Korean Export Research Articles

Gastrodiplomasi Korea Selatan di Indonesia melalui Ekspor Produk Makanan Korea Selatan Periode 2020-2022

Gastrodiplomacy is the diplomacy used by South Korea throughout the world, including Indonesia. Diplomatic activities can basically increase the country's export activities. During the Covid-19 pandemic, South Korean export activities in Indonesia experienced a decline. Therefore, this research aims to increase exports of South Korean food products in Indonesia during the Covid-19 pandemic through South Korean Gastrodiplomacy in Indonesia. In answering these problems, the concepts of gastrodiplomacy and new public diplomacy are used. The research method used is qualitative which aims to find out in depth by exploring and understanding the central issues in the research. The aim of this research is to determine the increase in exports of South Korean food products in Indonesia during the Covid-19 pandemic through gastrodiplomacy. The results of this research are an increase in export activities of South Korean food products in Indonesia and also an increase in the number of Indonesian people's interest in Korean food which directly encourages an increase in export activities of South Korean food products to Indonesia which continues to increase every year.

Learning by exporting: the moderating role of employee human capital

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to explore the means by which exporters foster innovation via the learning-by-exporting effect and to appraise the moderating role of employee human capital in the export–innovation relationship.Design/methodology/approachLeveraging the linked-survey-secondary data from the Human Capital Corporate Panel (HCCP) spanning 2011–2017, with 890 observations from 228 Korean exporters, this study utilizes Generalized Least Squares (GLS) regression to empirically test the proposed hypotheses.FindingsThe results indicate that exporting significantly boosts a firm’s innovation performance by encouraging the generation of new concepts in products, services, technologies and/or production lines. Moreover, the presence of international talent and highly educated staff positively moderates the relationship between export intensity and innovation performance.Originality/valueBy integrating organizational learning and human capital theories, this study yields theoretical and managerial insights by elucidating the roles of exporting and human capital in advancing innovation performance, thereby guiding corporate export strategies and human resource policies.

기술수용모델을 이용한 수출기업의 전자송장도입에 관한 연구

Digital trade refers to the application of digital technology in the traditional trade method, and is evaluated to play a big role in improving the traditional trade process and improving efficiency. In particular, the introduction and use of e-invoicing is evaluated to contribute to the promotion of international trade by minimizing trade transaction costs between the parties to the transaction. The introduction and use of e-invoicing is being discussed in various ways in multilateral, bilateral, and multilateral trade agreements. This study analyzed the effect of innovation and economic feasibility, which are external factors of a company, on the intention to introduce and use e-invoicing systems and use e-invoicing by domestic export companies using the technology acceptance model. In the future, it is judged that the use of e-invoicing by Korean export companies will contribute to innovating and optimizing the global trade process, and it was suggested that it is necessary to actively introduce an e-invoicing system to secure the external competitiveness of Korean export companies.

태국시장에서 한국 수출상품의 국제경쟁력에 관한 연구

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to analyze the competitiveness of Korea’s export products against China, Japan, and Malaysia in the Thai market. Design/Methodology/Approach – The analysis tools used were RCA and TSI to the world and Thailand. Trade volume data was extracted using the UN Comtrade DB for 5 years (2018 to 2022) between Korea and its competitors. Through this analysis, this study examines how each country's competitiveness has changed and presents implications. Findings – The international competitiveness of Korean export products in the Thai market was analyzed using RCA and TSI indices with those of China, Japan, and Malaysia. As a result, Korea's products that were competitive in the global market and those that were competitive in the Thai market showed conflicting results. Products from China, Japan, and Malaysia also showed similar competitiveness. Research Implications – Regarding the degree of TSI in the global market for the analyzed items, Korea has an advantage in items in which it is traditionally strong, such as HS 8542 electronic integrated circuits and HS 8708 automobile parts. In the Thai market, items such as HS 7403 refined copper and copper alloy and HS 3304 cosmetics show strong performance.

A Comprehensive Analysis of Recent Korean Export Performance

A Comprehensive Analysis of Recent Korean Export Performance

Antidumping Duty and Export Deflection to APEC Economies

This study uses detailed product-level data to examine the trade deflection of Korean exports as a result of antidumping (AD) duty impositions. Given that APEC economies account for a large share of Korean exports and that AD duties are imposed on Korean exports, especially by the U.S. and China, this study focuses on Korean export deflection to APEC economies following AD duty impositions from the U.S. and China. We find robust evidence of Korean export deflection within APEC as a result of the imposition of AD duties by the U.S. and China. Moreover, intra-APEC trade deflection is associated with the type of products involved in the AD duty orders. U.S. AD duties have an impact on the export deflection of intermediate products, while Chinese AD duties have an impact on final products, towards APEC economies.

한국의 대브라질 수출의 주요 특성에 관한 연구

Purpose - The Korean economy has been growing rapidly with Five-Year Economic Development Plans since the 1960s. It is generally accepted that foreign trade has been a key factor in the rapid growth of the economy. Initially, the growth of Korean exports was concentrated in a small number of countries. Over time, this high concentration became a threat to the stable growth of the Korean economy. This was the main reason why the need for Korean export diversification emerged.
 Design/Methodology/Approach - Most analyses of Korea's foreign trade by Korean researchers have focused on total exports and important countries. On the other hand, there are not many studies on other small and medium-sized countries. With the recent publication of several papers on Korea's exports to Brazil, it is now possible to examine the characteristics of Korean exports to the Brazilian market as a part of diversification of exports.
 Findings - Integrating four recent papers on Korean exports to Brazil, Chapter 3 discusses their main characteristics; the process of Korean penetration into the Brazilian market, the changes in export trends from Korea to Brazil, the relationship between Korean exports to Brazil, and the Brazilian macroeconomic policy/situation, as well as others.
 Research Implications - Despite the limitations of analyzing only one country, Brazil, this paper not only sheds new light on various characteristics of Korean exports to the Brazilian market, but also suggests new approaches and analytical methods for future research on Korea's foreign trade and export diversification.

한국 수출과 수입의 Marshall-Lerner-Robinson 조건에 대한 실증적 분석

한국 수출과 수입의 Marshall-Lerner-Robinson 조건에 대한 실증적 분석

The Republic of Korea experience of «Smart-Grid» implementing in the post-war recovery of Ukrainian energy system

The aim of the article. The article is devoted to the investigation of the South Korean experience of the «Smart-Grids» implementation in the post-war recovery of the domestic energy system and modernization of the existing power grids in Ukraine. Analysis results. Analyzed the main provisions of «Smart Grids» in the Law of Ukraine «On Energy Efficiency», which are defined as highly intelligent power grids, which functioning due to the ICT use on the basis of the smart meters, allowing independently and efficiently distribution and to manage the power grid. Emphasized the adopted by Ukrainian Government Concept for the implementation of Smart Grids in Ukraine until 2035, the main task of which is to promote the development of national energy system strategy with the creation of a highly intelligent power grid based on the Information and Communications Technologies. It has been proven that the Republic of Korea is one of the first countries where practically implemented a project of the «Smart Grid» introduction and distribution on South-Korea's Jeju-do island, which combines the concept of «Smart City» and «Smart Factory» based on the use of renewable energy sources. Grid technology is one aspect of a general trend towards smart technologies and a large market for Korean export. Smart-Grid technologies include electrical supply grids that use demand response, connectivity and renewable energy sources which increases the energy efficiency of manufacturing entities and households. Due to the high spread of the Internet of Things all around the world the transition to «Smart-Grid» is an imperative of increasing «Smart City» and «Smart Factory» concept in the sustainable development of a State, which includes the use of wearable technologies. That is why, collecting the large amount of data requires a high speed of the internet networks, like 5G. Conclusions and directions for further research. The issue of the actualizing of bilateral collaboration in the field of «Smart Grid» between Ukraine and the Republic of Korea is extremely important for both countries, because for the successful implementation of «Smart Grid» in the existing domestic realities it is necessary to involve practical South-Korean experience and for Korean business partners – Ukraine is a potential foreign market for technological items export, which requires «Smart Grid» industry. Since the time when «Miracle on the Han River» start, the main goal of the South-Korean Government was to find stable sources of energy supply and to cover electricity demand for heavy-industry manufacturing corporations and households from the sources of cheap energy supply. To achieve such goals was established Government-owned entity «Korea Electric Power Corporation» (KEPCO) and the developing of power industry was based on the large-scale centralized power systems, main aim of which was to reduce the cost of energy for long-term South-Korean economy boost

다중 FTA를 활용한 한⋅중 비즈니스 모델 연구: 소비재 수출을 중심으로

Since the establishment of diplomatic relations in 1992, China has developed into Korea's largest exporter. With the Korea-China FTA in 2015 and the RCEP in 2020, conditions have been created for Korean exporters to China to selectively utilize multiple FTA structures. In this regard, this paper studied guidelines and business models for Korean consumer goods exporters to utilize multiple FTAs. First, we designed a guideline by selectively utilizing multiple FTAs based on the criteria for determining the country of origin. In addition, ① a model by changing and combining the composition of raw materials among food products exported to China, ② a model to which the HS code was changed and applied by adjusting the composition of raw materials among foods exported to China, ③ a model that was changed to a classification favorable to the Korea-China FTA through a change in the HS code classification, ④ a model that reduced customs clearance costs by utilizing conditions for exemption from submission of certificates were suggested.

자민족중심주의와 적개심이 한국 수출에 미치는 실증적 연구

As the foreign policy disputes between Korea and China continued, China's economic retaliation against South Korea could be said to have been carried out step by step. Therefore, the hostility of the Chinese government and consumers to Korea is increasing, and the tendency of ethnocentrism is strengthened, which can be explained as the reason for Korea's export deficit to China. Therefore, this study aims to examine how ethnocentrism and hostility, which is the cause of Chinese consumers' negative perception and attitude toward Korean products, affects Korean exports through the intervention of Korean foreign policy. In addition, the purpose of this study is to present two possible research models on whether Korea's exports will increase by using Korea's foreign policy as a moderating variable and to empirically analyze them.
 The results of this study are as follows: First, Chinese consumers' ethnocentrism influences the purchase of products exported to Korea, resulting in a decrease in exports. Additionally, Chinese consumers' ethnocentrism is influenced by Korea's foreign policy. can do. When analyzing Korea's foreign policy as a moderating variable, it is shown that exports to Korea tend to decrease as there is no intention to purchase Korean export products according to the ethnocentrism of Chinese consumers. Second, the effect of Chinese consumers' hostility toward Korea on the export effect shows a positive (+) effect, meaning that even if Chinese consumers have hostility toward Korea, they are not affected by Korean product exports. However, it can be said that the hostility of Chinese consumers is influenced by Korea's foreign policy, and when analyzed using Korea's foreign policy as a moderating variable, there is no intention to purchase Korean export products according to Chinese consumers' hostility, so Korean exports It can be seen that there is a decreasing phenomenon.

우리나라 주요 산업군별 수출수요 결정요인 비교 분석

After COVID-19, supply chain management problems were exposed in the global economy. As a way to prevent this, each country has established a strategy to pursue supply chain localization that expands domestic production from food to strategic products for efficient supply chain management.
 In this study, the export demand function was used to analyze the export determinants by industry by dividing 10 industries of Korea's total exports from 1995 to 2021 for 10 major export destinations. In particular, it was intended to propose a plan to expand agricultural exports in the mid- to long-term by comparing general manufacturing products with agricultural products through empirical analysis.
 As a result of the analysis, it was found that there were differences in factors affecting exports by industry. In particular, in the case of exports of agricultural, forestry and fisheries products, the total production of trading partners, the price of Korean export goods, and whether or not an FTA was signed had a significant impact at the 1% significance level. Although Korea's agriculture accounts for a low proportion of gross domestic product, it is evaluated as a field with various functions at various levels, such as food security and sustainable environmental conservation.
 In the recent growth process of the global agri-food market in the global economy, Korea's agri-food sector is emerging as a blue ocean field. In order to expand the export sector of Korean agricultural products, a national strategy should be established to efficiently combine the roles of agricultural producers, exporters, and the government.

Entrepreneurial Orientation and Export Performance: The Moderating Effect of Absorptive Capacity

The objective of this study is to examine how entrepreneurial orientation and absorptive capacity affect export performance. The topic of entrepreneurial orientation, as an important issue to both practitioners and scholars, has attracted increasing research attention. Although many studies provide support for the positive relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance, a few studies suggest that entrepreneurial orientation may not always enhance firm performance. Research has yet to fully acknowledge the boundary conditions where entrepreneurial orientation increases performance. This study suggests the positive relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and export performance, and the performance implications of entrepreneurial orientation vary depending on a firm’s absorptive capacity. Based on data from Korean exporters, we find the positive effect of entrepreneurial orientation on export performance. We also observe that the performance potential of entrepreneurial orientation varies depending on a firm’s possession of absorptive capacity such as potential and realized absorptive capacity.

Empirical Study on New Product Development and the Corporate Value of Korean Export Manufacturing Firms

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of new product development on corporate value, by analyzing the stock market response to the announcement of new product developments.
 Design/Methodology/Approach - Based on the event study methodology, the empirical analysis sampled 442 new product announcements made by 150 export manufacturing firms listed on the KOSPI and KOSDAQ markets in Korea, for the period 2001-2020.
 Findings - The results support the first hypothesis that the announcement of new product has a positive effect on abnormal returns. In terms of the determinant of the abnormal returns, the firm-specific variables investment opportunities and debt ratio were positively associated, and firm size and free cashflow variables were negatively related to abnormal returns. Being in a high-tech industry was found to have a positive impact. In terms of the Competitive Strategy Measure, the result supported the hypothesis that strategic substitute competition has a greater positive impact on the abnormal return of the announcing firms. R&D intensity and firm dominance were found to be insignificant. The magnitude of newness embedded in a new product was also found to be insignificant.
 Research Implications - This study further extends the existing literature in that it empirically tested the role of a new product on corporate value, and provides an empirical analysis of the determinants that affect the announcing firm’s abnormal returns gained in response to new product announcement, including firm-related variables and the competitive nature of the market.

한국 수출중소기업의 SCM 4.0에 관한 다차원적 결정요인 도출과 성과에 관한 연구

Purpose This study examines multi-dimensional determinants affecting SCM 4.0, and identifies whether innovation orientation plays a role as a mediator between these exogenous variables and SCM 4.0. In addition, this study recognizes whether SCM 4.0 influences Korean export SME operational performance. Design/Methodology/Approach Drawing on the comprehensive perspective in TOE, DOI, and dynamic capability theory, this study hypothesizes that technological uncertainty and the relative advantage of ICT are positively related to innovation orientation as mediating variables between these exogenous variables and SCM 4.0, and leading to performance. Data were obtained through a survey sent to export manufacturing SMEs in Busan and Gyoungnam in Korea. Findings The results suggest that all exogenous variables are mostly significantly related to SCM 4.0. Also, innovation orientation as mediating variables is statistically significant between these exogenous variables and SCM 4.0. In addition, results show that SCM 4.0 influences SMEs operational performance positively. This is a reason for SMEs to implement SCM 4.0. Research Implications This study agrees with the findings of antecedents affirming that SCM 4.0 positively influences a firm’s operational performance primarily by possessing the innovation orientation of the organization. Finally, this study suggests that implementing SCM 4.0 in SMEs may increase a sustainable competitive advantage in a dynamic global SCM environment and corporate value in a long-term perspective.

Achieving superior performance in international markets: the roles of organizational agility and absorptive capacity

PurposeIn the era of Industry 4.0, international firms are required to respond to more complex and frequent changes in the global market. This study aims to explore the role of organizational agility as a key driver to generate superior performance in international markets in the era of technological transformation and how the degree of such impact is affected by the absorptive capacity of companies.Design/methodology/approachThis research uses the results of a survey targeting 228 Korean exporters to identify the link between organizational agility and business performance in the global market under different degrees of potential and achieved absorptive capacity in the Industry 4.0 era.FindingsThe empirical results indicate that companies with a high level of organizational agility outperform their counterparts in the global market. The data further revealed that realized absorptive capacity positively moderates the relationship between organizational agility and firm performance when it is achieved, whereas the moderating role of potential absorptive capacity is not significant.Originality/valueThis research contributes to the advancement of international business studies on organizational agility and Industry 4.0 by highlighting the implication of organizational agility on firm performance and the contingent role of absorptive capacity.

WHO HAS PRICE LEADERSHIP IN PAPRIKA TRADE BETWEEN KOREA AND JAPAN? EVIDENCE FROM THRESHOLD VECTOR AUTOREGRESSIVE MODEL APPROACH

Korea is not only a top paprika exporter to Japan, but also Japan is the largest Korean paprika importer. In this situation, investigating who has price leadership contributes to fill a gap in previous literature. This study examines paprika price relationships between wholesale prices in Korea, import prices in Japan and wholesale prices in Japan using monthly data from 2007 to 2017. A threshold vector autoregressive model (TVAR) and Granger causality test are used to test the price leadership between Korean exporters and Japanese importers. Moreover, forecasted prices based on TVAR show that Korean exporter’s paprika prices will be lower than Japanese importer’s price in the future. The results show that Japanese importers provide price leadership to wholesalers in Korea and Japan. Our findings suggest that paprika farmers could benefit from policies designed to address the trade situation.

The Effect of Digital Trade Competence and the Use of the 4th Industrial Revolution Technologies on Export Performance of Korean Exporting Firms

본 연구는 급변하는 디지털무역 환경에서 한국 수출제조기업의 내부역량인 디지털무역 역량을 결정하는 주요 요인으로 기업의 혁신역량, 해외마케팅역량, 디지털역량을 도출하였고, 기술변화와 경쟁강도를 외부환경요인으로 설정하여 이러한 요인들이 기업의 4차산업혁명기술 활용정도와 수출성과에 미치는 영향을 150개의 수출제조기업에 대한 설문조사를 통해 실증 분석하였다. 연구가설을 SmartPLS(v.3)분석방법을 사용하여 검정한 결과 기업의 디지털무역 역량인 혁신역량과 해외마케팅역량, 디지털역량은 기업의 4차산업혁명기술의 활용정도와 수출성과에 긍정적 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 반면, 외부환경인 시장의 기술변화와 경쟁강도는 기업의 4차산업혁명기술 활용에 직접적으로 유의적인 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 기업이 4차산업혁명기술을 채택하고 활용하는 것은 모든 기업들에게 공통적인 영향을 미치는 외부환경요인보다는 기업의 내부자원인 디지털무역 역량의 확보 및 활용의 중요성이 확인되었고, 4차산업혁명기술의 활용이 기업의 수출성과에도 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다.This study empirically analyzed the relationship between digital trade capabilities of Korean export firms and export performance according to the degree of use of the 4th Industrial Revolution Technology in a rapidly changing digital trade environment. Based on resource-based theory and industrial organization theory, surveys were conducted on 150 companies using the 4th Industrial Revolution Technology, and statistical analysis was conducted through Smart PLS(v.3). As a result, it was found that among the digital trade capabilities of a company, innovation capabilities, overseas marketing capabilities, and digital capabilities have a positive effect on the degree of use and export performance of the company s 4th industrial revolution technology. On the other side, it was found that the technological change and competition intensity of the market, which is an external environment, did not directly affect the use of the 4th industrial revolution technology by companies. Therefore, the importance of securing and utilizing the company s internal resources, digital trade capabilities, rather than external environmental factors that have a common impact on all companies was confirmed, and the use of the 4th industrial revolution technology also had a positive effect on the export performance.

Success or paradox Explaining South Korean export behaviour: spatial spillover effects and destination markets

Success or paradox Explaining South Korean export behaviour: spatial spillover effects and destination markets

A Study on the Strategy of Korean Companies and an Analysis of the Anti-Dumping Systems of Major Countries

Purpose The purpose of this study is to analyze rules of the anti-dumping systems in major countries. Through this analysis, to find the problems of the anti-dumping systems rules and suggest strategy for Korean exporting companies in the future. Design/Methodology/Approach This study analyzed the anti-dumping rules of the US, China, and EU with a focus on the WTO anti-dumping agreement. especially, this study try to increase the effectiveness of the research through the analysis of substantive and procedural rules. so through this rules analysis, It suggest a way to overcome the anti-dumping tariff of companies. Findings Because of increases in uncertainty in the global trade environment, protectionism is spreading. Many countries are abusing anti-dumping tariff systems as a method of trade protection. The anti-dumping rules of major countries are largely similar to WTO anti-dumping agreement. However, based on ambiguous anti-dumping rules, individual countries are abusing the anti-dumping tariff systems. Research Implications Korean export companies are continuously growing, and they are experiencing difficulty in entering overseas markets due to anti-dumping tariffs. To get around this problem, Korean export companies should establish a strategy to avoid being lawsuits for dumping. In addition, after being presented with legal action for dumping, firms must have an effective response