Indigenous Korean Research Articles

Effects of Short-Term Differences in Concentrate Feeding on the Recovery of In Vivo Embryos in Hanwoo Donor Cows through Superovulation Treatment.

Superovulation is a technique used to increase the number of oocytes released for fertilization. This study investigated the effects of short-term differences in concentrate feed intake on in vivo embryo production through superovulation in indigenous Korean (Hanwoo) cows. The cows were given fresh water and hay ad libitum and randomly divided into three groups (control (CON, n = 9): 2.0 kg/day (unchanged diet); low concentrate (LC, n = 10): 0 kg/day; and high concentrate (HC, n = 8): 4.0 kg/day) according to the amount of formula they were fed. This feeding treatment began seven days before the start of the hormonal treatment for superovulation. From the results, the LC group had the greatest weight change and the lowest body condition score at harvest, followed by the CON and HC groups (p < 0.05). The LC group had the highest number of harvesting embryos, followed by the HC and CON groups (p < 0.05). Estradiol, progesterone, glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, total protein, and blood urea nitrogen concentrations did not differ between the groups, except for a temporary increase in the HC group on day 0. These findings suggest that more embryos may be harvested when short-term changes in concentrate intake are made during superovulatory responses in Hanwoo cows.

Characterization of the Anti-Inflammatory, Immune Response, and Anti-Bacterial Properties of the Polar Extracts of Indigenous Korean Plants

Characterization of the Anti-Inflammatory, Immune Response, and Anti-Bacterial Properties of the Polar Extracts of Indigenous Korean Plants

초창기 한국 유도의 국익선양 및 해외진출 연구 : 대한유도학교 인물 중심으로

초창기 한국 유도의 국익선양 및 해외진출 연구 : 대한유도학교 인물 중심으로

악학궤범 속악의 초성 검토

This paper examines choseong (lit. the first note; used as the lowest note)&#x0D; of sogak , which refers to hyangak (indigenous Korean court music), recorded&#x0D; in Akhakgwebeom (a book on music compiling royal protocols and music&#x0D; scores in Joseon Dynasty) focusing on sanhyeong (explanatory diagrams&#x0D; illustrating the relation of pitch and where to play) of the two instruments,&#x0D; geomungo and daegeum. It aims to correctly establish the theory of sogak in&#x0D; Akhakgwebeom.&#x0D; The proposition of “the choseong of sogak is hyeopjong ” in Akhakgwaebeom&#x0D; is based on the Chinese sogak theory and it refers to the lowest sound in&#x0D; sogak chilji (seven keys of sogak ). It is believed that choseong of sogak is&#x0D; determined by jeongseong (正聲), a tone that indicates the first note in a&#x0D; melodic mode, in the notation system oeumyakbo . The jeongseong of&#x0D; oeumyakbo was divided into two types: the sejosillok type expressed in gung&#x0D; (as in oeumyakbo ) and the akhakgwaebeom type expressed in ha 5.&#x0D; In the geomungo sanhyeong , the jeongseong of all ilji (hyeopjong, goseon) ,&#x0D; iji (jungnyeo, yubin) , saji (ichik, namnyeo) , and chilji (daeryeo, taeju) was&#x0D; expressed as gung . Since ha 3 was the lowest note in the sanhyeong of ilji&#x0D; and iji , however, ha 5 could not be the jeongseong of the oeumyakbo . The&#x0D; tuning of geomungo heohyeon (sound of playing open strings) is also a major&#x0D; criterion for determining the jeongseong of oeumyakbo , but since in the&#x0D; melodic mode naksijo and ujo it is set in gung and ha 5, respectively, they&#x0D; did not match each other. Based on the relationship between the sogak chilji&#x0D; of geomungo sanhyeong and the jeongseong , the choseong of sogak appeared&#x0D; to be hyeopjong (夾).&#x0D; In the daegeum sanhyeong of Akhakgwebeom, all sogak chilji are presented, &#x0D; but there was a problem that the oeumyakbo system applied to sogak chilji is inconsistent. Furthermore, in the case of yukji (hwangjong ) and chilji , when&#x0D; the jeongseong of oeumyakbo is gung, there was a problem that the range&#x0D; necessary for the establishment of a melodic mode could not be secured. Due&#x0D; to these problems, it is thought that the jeongseong of oeumyakbo applied to&#x0D; yukji and chilji should be ha 5. Therefore, the jeongseong in the daegeum&#x0D; sanhyeong is ha 5, and thus, the choseong of sogak appeared to be&#x0D; hwangjong (黃) based on the jeongseong of oeumyakbo , or ha 5.&#x0D; As mentioned above, the jeongseong of oeumyakbo was divided into two&#x0D; forms: gung and ha 5. Because the jeongseong of oeumyakbo was applied&#x0D; differently depending on the musical instrument, the choseong of sogak&#x0D; appeared in two types, hyeopjong and hwangjong . This phenomenon is not&#x0D; only a problem with the sogak chilji and the oeumyakbo system itself, but&#x0D; also a problem in that the characteristics of the range of each instrument and&#x0D; the relationship between the sogak chilji and the oeumyakbo are not properly&#x0D; established.

Hemorrhagic disease caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus-2a in Korean Indigenous Cattle: case reports

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), which is prevalent worldwide, is one of the most important viral pathogens and causes substantial economic loss to the livestock industry. Despite its importance, BVDV is largely unnoticed in the Republic of Korea (ROK). In this study, we report the case of a steer with BVDV that died suddenly due to severe enteritis. Two 1-year-old Korean indigenous cattle in the same herd presented severe hemorrhagic diarrhea. Case 1 had severe dehydration and died after 3 days, whereas case 2 had anorexia, depression, and severe diarrhea with mucus and blood. Only case 2 was necropsied, and BVDV2a was detected in the tissues of its alimentary tract. Gross lesions, including erosion, ulceration, and extensive hemorrhage, were observed in the digestive tract mucosa. Immunohistochemistry revealed marked positive staining for BVDV2a antigen in the large intestine. This report describes the first case of hemorrhagic disease caused by acute BVDV2a infection, which is characterized by high mortality in Korean indigenous cattle. This study will help establish vaccination and control strategies for BVDV in the ROK.

Bioconversion of Rutin in Tartary Buckwheat by the Korean Indigenous Probiotics

Bioconversion of Rutin in Tartary Buckwheat by the Korean Indigenous Probiotics

Spiritual Meaning of Cadaveric Organ Donation among Protestant Korean Immigrants in the United States

This qualitative study investigated Protestant Korean immigrants’ views on cadaveric organ donation through the analysis of in-depth interviews with thirty-two Protestant Korean immigrants in the United States. The interviews show a meaning-making process of cadaveric organ donation among study participants. They describe participants’ complex sentiments on cadaveric organ donation, based on a blend of Protestant, Confucian, Shamanistic, and Daoist views. This study shows how Protestant Korean immigrants can overcome potential fears of organ procurement, stemming from indigenous Korean contexts, and describes their religious views on the afterlife. The findings indicated that most participants held positive views of cadaveric organ donation because they considered organ donation to be an altruistic, life-giving, Christian spiritual practice for the benefit of others. I argue that Protestant Korean immigrants’ lived religion can lead them to overcome fear of indigenous Korean beliefs and to choose organ donation as a spiritual practice.

Impact the Effect of Shamanism in Modern Society in South Korea

Shamanism is an indigenous Korean faith that incorporates various beliefs and practices influenced by native Korean Buddhism and Taoism. In Korean, shamanism is called mu (무) and practitioners are called mudang (무당). The function of the mudang is usually held by women who make contact (liaison) between gods and humans. Shamans perform gut ceremonies or offerings to perform healing, bring good luck and intercede for gods by means of possession. Gut ceremonies are also held to guide the spirits of the deceased to heaven. This research aims to 1) to reveal the role of shamanism in culture in the midst of modern South Korean society, and 2) to analyze the 1970s when shamanism was going through difficult times. This research used qualitative descriptive that described and analyzed the data in the form of information. The results of this research is presentation about the cultural asset of South Korea, namely shamanism, it is should be maintained because it is very influential on Korean tourism as an ancient ritual even though it is considered not in accordance with the modernization period.

Phytochemical Investigation of Marker Compounds from Indigenous Korean Salix Species and Their Antimicrobial Effects.

Salix species, including willow trees, are distributed in the temperate regions of Asian countries, including South Korea. Willow trees are used to treat pain and inflammatory diseases. Due to the medicinal properties of willow trees, pharmacological studies of other Salix spp. have gained attention; however, only a few studies have investigated the phytochemicals of these species. As part of our ongoing natural product research to identify bioactive phytochemicals and elucidate their chemical structures from natural resources, we investigated the marker compounds from indigenous Korean Salix species, namely, Salix triandra, S. chaenomeloides, S. gracilistyla, S. koriyanagi, S. koreensis, S. pseudolasiogyne, S. caprea, and S. rorida. The ethanolic extract of each Salix sp. was investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography combined with thin-layer chromatography and liquid chromatography−mass spectrometry-based analysis, and marker compounds of each Salix sp. were isolated. The chemical structures of the marker compounds (1−8), 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propyl β-D-glucopyranoside (1), 2-O-acetylsalicin (2), 1-O-p-coumaroyl glucoside (3), picein (4), isograndidentatin B (5), 2′-O-acetylsalicortin (6), dihydromyricetin (7), and salicin (8) were elucidated via nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and high-resolution liquid chromatography−mass spectrometry using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a G6545B Q-TOF MS system with a dual electrospray ionization source. The identified marker compounds 1−8 were examined for their antimicrobial effects against plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria. Dihydromyricetin (7) exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, inducing 32.4% inhibition at a final concentration of 125 μg/mL with an MIC50 value of 250 μg/mL. Overall, this study isolated the marker compounds of S. triandra, S. chaenomeloides, S. gracilistyla, S. koriyanagi, S. koreensis, S. pseudolasiogyne, S. caprea, and S. rorida and identified the anti-Staphylococcus aureus bacterial compound dihydromyricetin.

Application of next-generation sequencing for the high-resolution typing of MHC-B in Korean native chicken.

The major histocompatibility complex-B (MHC-B) region of chicken is crucially important in their immunogenesis and highly diverse among different breeds, lines, and even populations. Because it determines the resistance/susceptibility to numerous infectious diseases, it is important to analyze this genomic region, particularly classical class I and II genes, to determine the variation and diversity that ultimately affect antigen presentation. This study investigated five lines of indigenous Korean native chicken (KNC) and the Ogye breed using next-generation sequencing (NGS) data with Geneious Prime-based assembly and variant calling with the Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK) best practices pipeline. The consensus sequences of MHC-B (BG1-BF2) were obtained for each chicken line/breed and their variants were analyzed. All of the Korean native chicken lines possessed an excessive number of variants, including an ample amount of high-impact variants that provided useful information regarding modified major histocompatibility complex molecules. The study confirmed that next-generation sequencing techniques can effectively be used to detect MHC variabilities and the KNC lines are highly diverse for the MHC-B region, suggesting a substantial divergence from red junglefowl.

A predatory gastropod as the potential biological control agent of the Korean invasive mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck, 1819)

The classical biological control, which is the intentional introduction of exotic species to manage the biological invasion, is the standard measure if the human-mediated management is no longer effective. This method, however, involves a latent risk that the introduced exotic species brings about the nontarget effect on indigenous native species. Applying the native natural predator is the best alternative to control the invasive alien species without the substantial change into the ecosystem of the area invaded. Here, we introduced an indigenous Korean muricid gastropod Reishia bronni (Dunker, 1860), a potential natural predator of the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck, 1819), a well-known invasive alien species successfully settled down in Korea. In the biomonitoring survey on the Korean ports of the east coast between 2007 and 2011, we have observed the spread of R. bronni within the Mytilus galloprovincialis community. The observed decrease of the mussel density around the gastropod assemblage led us to the idea that R. bronni is the natural predator of M. galloprovincialis . In order to clarify such a predator-prey interaction between both species, we performed a field observation from two Korean ports in August 2012, keeping R. bronni and M. galloprovincialis individuals together into the cages for 18 days. Then, we counted the number of latter ones consumed and estimated the average time spent feeding per individual of R. bronni . We observed the positions of the drill holes made on the consumed shells by it. Our results showed that R. bronni is the active natural predator of M. galloprovincialis with the high feeding intensity and the unique foraging behavior targeting the lateral margin of the shell, so-called “Marginal drilling”. Therefore, we could suggest the possibility that R. bronni can be applied to control the mass spread of M. galloprovincialis .

Identification of Monoallelically Expressed Genes Associated with Economic Traits in Hanwoo (Korean Native Cattle)

Simple SummaryAlthough most genes are expected to transcribe both alleles evenly in diploid animals, some genes show monoallelic expression (MAE). The expressed allele can be determined randomly or by parental origin (known as genomic imprinting). Here, we conducted genome-wide and transcriptome-wide screening of MAE genes in Korean cattle (Hanwoo) and identified tissue-specific MAE pattens. The effects of MAE genes on phenotypic variation were evaluated by association analysis with the breeding values of five traits that were used in a Hanwoo breeding program.Hanwoo, an indigenous Korean cattle breed, has been genetically improved by selecting superior sires called Korean-proven bulls. However, cows still contribute half of the genetic stock of their offspring, and allelic-specific expressed genes have potential, as selective targets of cows, to enhance genetic gain. The aim of this study is to identify genes that have MAEs based on both the genome and transcriptome and to estimate their effects on breeding values (BVs) for economically important traits in Hanwoo. We generated resequencing data for the parents and RNA-sequencing data for the muscle, fat, and brain tissues of the offspring. A total of 3801 heterozygous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in offspring were identified and they were located in 1569 genes. Only 14 genes showed MAE (seven expressing maternal alleles and seven expressing paternal alleles). Tissue-specific MAE was observed, and LANCL1 showed maternal allele expression across all tissues. MAE genes were enriched for the biological process of cell death and angiogenesis, which included ACKR3 and PDCL3 genes, whose SNPs were significantly associated with BVs of lean meat production-related traits, such as weight at 12 months of age, carcass weight, and loin eye area. In the current study, monoallelically expressed genes were identified in various adult tissues and these genes were associated with genetic capacity in Hanwoo.

Insight into the Candidate Genes and Enriched Pathways Associated with Height, Length, Length to Height Ratio and Body-Weight of Korean Indigenous Breed, Jindo Dog Using Gene Set Enrichment-Based GWAS Analysis.

Simple SummaryThe height, length and body-weight are the economic traits of Jindo dogs and it is necessary to study their underlying genetic basis. Thus, a post-genome-wide association enrichment study on four body-size traits of Jindo dog including height, length, length to height ratio and body-weight was carried out here. The results revealed several potential single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and genes which were significantly associated with the traits of interest. Furthermore, we have found several pathways to be significantly associated with the traits of interest and these pathways are generally involved in the growth and development process. The findings of this study may help to use the identified SNPs and genes as possible biomarkers for Jindo breeding.As a companion and hunting dog, height, length, length to height ratio (LHR) and body-weight are the vital economic traits for Jindo dog. Human selection and targeted breeding have produced an extraordinary diversity in these traits. Therefore, the identification of causative markers, genes and pathways that help us to understand the genetic basis of this variability is essential for their selection purposes. Here, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) combined with enrichment analysis on 757 dogs using 118,879 SNPs. The genomic heritability (h2) was 0.33 for height and 0.28 for weight trait in Jindo. At p-value < 5 × 10−5, ten, six, thirteen and eleven SNPs on different chromosomes were significantly associated with height, length, LHR and body-weight traits, respectively. Based on our results, HHIP, LCORL and NCAPG for height, IGFI and FGFR3 for length, DLK1 and EFEMP1 for LHR and PTPN2, IGFI and RASAL2 for weight can be the potential candidate genes because of the significant SNPs located in their intronic or upstream regions. The gene-set enrichment analysis highlighted here nine and seven overlapping significant (p < 0.05) gene ontology (GO) terms and pathways among traits. Interestingly, the highlighted pathways were related to hormone synthesis, secretion and signalling were generally involved in the metabolism, growth and development process. Our data provide an insight into the significant genes and pathways if verified further, which will have a significant effect on the breeding of the Jindo dog’s population.

PSVI-14 Characteristic of hybrid chicken derived from crossing of Ogye and white leghorn

Abstract Ogye, an indigenous Korean chicken breed has entirely black external features and internal organs. White Leghron, an transboundary breed has white color features as opposed to Ogye. We make crossbreed (Ogye x White Leghorn) to investigate how the phenotype appeared in F1. In F0, 5 females and 1 male were selected for each parental type; 1) Ogye(♂) x White leghorn(♀), 2) White leghron(♂) x Ogye(♀). We A total of 321 individuals of F1 were made through artificial insemination. We measured body weights at birth, 8 weeks, 16 weeks, 24 weeks, and 32 weeks of age. In 1) type females, the average of body weight at each period was 39.04±0.32, 613.18±6.86, 1149.37±7.76, 1463.97±13.25, 1718.02±14.83 respectively. In 2 type females, that was 30.57±0.21, 543.19±7.54, 1069.63±12.92, 1410.06±10.80, 1527.53±13.73. The P-value values for each period were less than 0.05. In 1) type males, the average of body weight at each period was 39.18±0.34, 744.70±7.84, 1579.39±15.76, 2014.63±19.15, 2310.89±20.58. In 2 type females, that was 30.71±0.24, 683.75±9.51, 1419.79±15.76, 1800.00±18.88, 2064.79±19.68. The P-value values for each period were also less than 0.05. In the case of feather color, it was generally white, but black spots appeared only in females produced in type 1). Comb and beak color was generally also red, but black appeared only in in females produced in type 1). From these results, it can be estimated that paternal factors such as weight and appearance are greatly affected, and we plan to investigate the genetic patterns of each trait through F2 construction in the future.

Screening of Particulate Matter Reduction Ability of 21 Indigenous Korean Evergreen Species for Indoor Use.

The formation and pollution of particulate matter (PM), a side effect of rapid industrialization and urbanization, is considered a global issue. However, various plant species are able to effectively capture and reduce atmospheric PM concentrations. We investigated the indoor growth and morphology of 21 indigenous Korean evergreen species at low light intensities to ascertain their ability to reduce PM of aerosol particles in a closed acrylic chamber. The decrease in PM mass concentration differed significantly across species, with a significant correlation (8 h; p < 0.001). The reduction in the mass concentration of PM differed with particle size and across species. The highest reduction of PM2.5 occurred after 8 h with Dryopteris lacera (86.8%), Ilex × wandoensis (84.9%), Machilus thunbergii (84.3%), and Rhododendron brachycarpum (84.0%). Reduction of PM10 after 8 h was highest with Cephalotaxus harringtonii (98.3%), I. × wandoensis (98.5%), M. thunbergii (98.5%), and R. brachycarpum (98.3%). Plant morphological characteristics (category, plant height, leaf shape, leaf area) and relative humidity were closely related to the decrease in PM mass concentration. In conclusion, our findings can be used to identify Korean plant species that can reduce PM concentration and are suitable for indoor use.

Nontargeted Metabolomics as a Screening Tool for Estimating Bioactive Metabolites in the Extracts of 50 Indigenous Korean Plants.

Many indigenous Korean plants have been used in medicinal preparations and health-promoting foods. These plant species contain beneficial metabolites with various bioactivities, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Herein, we suggest a new screening strategy using metabolomics to explore the bioactive compounds in 50 Korean plants. Secondary metabolites were analyzed using UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS/MS. The plant extracts were subjected to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory assays. We identified metabolites that contributed to bioactivities according to the results of bioassays and multivariate analyses. Using Pearson’s correlation, phenolics (e.g., casuarictin, 3-O-methylellagic acid) showed positive correlation with antioxidant activity, while biflavonoids (e.g., amentoflavone, rosbustaflavone) were correlated with nitric oxide (NO) inhibition activity. To compensate for the limitation of this new strategy, we further validated these by investigating three parts (branches, fruits, leaves) of Platycladus orientalis which showed high activities on both bioassays. Unlike the above observation, we identified significantly different metabolites from different parts, which was not the results of bioassays. In these validation steps, interestingly, biflavonoids (e.g., robustaflavone, sciadopitysin) contributed to both activities in P. orientalis. The findings of this work suggest that new strategy could be more beneficial in the identification of bioactive plant species as well as that of their corresponding bioactive compounds that impart the bioactivity.

‘서발턴(subaltern)’의 관점에서 본 한국의 자생 신종교 사상

In early modern Korea, the founders of three main-stream indigenous new religions, Choi Je-woo (崔濟愚), Kang Il-sun (姜一淳), and Park Jungbin (朴重彬), were all ruined yangban, who could no longer maintain the social dignity of yangban. Prior to their regular religious activities, they earned livings as rural teachers, peasants, merchants, and fortune-tellers. They were marginalized for having declined from upper-class nobles to lower-class people. Due to their subalternal status, they religiously represented the inexpressible aspirations and resentments held by various subalterns. The millennial movements of marginal religions in the late Joseon Dynasty exposed and deviated from the fetters of the established order, but they did not propose a new alternative order to replace it. Unlike these millennial movements, Choi Je-woo, Kang Il-sun, and Park Jungbin all proposed utopian visions of post-subalternal alternative religions that systematically presented and practiced new alternative worldviews characterized by the “Great Opening of the Later World (後天開闢).” The world they longed for was one wherein anti-subalternal social regulation were overthrown, the oppression of various subalterns end, and the established social order was replaced. In this article, I have argued that three main-stream indigenous Korean new religions, Donghak (Eastern Learning), the Jeungsan-inspired religious movements, and Wonbulgyo (Won Buddhism) are utopian alternative religions. I made this argument by analyzing some aspects by which they represented subalterns and offered subalterns a new religio-social status.

Review of the Korean Indigenous Species Investigation Project (2006-2020) by the National Institute of Biological Resources under the Ministry of Environment, Republic of Korea

Review of the Korean Indigenous Species Investigation Project (2006-2020) by the National Institute of Biological Resources under the Ministry of Environment, Republic of Korea

Population Structure and Breed Composition of Indigenous Korean Donggyeong Dogs

Population Structure and Breed Composition of Indigenous Korean Donggyeong Dogs

Myogenic regulatory factors are key players in determining muscle mass and meat quality in Jeju native and Berkshire pigs.

BackgroundMeat from Jeju native pigs (JNPs) is highly popular among Korean consumers; however, the production efficiency is limited due to the low adult body weight. In contrast, the Berkshire breed, which has a genetic background closely related to Asian native pigs, gains weight more efficiently.ObjectivesThis study focused on the differential expression of genes related to muscle growth in postnatal myogenesis between Berkshire and JNPs, specifically the myogenic regulatory factor (MRF) genes (MyoD, Pax7, Myf5, Myf6 and MyBPH). The MRF family is primarily involved in the proliferation and development of muscle.MethodsQualitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses revealed that expression of MyoD and Pax7 was significantly higher in Berkshire pigs than in JNPs. In addition, co‐expression of MyoD and Pax7 was observed in myotubes formed in cultured C2C12 cells. ToppCluster was used to elucidate the relationship between biological processes of the MRFs and muscle‐related signalling pathways.ResultsMyoD and Pax7 are factors essential for the activation of satellite cell during myogenesis. However, the mRNA and protein levels of MyBPH (which is responsible for meat quality, e.g. water content, colour and tenderness) are significantly higher in both 1‐day‐old piglets and adult JNPs than in Berkshire pigs.ConclusionsThis study provides a genetic understanding of myogenesis in the postnatal and adult stages of Berkshire pigs and JNPs. Moreover, these results will help identify marker genes related to muscle mass, growth performance and meat quality in indigenous Korean pig breeds.