Korea Ministry Research Articles

Deterring North Korea with Non-Nuclear High-Tech Weapons: Building a “3K+” Strategy and Its Applications

The Republic of Korea (ROK) Ministry of National Defense (MND) should support and guarantee the process of peaceful and diplomatic denuclearization by providing a perfect deterrence posture that can cope with any contingencies, while being especially cautious so as not to ignite political tensions. For that purpose, strengthening the ROK’s own deterrence capability against the North Korean military threat is becoming more and more important. This is especially true because the North Korean ICBM capability, which is assessed to be completed in a short time, is believed to be able to pose the so-called “decoupling situation” on the Peninsula, by an increasing number of people. Although it is not certain the decoupling may really happen even if the North does finally achieve ICBM capability, this is a problem that cannot be ignored, since more and more people are worrying about it. Several non-nuclear high-tech weapon systems and masterful tactics to apply them in the Korean situation raise the possibility of dramatically strengthening the overall deterrence posture against North Korean threat without any additional nuclear measures. From now on, the ROK MND should formulate a new version of the ROK’s own deterrence strategy against the North, the “3K+” which tries to utilize the new possibilities provided by several conventional high-tech weapons, together with the pre-existing 3K systems (Kill Chain, KAMD, and KMPR). The new strategy should be built more systematically to overwhelm any possible North Korean military ambitions in advance, defeating any and all military capabilities that the North is expected to strive for in the future. As Sun Tzu taught, the highest strategy can frustrate the enemy into surrendering, even without a fight.

생멸치와 시판 마른멸치의 이화학적 및 미생물학적 특성

This study was amis to look into the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of the raw anchovies and boiled-dried anchovies on the market. Depending on the storage temperature of raw anchovies, the physicochemical and microbiological changes were identified during different temperature storage. The samples were stored at 5℃ and 20℃, for 72 hours respectively for an experiment. As a result, it was found that pH ranges from 5.97 to 6.70 at 5℃ and from 5.97 to 7.33 at 20℃. Volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) was found to range from 8.11 to 50.87 mg/100 g at 5℃, and from 8.11 to 267.88 mg/100 g at 20℃. Histamine ranged from 0.86 to 38.43 mg/kg at 5℃, and from 0.86 to 230.31 mg/kg at 20℃. Peroxide value (POV) and acid value (AV) ranged from 24.33 to 211.02 meq/kg and from 15.6 to 42.2 mg KOH/g at 5℃ respectively, and also from 24.33 to 283.80 meq/kg and from 15.6 to 85.0 mg KOH/g at 20℃ respectively. Viable cell count was found to be too numerous to count (TNTC) under the condition of 5℃ in 72 hours, and 20℃ in 24 hours. Yeast & molds and coliform group were not found both at 5℃ and 20℃.BR According to the size of boiled-dried anchovies on the market, the physicochemical and microbiological characteristic of it were investigated. Proximate composition of boiled-dried anchovies for the different sizes were 24.4∼30.1% moisture, 7.8∼14.2% crude lipid, 44.6∼50.6% crude protein and 13.1∼16.0 Ash, respectively. The result of an expriment, while salinity, histamin and microorganism were within the criteria, water phase salt (WPS), and water activity exceeded specification for the Korea Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (KMFDS), US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Codex Alimentarius Commission (CODEX).

The relationship between press release and newspaper coverage of tobacco-related issues in South Korea.

This study investigates an association between press release and news media response on tobacco-related issues in South Korea. We retrieved 231 tobacco-related newspaper articles from all major dailies throughout the year 2005. In total, 37 press releases on tobacco-related issues and policies published by the Korea Ministry of Health and Welfare were obtained from the Ministry website. Content analysis and appropriate statistical tests were performed. Results from our content analysis suggest that producing more press releases on tobacco-related issues may result in a greater volume of newspaper articles, and that a press release on a new topical issue may effect more intense media coverage. Findings also show that when Korean newspaper articles overall held less favorable views of tobacco-related policies and programs in 2005, taxation was the most frequent theme with a non-positive opinion. Findings from our multivariate logistic regression models imply that a newspaper article with a source press release-especially about a new topical issue-is more likely than an article without a source press release to discuss tobacco-related issues more positively. Our findings suggest that a press release may serve as an effective media strategy for reaching out to the public by disseminating tobacco-control efforts and policies.

Cholesterol analysis of Korean eat-out foods for national food composition database.

Information on cholesterol intake through restaurant meal is of high concern because of increasing eat-out population. Since nutrient labeling is not mandatory for restaurant food in Korea, cholesterol database on restaurant menu is unavailable. This study was performed to construct regional and national cholesterol database on primary Korean restaurant foods including 30 soup/stew, 24 rice dishes, and 27 noodles. From 2009 to 2012, Korea Ministry of Food and Drug Safety collected total 5832 foods (81 food types ×6 regions ×12 restaurants) nationwide and then 486 composites representing food types and regions were prepared for cholesterol analysis. Cholesterol contents of 486 composite samples were highly affected by recipe, food type, seasonality of ingredients, and geographical location, showing the range of 1.1-143.0, 1.5-85.1, and 0.4-62.2mg/100g for soup/stew, rice dishes, and noodles, respectively. The highest cholesterol value was observed in Al-tang (spicy fish roe soup) while Maemil-guksu (buckwheat noodle in beef stock) showed the lowest among all samples. Most foods contain relatively low cholesterol content, but the serving size and consumption frequency of dishes should be considered in order not to exceed the recommended daily intake limit (300mg cholesterol). Saponification coupled with gas chromatography applied for cholesterol analysis was reliable based on accuracy (95%>recovery) and precision (repeatability<4% and reproducibility<8%). Quality control chart monitored for 4years showed that all analyses were under the control. This study provides reliable and representative cholesterol contents of Korean restaurant key foods, which can be utilized for assessments of cholesterol intake in the current Korean diet.

Anti‑wrinkle effect of fermented black ginseng on human fibroblasts.

Fermented black ginseng(FBG) is processed by the repeated steaming and drying of fresh ginseng followed by fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is known to possess anti‑oxidative effects. Skin wrinkle formation is associated with oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions. The aim of this study was to determine whether FBG possesses anti‑wrinkle activity using human fibroblasts(HS68). According to the Korea Ministry of Food and Drug Safety(MFDS) guidelines for the evaluation of the efficacy of functional anti‑wrinkle cosmetics, we attempted to elucidate the effects of FBG on typeI procollagen, matrix metalloproteinase(MMP)‑1, MMP‑2, MMP‑9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‑2(TIMP‑2). In addition, the eye irritation potential of FBG was examined using the EpiOcular‑EIT kit. Our results revealed that FBG was not cytotoxic at concentrations<10µg/ml. It was considered as safe for the eyes at concentrations of up to 100µg/ml. Treatment with FBG at concentrations from 0.3to 10µg/ml significantly(P<0.05) increased the typeI procollagen expression levels from 117.61±1.51 to 129.95±4.47% in the human fibroblasts. By contrast, FBG significantly(P<0.05) decreased the MMP‑1 expression level from 18.41±4.95 to 27.41±3.96%. FBG at 3µg/ml also increased the expression of TIMP‑2 up to154.55%. However, FBG at 10µg/ml decreased the expression levels of MMP‑2 and MMP‑9 to 45.15and66.65%, respectively. These results suggest that FBG has potential anti‑wrinkle effects as a potential ingredient in cosmetics.

Valuation of the image analysis method using statistics for determining the floc size and settling velocity in ballasted flocculation

This subject is supported by Korea Ministry of Environment as Global Top Project (2016002110006).

Caries Prevalence in Korean Children and Adolescents from 2000 to 2012.

National oral health data is required to assess a population's oral health needs, monitor oral health, plan effective intervention community programs and health policies, and evaluate progress toward health objectives. The study aimed to estimate the prevalence, severity, and inequality in dental caries distribution among Korean young people. Trained, calibrated examiners at the Korea Ministry of Health & Welfare conducted epidemiological surveys in 2000, 2006, and 2012 during which dental caries were assessed according to World Health Organization (WHO) diagnostic criteria. Decayed, missing, and filled surface and tooth (DMFS/DMFT) indices were estimated. DMFT indices decreased in all regions between 2000 and 2012, with values of 3.3, 2.2, and 1.8 for 12-year-old children in 2000, 2006, and 2012, respectively. The prevalence of caries was higher among female versus male subjects and in rural versus urban areas. Despite the observed decrease in caries experience indicators in Korea, the caries prevalence remains considerably higher than that in European countries and than the targets set by WHO within the Health21 policy framework. Therefore, Korea apparently retains further potential for caries reduction. Community-based oral disease prevention programs are urgently needed to promote oral health.

Effects of Human Capital on the Economic Adjustment of North Korean Defectors

I. IntroductionAs of March 2016, more than 29,000 North Korean defectors are settled in South Korea (Ministry of Unification 2016); this group comprises 0.06% of the country's population. The number will exponentially increase if South and North Korea decide to integrate or unify their economies.According to the previous studies, North Korean defectors encounter difficulties when they resettle in South Korea (Jeon 2007; Yi et al. 2007; Yoon 2009). Despite government subsidies, unemployment rate and income considerably differ between South Korean citizens and North Korean defectors. In 2015, the unemployment rate of South Korean citizens was 3.6%, whereas that of North Korean defectors reached 4.8%; moreover, the average monthly wage of defectors was 1.55 million won, which was only 44% of the average monthly wage of South Koreans at 3.49 million won (Korea Hana Foundation 2016; Statistics Korea 2016). Additionally, the separation between these two groups and the differences in their economic and political experiences for 70 years may cause disparity in various aspects. A number of North Korean defectors experience mental or psychological trauma when settling in South Korea.The successful resettlement of North Korean defectors in South Korea is important for the welfare and integration of the two countries. The capability of North Koreans to adapt successfully and quickly to South Korean society can significantly reduce reunification cost. Otherwise, reunification cost and social discord between North and South Koreans can increase dramatically. Social conflicts may also indicate a possibility of political instability of reunified Korea.Important systematic studies on the adjustment of North Korean defectors in South Korea remain lacking. Even studies on the adaptation of immigrants have not reached a consensus on the key determinants of their outcomes (Yang 1994; Safi2010). Factors, such as self-selection of immigrants and the characteristics of their origin and settlement countries, complicate the issue. Apart from these challenges, research on North Korean defectors faces severe deficiencies in terms of data, which is detrimental for conducting quantitative research. Researchers also often fail to obtain sufficient information on the variables of defector experiences in South and North Korea. For example, the surveys of Korea Hana Foundation, the official institution that assists North Korean defectors in South Korea, only cover issues on their experience in South Korean society.The present study uses data of North Korean defectors obtained from a three-wave survey administered by a team of researchers from the Economics Department of Seoul National University. The survey was conducted in August 2011, May 2014, and June 2015 with respective participants of 132, 161, and 191.1 Seoul National University implemented the first wave, whereas Nielsen Korea conducted the last two. The sample of the first wave was constructed via snowball method through personal contacts. The sample population of the first wave is defectors aged 20 or older who leftNorth Korea within a year before the survey. The samples for the second and third waves were stratified by age, sex, and year of entry in South Korea. These samples were randomly drawn from the population of North Korean defectors aged 20 or older who lived in South Korea. Gang survey methodology was applied for all three waves to facilitate interviews with defectors living in the Metropolitan Seoul Area, including Gyeonggi Province.These surveys are unique questionnaires that include a comprehensive number of variables that may affect the adjustment of North Korean defectors to South Korean society. Experiences while living in North Korea and after arriving in the South were specifically explored. Economic variables, such as income, status of labor market participation, and subjective perception variables are also included in the survey.We contribute to existing literature in the following aspects. …

Inorganic As Concentration in Rice Grown Around the Abandoned Mining Areas and its Health Risk Assessment

The current study was carried out to investigate total and inorganic arsenic (As) concentrations in 112 rice samples (husked rice and polished rice) grown around the abandoned mining areas and to estimate the potential health risk through dietary intake of rice in Korea. Mean concentrations of total As in husked rice and polished rice were 0.23 and 0.13 mg kg -1 , respectively. Also, average inorganic As concentrations in husked rice and polished rice were 0.09 and 0.05 mg kg -1 , respectively. These levels are lower than the standard guideline value (0.2 mg kg -1 ) for inorganic As in polished rice recommended by Korea Ministry of Food and Drug Safety and Codex. For health risk assessment, the average values of cancer risk probability was 5.7×10 -5 which was less than the acceptable cancer risk of 10 -6 ~10 -4 for regulatory purpose. Also, hazard quotient values were lower than 1.0. Therefore, these results demonstrated that human exposure to inorganic As through dietary intake of rice collected from abandoned mining areas might not cause adverse health effects.

소비자 관점에서 본 주택 및 인테리어 하자 실태 분석 및 인테리어 서비스 평가

The purpose of the study was to investigate defect cases in residential interior design, to identify the state of defects, and to categorize types of defect and disputes. In addition, consumer appraisal to residential interior design service were analyzed. The results of this study could provide fundamental information regarding the defects and claims in residential interior design. First, we did literature review for defect disputes in architectural design and interior design. We identify the definition of defects by building life cycle, by state of construction, by activity, and by design performance. Second, we analysed interior design defects cases reported in Korea Consumer Agency & Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. A total of 49 cases of defect disputes in residential interior design from 2000 to 2015 were investigated. As a result, many defects appeared during the construction stage. A majority of defects cases fall into insulation, water-proofing/leakage work. In terms of design aspects claim, functional and aesthetic defects were claimed. Third, from Consumer Market Evaluation Indicators, raw data from 500 respondents were investigated for the housing repair and interior design. It is found that information comparability, responsiveness to consumer claim, price, and safety are important factors for consumer satisfaction in interior design.

Validation and comparison of imaging-based scores for prediction of early stroke risk after transient ischaemic attack: a pooled analysis of individual-patient data from cohort studies

Identification of patients at highest risk of early stroke after transient ischaemic attack has been improved with imaging based scores. We aimed to compare the validity and prognostic utility of imaging-based stroke risk scores in patients after transient ischaemic attack. We did a pooled analysis of published and unpublished individual-patient data from 16 cohort studies of transient ischaemic attack done in Asia, Europe, and the USA, with early brain and vascular imaging and follow up. All patients were assessed by stroke specialists in hospital settings as inpatients, in emergency departments, or in transient ischaemic attack clinics. Inclusion criteria were stroke-specialist confirmed transient ischaemic attack, age of 18 years or older, and MRI done within 7 days of index transient ischaemic attack and before stroke recurrence. Multivariable logistic regression was done to analyse the predictive utility of abnormal diffusion-weighted MRI, carotid stenosis, and transient ischaemic attack within 1 week of index transient ischaemic attack (dual transient ischaemic attack) after adjusting for ABCD2 score. We compared the prognostic utility of the ABCD2, ABCD2-I, and ABCD3-I scores using discrimination, calibration, and risk reclassification. In 2176 patients from 16 cohort studies done between 2005 and 2015, after adjusting for ABCD2 score, positive diffusion-weighted imaging (odds ratio [OR] 3·8, 95% CI 2·1-7·0), dual transient ischaemic attack (OR 3·3, 95% CI 1·8-5·8), and ipsilateral carotid stenosis (OR 4·7, 95% CI 2·6-8·6) were associated with 7 day stroke after index transient ischaemic attack (p<0·001 for all). 7 day stroke risk increased with increasing ABCD2-I and ABCD3-I scores (both p<0·001). Discrimination to identify early stroke risk was improved for ABCD2-I versus ABCD2 (2 day c statistic 0·74 vs 0·64; p=0·006). However, discrimination was further improved by ABCD3-I compared with ABCD2 (2 day c statistic 0·84 vs 0·64; p<0·001) and ABCD2-I (c statistic 0·84 vs 0·74; p<0·001). Early stroke risk reclassification was improved by ABCD3-I compared with ABCD2-I score (clinical net reclassification improvement 33% at 2 days). Although ABCD2-I and ABCD3-I showed validity, the ABCD3-I score reliably identified highest-risk patients at highest risk of a stroke after transient ischaemic attack with improved risk prediction compared with ABCD2-I. Transient ischaemic attack management guided by ABCD3-I with immediate stroke-specialist assessment, urgent MRI, and vascular imaging should now be considered, with monitoring of safety and cost-effectiveness. Health Research Board of Ireland, Irish Heart Foundation, Irish Health Service Executive, Irish National Lottery, National Medical Research Council of Singapore, Swiss National Science Foundation, Bangerter-Rhyner Foundation, Swiss National Science Foundation, Swisslife Jubiläumsstiftung for Medical Research, Swiss Neurological Society, Fondazione Dr Ettore Balli (Switzerland), Clinical Trial Unit of University of Bern, South Korea's Ministry for Health, Welfare, and Family Affairs, UK Wellcome Trust, Wolfson Foundation, UK Stroke Association, British Heart Foundation, Dunhill Medical Trust, National Institute of Health Research (NIHR), Medical Research Council, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre.

RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC LITERATURE, 1990-2015, ON WILDLIFE-ASSOCIATED DISEASES FROM THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA.

To assess the status of research on wildlife diseases in the Republic of Korea (ROK) and to identify trends, knowledge gaps, and directions for future research, we reviewed epidemiologic publications on wildlife-associated diseases in the ROK. We identified a relatively small but rapidly increasing body of literature. The majority of publications were focused on public or livestock health and relatively few addressed wildlife health. Most studies that focused on human and livestock health were cross-sectional whereas wildlife health studies were mostly case reports. Fifteen diseases notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health were identified and 21 diseases were identified as notifiable to either the Korea Ministry of Health and Welfare or the Korea Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs. Two diseases were reported as occurring as epidemics; highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and virulent Newcastle disease. Six diseases or disease agents were described in the literature as emerging including HPAI, rabies, Babesia microti , avian coronaviruses, scrub typhus, and severe fever thrombocytopenia syndrome virus. The diseases for which there were the largest number of publications were HPAI and rabies. The majority of wildlife-associated zoonotic disease publications focused on food-borne parasitic infections or rodent-associated diseases. Several publications focused on the potential of wildlife as reservoirs of livestock diseases; in particular, Korean water deer ( Hydropotes inermis argyropus ) and wild boar ( Sus scrofa ). In contrast, there were few publications on diseases of concern for wildlife populations or research to understand the impacts of these diseases for wildlife management. Increased focus on prospective studies would enhance understanding of disease dynamics in wildlife populations. For the high-consequence diseases that impact multiple sectors, a One Health approach, with coordination among the public health, agricultural, and environmental sectors, would be important. This type of review can provide useful information for countries or regions planning or implementing national wildlife health programs.

지능형 IP 카메라를 이용한 CCTV 시스템에서의 실시간 개인 영상정보 보호

최근 테러와 사건 사고 같은 각종 위협으로부터 개인의 재산과 생명을 보호하기 위한 목적으로, 영상 보안 장비들이 많은 장소에 설치되어 운영되고 있다. 영상 보안 장비의 기술도 점진적으로 발전하여, 고품질 고해상도 기반의 제품도 많이 출시되고 있다. 하지만, 보안을 목적으로 만들어진 CCTV 장비가 오히려 개인의 프라이버시 침해를 유발하기도 한다. 본 논문에서는 지능형 IP 카메라의 메타데이터를 이용하여 개인 영상 정보 보호를 할 수 있는 방법에 대해 제안 한다. 메타 데이터로부터 분석된 개인 영상 정보를 마스킹 할 수 있도록 시스템을 설계하였으며 사용자 권한에 따른 영상 정보 접근 방법에 대한 정의, 메타데이터의 저장 방법과 녹화 데이터 검색 시 메타데이터를 활용하는 방법을 기술 하였다. 제안된 시스템을 행정자치부에서 제시한 "공공기관 영상정보 처리기기 설치 및 운영에 관한 가이드라인"에 맞춰 적합성 여부를 비교하였다. 지금까지의 단일 서버 제품에서는 하드웨어적인 성능의 한계와 기술적인 문제로 인해, 실시간으로 개인 영상 정보 보호기법을 적용할 수 있는 방법을 찾기 어려웠다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 방법을 적용한다면 행정자치부에서 제시한 가이드라인을 충족하면서, 서버 비용을 줄이고, 시스템 복잡도를 낮출 수 있는 시스템을 구성할 수 있다. For the purpose of protecting personal property and lives from incidents, accidents, and threats such as terrorism, video surveillance equipment has been installed and operates in many places. Video surveillance technology has gradually developed into high-quality, high-definition equipment, and a lot of products have been launched. However, closed circuit television (CCTV) equipment for security purposes can invade a person's privacy. In this paper, we propose a way to protect personal video images using meta-data in an intelligent Internet protocol (IP) camera. We designed the system to mask personal video information from meta-data, define the method of image-information access according to user privileges, and show how to utilize the meta-data during storage and recorded data searches. The suggested system complies with guidelines for CCTV installation and operation from Korea's Ministry of the Interior. Installed on only a single server so far, due to the limitations and technical difficulties of hardware performance, it has been difficult to find a method that can be applied to personal image information using real-time protection techniques. Applying the method proposed in this paper can satisfy the guidelines, reduce server costs, and reduce system complexity.

Recovery of Phosphate from Aqueous Solutions Using Self-Organized Iron Oxide Nanotubes

This study was supported by the Korea Ministry of Environment (MOE) as the Advanced Technology Program for Environmental Industry. Partial support was provided by a grant from the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Korean Government (NRF-2016R1A2A1A05005388).

Considering Crisis and Media Types in Crisis Communication Strategies: The Analysis of Four Major Crisis Issues of Republic of Korea Ministry of National Defense in 2014

Considering Crisis and Media Types in Crisis Communication Strategies: The Analysis of Four Major Crisis Issues of Republic of Korea Ministry of National Defense in 2014

식스 시그마 품질경영활동이 기업의 재무적 성과지표에 미치는 영향연구: 경향점수매칭을 이용하여

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to study whether the adoption of Six Sigma quality management by a firm positively affects its financial performance. The correlation between the duration of Six Sigma implementation period and the financial status of the firm is investigated as well. Methods: We conduct the analysis using data from Manufacturing Industry Productivity Panel Survey 2013 provided by Korea Productivity Center and Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy. Propensity score matching is used to reduce sample selection bias of observational study. Furthermore, we use multiple linear regression in order to study the relationship between the implementation of Six Sigma quality management and financial performance. The return on assets and ratio of net income to net sales are considered as dependent variable and implementation of Six Sigma as independent variable. Results: The indication of this analysis is that implementation of Six Sigma quality management does not significantly enhance financial status. The firms that adopted Six Sigma quality management were categorized into three groups according to the implementation period. Comparison of each group with the firms that do not adopt Six Sigma quality management does not show statistically significant enhancement of financial status. Conclusion: In conclusion, both adoption and duration of six sigma quality management do not affect financial performance significantly. Key words: Financial performance, Propensity score matching, Quality management, Six Sigma

담양하천습지의 식생유형과 분포양상

담양하천습지는 영산강 본류에 위치하는 하천습지로서 2004년 습지보호지역으로 지정되었다. 이번 연구에서는 총 30개의 식생자료가 획득되었으며, 총 101종(미동정종 1종)을 포함하는 22개의 식생유형이 구분되었다. 현존식생도는 6개의 범례(하천림, 대상식생, 터주식생, 연안대식생, 습생초원, 개방수역)로 구분되었으며, 습지식생의 면적은 약 35%(<TEX>$386,841.86m^2$</TEX>)를 차지하였다. 본 연구 결과 담양하천습지에 분포하는 식물사회는 보호지역 상단에 설치된 물막이보와 상부 유역에 운영 중인 담양댐 등으로 인해 급격한 수환경 변화로 형성된 것으로 유추되었다. 고수부지는 최근까지 경작이 진행되었으나 보호지역 지정 이후 방치됨으로써 현재와 같은 하천변 휴경작지의 식생경관이 형성되었다. 조사지역 내 환경부 지정생태계 교란 야생식물인 털물참피가 우점하는 군락이 넓게 발달하고 있으며, 국내 미기재된 새로운 귀화식물군락인 앵무새깃군락이 관찰되었다. 이들 식물군락들은 나도겨풀군락이 발달하는 환경과 중복되어 그 밖의 유사한 생태적 지위를 가지는 고유식물군락의 서식처를 점유하게 될 것이다. 담양하천습지의 다양한 식물사회들은 인공 시설물 등에 의한 하천환경 변화 및 교란, 훼손에 기인한 것으로 이해된다. Damyang riverine wetland was designated as a wetland protected area in 2004; that is located in the Yeongsan river mainstream. Total 30 phytosociological releves at field studies were classified with 22 vegetation types including of 101 species (unidentified 1 species). Legends of actual vegetation map were separated by 6 types; riparian forest, substitute vegetation, synanthropic vegetation, wet meadow vegetation, open water, an area of wetland vegetation is about 35 % (<TEX>$386,841.86m^2$</TEX>). Results of this study area as follows. The plant society of Damyang riverine wetland was conjectured that it was formed by rapidly water environment change with installed weir on the upstream of protected area and operating of Damyang dam on top of the basin. Until recently, the terrace land on the river was used to cultivate, but that would be formed fallow vegetation scenery on riverfront caused by no cultivation after designated protected area. Paspalum distichum var. indutum community designated as invasive alien plant by Korea Ministry of Environment was widely developed and Myriophyllum spicatumunrecorded in the country as newly alien species was discovered in the study zone. The plants as lapped over developing environment for Leersia japonica must be occupied habitat of native plant species having similar niche. The various plant society in Damyang riverine wetland should be developed because of environmental changes, disturbances and damages of stream.

Analysis of Korean Elementary Pre-Service Teachers’ Changing Attitudes About Integrated STEAM Pedagogy Through Developing Lesson Plans

Integrated curricula have become a major educational focus in Korea. Policy changes began in 2009 when the Korea Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology announced a new curriculum incorporating Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics (STEAM). Various stages of educational reform have occurred since that time. This study represents the first opportunity for readers of English-language journals to learn about these changes. The aims of the current study are to demonstrate the potential for engaging elementary school pre-service teachers in development of STEAM lesson plans within a science methods course and to elucidate the challenges in this instructional approach. Participants were 119 elementary pre-service teachers in their third year of study at a national university in Korea. Results show that developing STEAM lesson plans had a positive influence on elementary pre-service teachers’ attitudes toward STEAM. Specifically, we found significant improvement on a pre-post survey for participants’ awareness, perceived ability, value, and commitment for STEAM. Secondly, qualitative coding analysis of open-ended surveys revealed pre-service teachers’ views of the potential benefits and challenges of developing STEAM lesson plans. Finally, we provide a rubric for evaluating pre-service teachers’ STEAM lesson plans, based on our experience with teaching this skill within a science methods course.

A new approach for bioceramic additive manufacturing

Event Abstract Back to Event A new approach for bioceramic additive manufacturing Hui-Suk Yun1 1 Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Powder and Ceramics Division, Korea Additive manufacturing (AM), or so-called 3D printing, is a fabrication process in which objects are made from various materials (e.g., polymers, metals, ceramics, and composites) in 2D layers that are stacked to produce a 3D object. AM is a computer-aided system that can produce customized and predefined internal pore structures and external shapes with high reproducibility, and is consequently viewed as an ideal process for the fabrication of scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration. Several AM processes are available for fabrication of bioceramic scaffolds, including selective laser sintering, powder printing, stereo-lithography, and material extruding. Almost all the ceramics processes include a sintering step at high temperature, both to remove binder and to achieve the desired mechanical properties. However, the sintering process often leads to shortcomings in biofunctional performance of ceramic scaffolds because biofunctional materials, such as drugs, proteins and cells, are easily denatured by heat and therefore cannot simultaneously print with ceramics. Our group is the first to suggest a novel process for creation of bioceramic scaffolds without sintering, to enhance the biofunctionality of ceramic scaffolds. Mechanical stability of the bioceramic scaffold was achieved by adapting a bone cement reaction rather than using a sintering process. A two-step process was used to prepare 3D porous bioceramic scaffolds. The first step was fabrication of the 3D porous scaffold green body using an AM process without the cement reaction. The second step was cementation, carried out by immersing the scaffold green body into the reactant solution for hardening; this replaced the typical sintering step. Separation of the AM process and cement reaction was important to secure enough time to fabricate 3D structural scaffolds of various sizes and architectures under homogeneous printing conditions. This original process was highly effective in producing bioceramic scaffolds with good biofunctionality and performance. This process could be applied to fabricate various types of bioceramic scaffolds with biofunctional materials, such as osteoblast cells, drugs, and proteins, thereby providing highly biofunctional scaffolds for effective bone tissue regeneration. Korea Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology (MEST) (2011-0017572) Keywords: Bone Regeneration, Calcium phosphate, Bioprinting, 3D scaffold Conference: 10th World Biomaterials Congress, Montréal, Canada, 17 May - 22 May, 2016. Presentation Type: New Frontier Oral Topic: Biomaterials in printing Citation: Yun H (2016). A new approach for bioceramic additive manufacturing. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. Conference Abstract: 10th World Biomaterials Congress. doi: 10.3389/conf.FBIOE.2016.01.00374 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 27 Mar 2016; Published Online: 30 Mar 2016. Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Hui-Suk Yun Google Hui-Suk Yun Google Scholar Hui-Suk Yun PubMed Hui-Suk Yun Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Biodistribution studies: understanding international expectations

Biodistribution studies: understanding international expectations