Korean Black Goats Research Articles

Physicochemical Properties of Korean Black Goat Sausage with Aronia melanocarpa Powder

Physicochemical Properties of Korean Black Goat Sausage with Aronia melanocarpa Powder

Recombinant Expression in Bacillus megaterium and Biochemical Characterization of Exo-Mannered Glycosyl Hydrolase Family 43 α-L-Arabinofuranosidase from the Korean Black Goat Rumen Metagenome

There is no doubt that ruminants have the capability to digest lignocellulosic compounds and to utilize them as an absorbable form of energy by tapping into enzymes produced by the microbial population in their rumens. Among the rumens of various ruminants, this study focused on Korean goat rumens because of their unique digestibility of lignocellulosic biomasses. Therefore, a novel Gene12 gene was screened and unmasked from the constructed rumen metagenomic library of a Korean black goat and expressed in a Bacillus megaterium system. The recombinant protein was distinguished as a novel α-L-arabinofuranosidase enzyme from glycosyl hydrolase family 43 (GH43) for its capability to hydrolyze the non-reducing end of α-1,5-L-arabinofuranose linkages in α-L-arabinofuranosyl groups. The enzyme can also break apart α-L-arabinofuranosidic linkages and act synergistically with other hemicellulolytic enzymes to release α-1,2- and α-1,3-L-arabinofuranosyl groups from L-arabinose-comprising polysaccharides. In silico, phylogenetic, and computational analyses proclaimed that the Gene12 gene encodes a novel carbohydrate-active enzyme possessing a V-shaped indentation of the GH43 catalytic and functional domain (carbohydrate-binding module 6). The recombinant Gene12 protein has shared 81% sequence homology with other members of the GH43 family. Enzymic synopses (optimal pH, temperatures, and stability studies) of the recombinant Gene12 enzyme and its substrate specificity (synthetic and natural substrates) profiling were considered. The recombinant Gene12 α-L-arabinofuranosidase works best at pH 6.0 and 40 °C, and it is stable at pH 4.0 to 7.0 at temperatures of 20 to 50 °C. Additionally, 5-blended β-sheets were identified through a tertiary (3D) structure analysis along with the high substrate specificity against p-nitrophenyl-D-arabinofuranoside (pNPA). The highest substrate specificity of pNPA for Gene12 α-L-arabinofuranosidase indicated its confirmation as an exo-type arabinofuronidase. The results thus propose using the Gene12 protein as an exo-mannered GH43 α-L-arabinofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.55) enzyme.

Optimization of Gelatin Extracting Condition from Korean Native Black Goat Skin and Quality Comparison with Commercial Gelatin.

The practical use of Korean native black goat skin as a source of gelatin extraction is limited. The objective of this study was to optimize the extraction temperature and time of gelatin from Korean native black goat skin, and to compare the quality characteristics of goat skin gelatin and other commercial gelatin products. Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the extraction temperature and time of gelatin obtained from native Korean black goat skin. The effects of temperature (50°C-70°C) and time (2-4 h) on extraction yield and gel strength were investigated using a face-centered central composite design with 13 experiments. Gelatin extraction from Korean native black goat skin was prepared through the serial processes of alkali pre-treatment, bleaching, neutralization, hot-water extraction, and freeze-drying. Using the optimization plot of Minitab software, the optimized conditions for extracting temperature and time of goat skin gelatin were 59.49°C and 3.03 h, and the optimized values of extraction yield and gel strength were 12.52% and 263.37 g, respectively. Based on a quality comparison of goat skin gelatin with commercial gelatin, the pH value of gelatin extracted from Korean native black goat skin was 5.57. The color of gelatin extracted from Korean native black goat skin was darker than that of commercial gelatin (p<0.05). Higher emulsifying properties and gel strength of goat skin gelatin were observed when compared to those of commercial gelatin (p<0.05). Therefore, the results of this study indicate that Korean native black goat skin may be a valuable source for gelatin extraction.

조리방법이 흑염소 교잡종 등심의 영양적 조성 및 연도에 미치는 영향

This study investigated the effect of cooking method on the nutritional composition and tenderness of loin from Korean black goat crossbreed to apply the goat meat to senior-friendly foods. The samples of loins were grilled to medium (71°C) or boiled for 1 h, and then utilized for the measurements of proximate composition, energy, vitamin A, niacin, and amino acid contents, and texture profiles. The boiled goat loin contained lower (p&lt;0.05) moisture content and higher (p&lt;0.05) fat, protein, and energy contents compared to the grilled goat loin. Protein contents of two groups were more than 5 times higher than senior-friendly food standards. Vitamin A and niacin contents were not significantly different between two cooking methods, but niacin contents of two groups were more than 2.8 times higher than senior-friendly food standards. Significant differences were not observed for total, nonessential, and essential amino acid contents between boiled and grilled goat loins. The boiled loin had more than 1.8 times lower (p&lt;0.05) hardness, springiness, gumminess, and chewiness compared to the grilled loin, and hardness of that confirmed the level 1 of senior-friendly food standards. These findings suggest that boiling can make the loin from Korean black goat crossbreed tender enough for seniors to eat. However, the addition of nutrients may be needed to apply the goat meat to senior-friendly foods.

Comparison of the Efficacy of Disinfectants to Control Caseous Lymphadenitis in Korean Black Goat Farms

Comparison of the Efficacy of Disinfectants to Control Caseous Lymphadenitis in Korean Black Goat Farms

PSXII-4 Estrus Synchronization and Artificial Insemination in Korean Black Goats Using Frozen-Thawed Semen

Abstract Korean black goat (Capra hircus coreanae) populations are dwindling and facing genetic erosion due to artificial insemination. Here, we introduced an estrus synchronization method for Korean black goats to enable crossbreeding with non-native breeds on small farms and investigated the application of estrus synchronization and artificial insemination in Korean black goats. Semen was obtained using electro-ejaculation and preserved using a conventional and simple freezing method. Pre- and post-freezing semen was analyzed using computer-assisted sperm analysis, as per the Food Standards Agency 2011 guidelines. The percentage of motile sperm in the electro-ejaculated samples declined significantly after freezing and thawing. However, this did not influence the artificial insemination results. In addition, the incubation period was positively correlated with sperm motility decline in the frozen-thawed sperm samples. Blood progesterone (P4) and estrogen (E2) concentrations were also analyzed to determine the optimal artificial insemination time in estrus-synchronized Korean black goats. The blood samples were collected from a jugular vein at approximately 0900 daily for 5 days. Subsequently, the serum was obtained using centrifugation and stored at -70°C until analysis. Although the P4 and E2 concentrations were generally unaffected by the estrous synchronization method, the controlled internal drug release + prostaglandin F2α + pregnant mare serum gonadotropin method yielded a 42.9% parturition rate after artificial insemination. In the present study, an offspring from an estrus-synchronized Korean black goat was successfully produced by artificial insemination using frozen-thawed semen. The successful cryopreservation of semen for artificial insemination was substantiated with sperm motility and pregnancy rates. In the future, additional studies of estrus synchronization for the artificial insemination of Korean black goats are needed. Our results are expected to significantly contribute to the Korean black goat breeding industry.

Determination of Maintenance Energy Requirements for Fattening Castrated Korean Black Goats (Capra hircus coreanae)

Simple SummaryThe energy required for fattening castrated Korean black goats was estimated using the correlation between metabolic energy intake per dietary body weight and average daily gain per dietary body weight. The Y-axis intercept value was the metabolic energy requirement for maintaining the lives of the fattening Korean black goats. It was calculated to be 108.76 kcal/kg BW0.75 (p < 0.05, r2 = 0.6036).Twelve adult (10 months old) castrated Korean black goats, with an average initial body weight of 24.98 ± 3.7 kg, were used in this experiment to determine their maintenance energy requirements. Dry matter intakes (g/d, p = 0.945) were not affected by energy levels, but metabolic energy intake (kcal/d, p < 0.002) and average daily gain (g/d, p < 0.001) were significantly increased at higher energy levels. Nutrient digestibility was similar in the treatments, but crude fat digestibility increased with the addition of protective fat powder (p = 0.001). The energy required for fattening the castrated Korean black goats was estimated using the correlation between metabolic energy intake per dietary body weight and average daily gain per dietary body weight. The Y-axis intercept value was calculated to be 108.76 kcal/kg BW0.75 (p < 0.05, r2 = 0.6036), which was the metabolic energy requirement for maintaining the lives of the fattening Korean black goats. The estimated energy requirements of the black goat can improve specification techniques, such as the energy level and the amount of feed supply required for domestic black goats.

Histological and lectin histochemical studies in the vomeronasal organ of the Korean black goat, Capra hircus coreanae

We examined the localization of olfactory marker protein (OMP), protein gene product9.5 (PGP9.5), and glycan diversity in the vomeronasal organ (VNO) of the Korean black goat (Capra hircus coreanae) during the prenatal and postnatal periods using immunohistochemistry and lectin histochemistry. In fetal and 1-day-old goats, OMP was occasionally identified in receptor cells of the VNO sensory epithelium, and PGP9.5 was localized in both the sensory and non-sensory epithelia. In VNO from adult goats, OMP was abundant in the sensory epithelium and scarce in single cells of the non-sensory epithelium. These results suggest that OMP production is initiated in the VNO sensory epithelium (VNE) during the fetal stage, and that its activity is increased in adult VNO receptor cells and solitary cells in the non-sensory epithelium (VNSE). Furthermore, the free borders of the sensory epithelia were positive for 7 lectins, and 6 lectins were moderately and/or highly abundant in receptor cells. Supporting and basal cells, and nerve bundles had similar expression patterns. In VNE, 7 lectins were observed in the free border, and 6 in ciliated, goblet, and basal cells, and in gland acini. The intensities of WGA, LCA, and PNA were high in VSE receptor cells, and the intensity of PNA was high in ciliated cells of the VNSE. The other 3 lectins showed similar patterns throughout development. Collectively, these results confirm that the Korean black goat VNO starts developing during the late fetal stages and differentiates further after birth.

Estrus synchronization and artificial insemination in Korean black goat (Capra hircus coreanae) using frozen-thawed semen.

Presently, there is an increased demand for livestock products all over the world which has led to more devotion on improving livestock population. Although goats have been bred for a long time in Korea, but there is not much research conducted on traditional Korean black goat (Capra hircus coreanae) compared to other livestock populations. Mutton consumption has been dramatically changing from medicinal use to edible meat and this trend directs the black goat populations declining and also mutton import quantities are increasing consistently. The present study introduced a new estrus synchronizing technique with subsequent artificial insemination (AI) for Korean black goats to enable crossbreeding with non-native breeds for the small or subsistent farmers. Our data highlighted that, the percentage of motile sperm from the electro-ejaculated samples declined significantly after freezing and melting. In addition, the sperm motility significantly declined with regard to sperm incubation period (0, 5, 60, and 120 min at 37°C) and was negatively correlated (64.2 ± 7.9%, 63.3 ± 5.8%, 49.9 ± 6.3%, and 35.9 ± 7.6%, respectively) in frozen-thawed sperm samples. Moreover, the E2 levels were unchanged even 24 h after controlled internal drug releas (CIDR) withdrawal. But, 48 h and 72 h after CIDR removal, E2 levels increased significantly. These data helps us to consider the two time points for AI; CIDR removal after 24 h, at which E2 decreases, and after 48 h, as the time at which progesterone increases. Additionally, the AI after 48 h of CIDR removal group exhibited significantly higher pregnancy and parturition rates (42.9%) compared to AI after 24 h after CIDR removal 28.6% group. In conclusion, these studies will propose an optimal estrus synchronisation process with subsequent timing of AI and also will promote the Korean black goat breeding industry.

PSX-32 Prediction of energy requirements for maintenance and growth of female Korean black goats

Abstract The consumption of goat has changed from medicinal to meat in Korea. Thus, the population of Korean black goats (KBG) are continuously increased in recent years. However, the nutrition requirement of KBG has not been clearly defined. Therefore, this study was conducted to predict the energy requirements for maintenance and growth of female Korean black goats during their growth and pregnancy phases. Fifty female goats (18.7±0.27 kg) in their growth phase with an average age of 5 months were stratified by weight and randomly assigned into 5 groups. They were fed 5 diets varying in metabolic energy (ME) [2.32 (G1), 2.49 (G2), 2.74 (G3), 2.99 (G4), and 3.24 (G5) Mcal/kg] until they were 9-month-old. After natural breeding, 50 female goats (30.7±0.59 kg) were stratified by weight and randomly assigned into 5 groups. They were fed 5 diets varying in ME [2.32 (P1), 2.43 (P2), 2.55 (P3), 2.66 (P4), and 2.78 (P5) Mcal/kg]. The average feed intake ranged between 1.5 and 2.0% of the body weight (BW), and there was no significant difference between the treatment groups with goats in growth or pregnancy phases. Average daily gain (ADG) in diet demand during the growth phase increased with an increasing ME density and ranged from 46 to 69 g/d (P &amp;lt; 0.01). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) improved with the ME density during the growth phase (P &amp;lt; 0.01). The intercept of the regression equation between ME intake and ADG indicated that energy requirement for maintenance of goats during growth and pregnancy phases was 103.53 kcal/BW0.75 and 102.7 kcal/BW0.75, respectively. These results may serve as a basis for the establishment of goat feeding standards in Korea. Further studies are required to assess the nutrient requirement of goats using various methods for improving accuracy.

Prediction of Energy Requirements for Maintenance and Growth of Female Korean Black Goats

Prediction of Energy Requirements for Maintenance and Growth of Female Korean Black Goats

PSXIII-22 Changes of reproductive hormones and pregnancy rate with different estrus synchronization methods in Korean black goats.

PSXIII-22 Changes of reproductive hormones and pregnancy rate with different estrus synchronization methods in Korean black goats.

Comparison of Blood Loss and Meat Quality Characteristics in Korean Black Goat Subjected to Head-Only Electrical Stunning or without Stunning.

This study assessed the effects of non-stunning (NS) and head-only electrical stunning (HOES) slaughtering condition on meat quality traits of longissimus lumborum (LL) muscle from Korean black goat (KBG). Ten KBGs (18 months) were assigned into two groups and exposed to either NS or HOES treatments. Blood loss (BL) % was measured after exsanguination, and meat quality traits including muscle pH, meat color measurements (CIE L*, a*, b*, Chroma, and hue angle), water-holding capacity (WHC), Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), and sarcomere length were measured at 24 h postmortem. Results indicated that NS and HOES had no significant difference on BL %, the rate of pH decline, meat color properties, and WHC (p>0.05). It has only a small effect on WBSF and sarcomere length values, but the difference was marginal. These results suggested that meat quality of LL muscle from goat might not be affected by slaughter methods because neither NS nor HOES did result in poor quality of meat.

Metagenomic Mining and Functional Characterization of a Novel KG51 Bifunctional Cellulase/Hemicellulase from Black Goat Rumen.

A novel KG51 gene was isolated from a metagenomic library of Korean black goat rumen and its recombinant protein was characterized as a bifunctional enzyme (cellulase/hemicellulase). In silico sequence and domain analyses revealed that the KG51 gene encodes a novel carbohydrate-active enzyme that possesses a salad-bowl-like shaped glycosyl hydrolase family 5 (GH5) catalytic domain but, at best, 41% sequence identity with other homologous GH5 proteins. Enzymatic profiles (optimum pH values and temperatures, as well as pH and thermal stabilities) of the recombinant KG51 bifunctional enzyme were also determined. On the basis of the substrate specificity data, the KG51 enzyme exhibited relatively strong cellulase (endo-β-1,4-glucanase [EC 3.2.1.4]) and hemicellulase (mannan endo-β-1,4-mannosidase [EC 3.2.1.78] and endo-β-1,4-xylanase [EC 3.2.1.8]) activities, but no exo-β-1,4-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.74), exo-β-1,4-glucan cellobiohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.91), and exo-1,4-β-xylosidase (EC 3.2.1.37) activities. Finally, the potential industrial applicability of the KG51 enzyme was tested in the preparation of prebiotic konjac glucomannan hydrolysates.

Differential characterization of myogenic satellite cells with linolenic and retinoic acid in the presence of thiazolidinediones from prepubertal Korean black goats.

ObjectiveMyogenic satellite cells were isolated from semitendinosus muscle of prepubertal Korean black goat to observe the differential effect of linolenic and retinoic acid in thepresence of thiazolidinediones (TZD) and also to observe the production insulin sensitive preadipocyte.MethodsCells were characterized for their stemness with cluster of differentiation 34 (CD34), CD13, CD106, CD44, Vimentin surface markers using flow cytometry. Cells characterized themselves as possessing significant (p<0.05) levels of CD13, CD34, CD106, Vimentin revealing their stemness potential. Goat myogenic satellite cells also exhibited CD44, indicating that they possessed a % of stemness factors of adipose lineage apart from their inherent stemness of paxillin factors 3/7.ResultsCells during proliferation stayed absolutely and firmly within the myogenic fate without any external cues and continued to show a significant (p<0.05) fusion index % to express myogenic differentiation, myosin heavy chain, and smooth muscle actin in 2% horse serum. However, confluent myogenic satellite cells were the ones easily turning into adipogenic lineage. Intriguingly, upregulation in adipose specific genetic markers such as peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor γ, adiponectin, lipoprotein lipase, and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α were observed and confirmed in all given treatments. However, the amount of adipogenesis was found to be statistically significant (p<0.01) with linolenic acid as compared to retinoic acid in combination with TZD’s.ConclusionRetinoic acid was found to produce smaller preadipocytes which have been assumed to have insulin sensitization and hence retinoic acid could be used as a potential agent to sensitize tissues to insulin in combination with TZD’s to treat diabetic conditions in humans and animals in future.

Uterine Prolapse in a Korean Black Goat

Uterine Prolapse in a Korean Black Goat

Laparoscopic Transabdominal Transfer of Blastocysts in Korean Black Goats

Laparoscopic Transabdominal Transfer of Blastocysts in Korean Black Goats

국내 흑염소에서의 소결핵, 브루셀라, Q fever 유병률 연구

국내 흑염소에서의 소결핵, 브루셀라, Q fever 유병률 연구

Effects of Total Mixed Rations with Corn on Growth and Meat Quality of Castrated Korean Black Goats

Effects of Total Mixed Rations with Corn on Growth and Meat Quality of Castrated Korean Black Goats

Transcervical Embryo Recovery in Korean Black Goats: A Preliminary Experiment

Transcervical Embryo Recovery in Korean Black Goats: A Preliminary Experiment