Rubus Coreanus Research Articles

Fermentation properties of beer produced from Korean two-row barley or malt (Gwangmaek) supplemented with Korean red ginseng extracts and Bokbunja (Rubus coreanus Miquel) juice

Fermentation properties of beer produced from Korean two-row barley or malt (Gwangmaek) supplemented with Korean red ginseng extracts and Bokbunja (Rubus coreanus Miquel) juice

LPS로 자극된 RAW 264.7 세포에 대한 제주산 복분자 딸기 추출물의 항염증 효과

Rubus coreabus Miquel are found in the southern part of Korea and their fruits are known to have anticancer, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the suppressive effect of Rubus coreanus Miquel stem and leaf extract (RSL) on the expression of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - induced inflammatory cytokines and mediators has not been yet examined. So, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of Rubus coreabus stem and leaf extract in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cell. In this study, RSL inhibited the generation proinflammatory cytokines such as of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in a concentration dependent manner without no observable toxicity in RAW 264.7 cells. Our results indicate that RSL could be a new source for the ingredients of cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.

Black Raspberry (Rubus coreanus Miquel) Promotes Browning of Preadipocytes and Inguinal White Adipose Tissue in Cold-Induced Mice.

The alteration of white adipose tissue (WAT) “browning”, a change of white into beige fat, has been considered as a new therapeutic strategy to treat obesity. In this study, we investigated the browning effect of black raspberry (Rubus coreanus Miquel) using in vitro and in vivo models. Black raspberry water extract (BRWE) treatment inhibited lipid accumulation in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and zebrafish. To evaluate the thermogenic activity, BRWE was orally administered for 2 weeks, and then, the mice were placed in a 4 °C environment. As a result, BRWE treatment increased rectal temperature and inguinal WAT (iWAT) thermogenesis by inducing the expression of beige fat specific markers such as PR domain zinc-finger protein 16 (PRDM16), uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1α), and t-box protein 1 (TBX1) in cold-exposed mice. Furthermore, ellagic acid (EA), a constituent of BRWE, markedly promoted beige specific markers: UCP1, PGC1α, TBX1, and nuclear respiratory factor 1 in beige differentiation media (DM)-induced 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Our findings indicate that BRWE can promote beige differentiation/activation, and EA is the active compound responsible for such effect. Thus, we suggest the nature-derived agents BRWE and EA as potential agents for obesity treatment.

Characterization and Validation of an “Acute Aerobic Exercise Load” as a Tool to Assess Antioxidative and Anti-inflammatory Nutrition in Healthy Subjects Using a Statistically Integrated Approach in a Comprehensive Clinical Trial

The homeostatic challenge may provide unique opportunities for quantitative assessment of the health-promoting effects of nutritional interventions in healthy individuals. Objective. The present study is aimed at characterizing and validating the use of acute aerobic exercise (AAE) on a treadmill at 60% of VO2max for 30 min, in assessing the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of a nutritional intervention. In a controlled, randomized, parallel trial of Korean black raspberry (KBR) (n = 24/group), fasting blood and urine samples collected before and following the AAE load at either baseline or 4-week follow-up were analyzed for biochemical markers, 1H-NMR metabolomics, and transcriptomics. The AAE was characterized using the placebo data only, and either the placebo or the treatment data were used in the validation. The AAE load generated a total of 50 correlations of 44 selected markers, based on Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis of 105 differential markers. Subsequent mapping of selected markers onto the KEGG pathway dataset showed 127 pathways relevant to the AAE load. Of these, 54 pathways involving 18 key targets were annotated to be related to oxidative stress and inflammation. The biochemical responses were amplified with the AAE load as compared to those with no load, whereas, the metabolomic and transcriptomic responses were downgraded. Furthermore, target-pathway network analysis revealed that the AAE load provided more explanations on how KBR exerted antioxidant effects in healthy subjects (29 pathways involving 12 key targets with AAE vs. 12 pathways involving 2 key targets without AAE). This study provides considerable insight into the molecular changes incurred by AAE and furthers our understanding that AAE-induced homeostatic perturbation could magnify oxidative and inflammatory responses, thereby providing a unique opportunity to test functional foods for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory purposes in clinical settings with healthy subjects.

Effects of Adding Rubus coreanus Miquel Powder on the Quality Characteristics of White Radish Jelly

Effects of Adding <i>Rubus coreanus</i> Miquel Powder on the Quality Characteristics of White Radish Jelly

Free and bound volatile compounds in the Rubus coreanus fruits of different ripening stages.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the free and bound volatiles in the Rubus coreanus (RC) fruits of different ripening stages. Thirty-seven free volatiles and 28 bound volatiles were identified in RC fruit for the first time. The contents of free (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, 1-hexanol, 2-heptanol, β-myrcene, (E), (Z)-β-ocimene, allo-ocimene, linalool, cosmene, α-terpineol, methyl salicylate, eugenol, and β-damascenone remain high, and increased with the ripening of RC fruit. The contents of 11 bound volatiles decreased during the ripening, and became lower than the contents of their free volatiles in the ripe fruit. The ripe black fruit is closely correlated to the free nonanal, sulcatone, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, 1-hexanol, 2-heptanol, 1-heptanol, 1-nonanol, (E)-linalool oxide (furanoid), and β-damascenone, and bound (E)-2-hexen-1-ol and (E)- β-ocimene. The ripe RC fruit is more fruity and floral than unripe fruit. The gradually hydrolyzed bound volatiles can enhance the fruity, floral, and herbaceous odors. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Rubus coreanus (RC) fruit is a functional natural fruit. Both fresh and processed Rubus coreanus fruits including jams, confitures, wine, yogurt, vinegar, and beverages, as well as ingredients in functional foods or cosmetics have been extensively consumed. However, the free and bound aroma compounds in RC fruit have not been well understood. This work illustrates the contributions of free and bound volatiles to the flavor of RC fruit.

Chloroplast DNA-derived markers for the authentication of oriental medicinal Rubus species and mistaken identity of bokbunja in the local markets of Korea

The traditional oriental medicine bokbunja, prepared from immature berries of Rubus coreanus is used as an anti-oxidant, diuretic, and cure for impotence. The bokbunja wine made from fermented fruits of bokbunja has been used as a functional food as well. However, the usage of bokbunja has been problematic over the years due to the abundance of mistakenly identified berries such as Rubus chingii, Rubus crataegifolius, and Rubus occidentalis. Thus, here we developed a method for the molecular differentiation of Rubus species as well as the authentication bokbunja from other Rubus species. We screened several sequences from the chloroplast DNA of these species and found that the rpl16 region was polymorphic for R. coreanus and R. occidentalis, while the trnG–trnS intergenic spacer region was polymorphic for R. chingii and R. crataegifolius. Species-specific primers were designed and a multiplex PCR was performed by combining the markers at the rpl16 and trnG–trnS regions. Amplicons of 686 bp for R. coreanus and 478 bp for R. occidentalis were produced by the primers 5′ Rcor or 5′ Rocci, respectively, with 3′ rpl16; whereas, amplicons of 389 bp for Rubus crataegifolius and 180 bp for R. chingii were produced by 5′ Rcra or 5′ trnG–trnS, respectively, and 3′ Rcra/Rchi. The deduced molecular markers were utilized to authenticate the bokbunja products and demonstrated that the majority of bokbunja samples from the markets were adulterant berries. Hence, our results indicate that the produced molecular markers can serve as an effective tool to authenticate bokbunja.

Differences in anti-inflammatory effect of immature and mature of Rubus coreanus fruits on LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages via NF-\u03baB signal pathways

BackgroundRubus coreanus fruit (RF) has been used as a traditional medicine formulation to treat various diseases including diarrhea, asthma, and cancer in East Asia (Korea, China, and Japan). RF, which is native to Korea, has a larger fruit size than that of exotic species. In this study, we aimed to compare the anti-inflammatory activities of immature and mature RF extracted with different solvents.MethodsMature and immature RF (MRF and IRF) were extracted with 30% ethanol, 70% ethanol and water at room temperature. The antioxidant activity was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) assays. Anti-inflammatory activity was determined by measuring nitric oxide (NO) production, expression of inflammatory proteins (inducible NO synthase [iNOS], cyclooxygenase [COX]-2, nuclear factor [NF]-κB, and inhibitor of NF-κB [IκB]), and inflammatory cytokines using polymerase chain reaction in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages.ResultsThe IRF 30% ethanol extract showed higher radical scavenging activity in DPPH and ABTS assays (half-maximal inhibitory concentration [IC50] 16.0 ± 0.5 and 15.9 ± 0.4) than MRF did. In addition, the IRF 30% ethanol extract (200 μg/mL) significantly reduced the production of the inflammatory mediator NO by approximately 80% and inhibited iNOS, COX-2, phosphorylated (p)-IκB, and p-NF-κB activation compared with MRF. Moreover, IRF extract decreased the inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 compared with the MRF extract.ConclusionsThis study revealed that IRF showed more beneficial effects than MRF did in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, suggesting that IRF may be a useful anti-inflammatory agent.

Isolation and Characterization of Bioactive Compounds from Root of Rubus coreanus Miquel and their Antimicrobial Activity

Rubus coreanus Miquel (RCM), also known as Korean blackberry or bokbunja, is used as a South Korean traditional medicine to treat acne and inflammatory skin conditions. The antimicrobial activity of RCM root and its active compounds remain unclear. In this study, we prepared a 50% ethanol fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and acid-treated ethyl acetate fraction (aglycone fraction) of RCM root, and evaluated antibacterial activities against the skin pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas acnes, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In a paper disc assay, all fractions of RCM root showed antimicrobial activities against the five skin pathogens. The ethyl acetate fraction displayed 6-, 12-, and 2-fold higher minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) than the 50% ethanol fraction against S. aureus, E. coli, and P. acnes, respectively. The aglycone fraction displayed 2-fold higher MIC than methyl paraben against P. acnes, S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa. The ethyl acetate fraction displayed a minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) similar to that of methyl paraben, and the aglycone fraction showed 2- to 4-fold higher MBCs than those of methyl paraben. In particular, the ethyl acetate fraction was not cytotoxic and showed thermal stability after incubation at high temperatures (60-121℃). Finally, the ethyl acetate fraction was separated and four components were identified: procyanidin C, propelagonidin dimer, ellagic acid, and methyl ellagic acid acetyl pentose. The compounds showed high antibacterial activities. These results suggest that RCM root is potentially applicable as a natural preservative in cosmetics.

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Rubus coreanus, an excellent diseases-resistant resource

The wild Rubus species Rubus coreanus, which is widely distributed in east Asia, shows great promise as a genetic resource for breeding. The complete chloroplast genome of the species is 155,405 bp in length, with an 85,322 bp large single copy (LSC) and a 17,693 bp small single copy separated by two inverted repeats. The plastid encodes a total of 132 genes, including 87 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes and eight rRNA genes. The average GC content of the protein coding genes is 39.7%. Maximum-likelihood (ML)-based phylogenetic analysis indicated that the R. coreanus has the closest relationship to R. nievus.

Estrogenic Activity of Sanguiin H-6 through Activation of Estrogen Receptor α Coactivator-binding Site

A popular approach for the study of estrogen receptor α inhibition is to investigate the protein-protein interaction between the estrogen receptor (ER) and the coactivator surface. In our study, we investigated phytochemicals from Rubus coreanus that were able to disrupt ERα and coactivator interaction with an ERα antagonist. The E-screen assay and molecular docking analysis were performed to evaluate the effects of the estrogenic activity of R. coreanus extract and its constituents on the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line. At 100 μg/mL, R. coreanus extract significantly stimulated cell proliferation (574.57 ± 8.56%). Sanguiin H6, which was isolated from R. coreanus, demonstrated the strongest affinity for the ERα coactivator-binding site in molecular docking analysis, with a binding energy of -250.149. The initial results of the study indicated that sanguiin H6 contributed to the estrogenic activity of R. coreanus through the activation of the ERα coactivator-binding site.

Isolation and molecular identification for autochthonous starter Saccharomyces cerevisiae with low biogenic amine synthesis for black raspberry (Rubus coreanus Miquel) wine fermentation.

Biogenic amines (BAs) are widely present in nearly all fermented foods and beverages, and excess consumption can cause adverse health effects. To prepare BA-free Korean black raspberry wine (BRW), four autochthonous starter yeast strains without hazardous BA synthesis activity were selected and their physiological and biochemical properties were examined. The selected strains were identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae based on 26S rDNA sequencing and microsatellite analysis. Molecular fingerprinting revealed that isolates were quite different from commercial wine yeast S. cerevisiae (52.4% similarity), but genetically relevant to commercial beer yeasts. The four S. cerevisiae strains produced over 10% ethanol during BRW fermentation. In addition, the fermented BRW with these strains showed higher levels of total flavonoids and similar antioxidant activity compared to the control sample. Potentially hazardous BAs that commonly occur in black raspberry extract (BRE) such as cadaverine, histamine, and spermidine were also not detected in the fermented BRW. Thus, we suggest that our strains are promising fermentation tools to ensure high quality and enhanced functionality in the production of BA-free BRW.

Application of indigenous Saccharomyces cerevisiae to improve the black raspberry (Rubus coreanus Miquel) vinegar fermentation process and its microbiological and physicochemical analysis.

In order to improve the slow ethanol fermentation during acetic acid fermentation process of black raspberry vinegar (BRV), the microbiological and physicochemical aspects of the effects of indigenous Saccharomyces cerevisiae JBCC-21A were examined. The selected S. cerevisiae JBCC-21A showed better growth and ethanol production rates than the commercial yeast strains. The ethanol production rate was 3-times faster than the traditional method. Acetic acid fermentation by S. cerevisiae JBCC-21A began 10days earlier than the traditional method and reached up to 60g/L acetic acid. Bacterial counts revealed Acetobacter pasteurianus was the only dominant species throughout the inoculated acetic acid fermentation. The physicochemical and functional properties of the fermented vinegar using indigenous S. cerevisiae JBCC-21A maintained a high quality similar to the traditional method, while being the faster fermentation process. Thus, it is suggested that inoculation of the indigenous S. cerevisiae strain in order to shorten the fermentation time without affecting the quality of traditional BRV.

Distinguishing Six Edible Berries Based on Metabolic Pathway and Bioactivity Correlations by Non-targeted Metabolite Profiling.

Berries have been used as valuable sources of polyphenols for human health; however, injudicious uses of berries are widespread without regard to the specific metabolite constituent of each berry. We classified 6 different edible berries (honeyberry, blueberry, mandarin melonberry, mulberry, chokeberry, and Korean black raspberry) based on their metabolite distributions in biosynthetic pathways by non-targeted metabolite profiling and bioactive correlation analysis. Principal component analysis revealed a distinct clustering pattern of metabolites for each berry. Metabolic pathway analysis revealed different biosynthetic routes of secondary metabolites in each berry. Mandarin melonberry contains a relatively higher proportion of genistein, genistein glycoside, and genistein-derived isoflavonoids and prenylflavonoids than the other berries. Various anthocyanin glycosides, synthesized from dihydroquercetin and cyanidin, were more abundant in chokeberry and honeyberry, whereas high levels of flavonoid-and anthocyanins-rutinoside forms were observed in Korean black raspberry. The levels of anthocyanins derived from dihydromyricetin were high in blueberry. The highest anti-oxidant activity was observed in chokeberry and Korean black raspberry, which is positively related to the proportional concentration of flavonoids, phenolics, and anthocyanins. The lowest sugar contents were observed in Korean black raspberry, highest acidity in honeyberry, and lowest acidity in mandarin melonberry, which were specific characteristics among the berries. Taken together, biosynthetic pathway and physicochemical characteristics analyses revealed that the different synthesized routes of flavonoids and anthocyanins and associated bio-activities may be distinct features in each berry and explain their phenotypic diversity at the molecular level.

A7898 Influence of p-Hydroxy-Benzoic acid, Ethyl Gallate, and Methylene chloride Fraction Extracted from Rubus coreanum on Adrenal Catecholamine Release

A7898 Influence of p-Hydroxy-Benzoic acid, Ethyl Gallate, and Methylene chloride Fraction Extracted from Rubus coreanum on Adrenal Catecholamine Release

A protective and antioxidant and whitening effect of B16F10 melanoma cell induced by ultraviolet A by Rubus coreanus Miquel extract

A protective and antioxidant and whitening effect of B16F10 melanoma cell induced by ultraviolet A by Rubus coreanus Miquel extract

Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from immature fruits of Rubus coreanus and its catalytic activity for degradation of industrial dye

This study disclosed the aqueous immature fruits extract of Rubus coreanus act as a reducing and capping precursor for co-precipitation method in the synthesis Rubus coreanus zinc oxide nanoparticle (Rc-ZnO NPs). The development of Rc-ZnO was assured by white precipitated powder and analyzed by spectroscopic and analytical instruments. The UV–vis (UV–vis) studies indicate the maximum absorbance at 357 nm which confirmed the formation of ZnO NPs. Field emission transmission electron microscopy (FE-TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) showed the purity, functional group and monodispersity of ZnO NPs). The NPs is 23.16 nm in size, crystalline in nature and possess hexagonal wurtzite structure and all this property were revealed by x-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The Rc-ZnO NPs were subjected for catalytic studies. The Malachite Green dye was degraded by Rc- ZnO NPs in both dark and light (indoor light) conditions and it degraded about 90% at 4 h’ observation in both cases. The biodegradable, low cost Rc-ZnO NPs can be a better weapon for waste water treatment at day and night time for the safety of environment.

국산 과실주의 라디컬 소거능 활성

Domestic fruit wines, including apple, grape, Moru, and Korean black raspberry wines, contain a wide variety of phenolic compounds with different antioxidant activity. In this study, we established a simple and reliable on-line HPLC-ABTS assay system for determination of the antioxidative characteristics of fruit wines. The quantitative analytical assay of the antioxidative properties of fruit wines was carried out using an HPLC equipped with reverse-phase C18 column, employing acetonitrile and water as gradient mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min and a detection wavelength of UV 320 nm (1st detector) and UV 734 nm (2nd detector). Among fruit wines, Moru wine showed the highest total phenolics and flavonoids content, as well as radical scavenging activity. The differences in radical scavenging activities were attributed to the structural differences in phenolic compound contents. In addition, between on-line HPLC-ABTS analysis and ABTS assay using a spectrophotometric assay gave a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9527. All in all, the present study demonstrates that the established on-line HPLC-ABTS method is simple and reliable, and can thus be used for the determination of the antioxidative characteristics of fruit wines.

Quality Characteristics and Antioxidant Activities of Wet Noodles added with Rubus coreanus Miquel Powder

Quality Characteristics and Antioxidant Activities of Wet Noodles added with Rubus coreanus Miquel Powder

Inactivation of norovirus surrogates by kimchi fermentation in the presence of black raspberry

Kimchi, a food made of seasoned vegetables is probiotic-rich when fermented. Recent increases in the consumption of commercially-made kimchi have resulted in norovirus outbreaks in schools where freshly-prepared kimchi is served. We previously showed that black raspberry (Rubus coreanus) seed extract (RCS), inactivated murine norovirus (MNV) and feline calicivirus (FCV). The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiviral effects of RCS on MNV and FCV in kimchi fermentation for 50 days, during which fresh baechu kimchi became optimally ripened and acidic (∼pH 4.3). During the fermentation period, recovered FCV titers were significantly reduced by 1.7 log PFU/ml at day 0, to undetectable levels at day 30, primarily due to the effects of RCS and the acidic pH produced by lactic acid bacteria. In contrast, recovered MNV titers were reduced by 1.1 and 2.1 log PFU/ml at days 0 and 50, respectively, by kimchi seasonings with RCS. Two seasoning ingredients, red pepper and garlic, showed significant antiviral effects on MNV, and their major components, capsaicin and alliin at 10–200 μM, inhibited MNV in a concentration-dependent manner. Optimally ripened kimchi in the presence of RCS can thus provide the potential to reduce norovirus outbreaks in catering service settings.