responses lies in the politicization of specific, ostensibly apolitical demands for the state to fulfill its duty to protect citizens. In particular, the proximity of the abductions issue to key nationalist themes, which politicians in each country use to mobilize support, prevents the matter from being addressed in a neutral way.

Voting Rights to Overseas Korean Nationals

Voting Rights to Overseas Korean Nationals

ソウルの中心地における都市の賑わい空間に関する考察 : 植民地初期(1910-1919年)の新聞記事を題材に

The aim of this paper is to clarify how the urban space of the Central Seoul, especially the Jong-Ro area and Kwoang-Hwoa-Mun District, was changing during the early colonial period. Newspapers and official records of the Governor-General of Chosen are the primary materials. The analysis consists of 2 distinct dimensions: (1) extension of business hours (2) the relation with the vibrant districts. Under the first category, the appearance of "Jong-Ro Night Market" and the Governmental Market is described. Under the second category, the analysis examines events held in Jong-Ro and the exposition in Chosun King's Palace. The analysis shows that in the early colonial period the Governor-General of Chosen chose soft policies rather than strict ones, in order that Korean Nationals should accept Japan's governance over Korea.

Between a Rock and a Hard Place: The Impact of Anti-Americanism on Locally Employed Staff at the American Embassy in Korea

The Korean locally employed staff (LES) at the American Embassy in Seoul face idiosyncratic job-related challenges. The Korean LES often find them-selves caught in the crossfire between the American government and domestic anti-American sentiments. The LES's dual identity as Korean nationals working for a foreign government puts them in an awkward position in times of bilateral friction. They are subjected to negative framing of their occupational socialization and threats of physical attack. Their low turnover rates, however, suggest the existence of effective coping mechanisms. The LES internalize the pride of working for the superpower government and assuming a mediator's role between their employer and the Korean public. Monetary motivations also play a crucial role in the tight local labor market.

“Korean Japanese”

Until recently, resident Koreans in Japan, former colonial subjects and their offspring, have had only two options for staying in Japan: naturalization, which required assimilation and the adoption of a Japanese identification, or zainichi status, which meant remaining Korean nationals and keeping their own ethnic identity. Choosing the zainichi option was a way for resident Koreans to express their resistance to Japan's naturalization system, which they saw as a legacy of assimilationist colonial policy. In the early 1990s, however, greater numbers of resident Koreans began to seek naturalization. In part, this was because they were beginning to redefine ethnicity as separate from nationality. Thus, they thought, they could retain their Korean identity even after naturalization. This development, coupled with the rise of a multiculturalism movement in Japan, set the stage for the recent emergence of a third option for staying in Japan, “Korean Japanese,” that is, Japanese nationals with Korean ethnic identification. By analyzing articles written by Sakanaka Hidenori, an influential immigration official who has expressed support for the Korean Japanese option, this article demonstrates that this new identity option as presented by government officials is actually in line with the earlier colonial discourse of ethnic hierarchy and assimilation. While cautioning against an easy acceptance of the government's calls for the Korean Japanese option, the author explores its potential for revitalizing the political presence of resident Koreans in Japan.

CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN DEGREE OF LIKING OF ASIAN WHITE RADISH (RAPHANUS SATIVUS L.)

ABSTRACTAsian white radish processed foods are commonly consumed in Japan and Korea and are increasingly available in many Western countries. The major flavor constituent of Asian white radish, 4‐methylthio‐3‐trans‐butenyl isothiocyanate (MTBITC), was extracted as an oil and added in varying concentrations to an unflavored cracker biscuit. Untrained taste panels of Japanese, Korean and Australian nationals were presented with treated biscuits and their concentration preference for MTBITC determined. The taste preferences (degree of liking) of the Japanese and Koreans differed markedly with the Japanese preferring biscuits containing 110 μmole MTBITC/100 g while the Koreans preferred &lt; 50 μmole/100 g (the lowest concentration tested). The difference is attributed to the Korean use of Asian white radish in highly spiced foods compared to the Japanese use without the addition of strongly flavored ingredients. The Australians also preferred &lt;50 μmole/100 g but this was probably due to unfamiliarity with eating white radish.

Cross-Cultural Generalizability of the Five-Factor Model of Personality

Increasing interest is being directed toward demonstrating the cross-cultural generalizability of the five-factor model of personality. This report outlines the development and initial validation of a Korean version of the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO PI-R), a commercially available instrument designed to capture these five major dimensions. Study 1 involved Korean nationals (320 men and 334 women) and documented the reliability and structural validity of the new translation. Correlations with the Korean version of the MBTI and Impostor Phenomenon Scale provided preliminary validity evidence. Study 2 included 57 men and 59 women who were bilingual Korean expatriates living in the United States. These individuals took both the Korean and English versions of the NEO PI-R. Results indicated that the Korean version can be considered a parallel form to its English counterpart. The etic and emic implications of these results are discussed.