Korea Institute Of Energy Technology Evaluation And Planning Research Articles

A pole changing vernier machine with consequent pole rotor

This work was supported in part by the Human Resources Program in Energy Technology of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP), granted financial resource from the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy, Republic of Korea, and in part by the BK21PLUS Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea within the Ministry of Education.

A structure-tensor-constrained cooperative inversion using an extracted physical property distribution

This work was supported by the Human Resources Development Program of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) grants funded by the Korea government Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (No. 20164010201120). This research was also supported by the basic research project of the Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon, South Korea, funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT of Korea (GP2017-022).

Feasibility Study of Beta Detector for Small Leak Detection inside the Reactor Containment

This work was supported by the Korea Institute of EnergyTechnology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) grant fundedby the Korea government (MOTIE) (20181510102340, Development of a real-time detection system for unidentified RCSleakage less than 0.5 gpm).

(Invited) Rational Design of Battery Cathode Materials

We will discuss about applying ‘materials by design’ and validation experimental research on high capacity cathode materials for Li and Na ion batteries (LIB and NIB). Using the first-principles density functional theory (DFT) method, we have designed electrode materials for battery cathodes, and subsequently performed experimental studies to validate the material designs. Through an integrated material design - experiment research, we have developed highly efficient cathode materials for NIB. [1] Furthermore, using the DFT based stability analysis of Li(Ni,Mn,Co)O2 (NMC) cathode materials, the underlying mechanisms of stability change in Ni-rich NMC cathodes are elucidated over the range of 30 – 100 % Ni concentration in metal composition. [2-6] Surface analysis of Ni-rich NMC has also provided insights on the degradation mechanisms (both chemical and mechanical) facilitating to develop a design strategy to improve the stability of Ni-rich NMC over 80% Ni contents. [7] This work was also supported by the International Energy Joint R & D Program (No. 20168510011350) of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) grant funded by the Ministry of Knowledge Economy, Korean government. [1] D. Kim, M. Cho, K. Cho, “Rational Design of Na(Li1/3Mn2/3)O-2 Operated by Anionic Redox Reactions for Advanced Sodium-Ion Batteries,” Adv Mater 29(33), 1701788 (2017). [2] Chaoping Liang, F, Kong, R. Longo, Santosh KC, Jeom-Soo Kim, SangHoon Jeon, SuAn Choi, K. Cho, “Unraveling the Origin of Instability in Ni-Rich LiNi1−2xCoxMnxO2 (NCM) Cathode Materials,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 120(12), 6383–6393 (Mar. 31, 2016) [3] R. C. Longo, F. Kong, C. Liang, D. -H. Yeon, J. Yoon, J. -H. Park, S. -G. Doo and K. Cho, “Transition Metal Ordering Optimization for High-Reversible Capacity Positive Electrode Materials in the Li-Ni-Co-Mn Pseudoquaternary System,” Journal of Physical Chemistry C 120(16), 8540-8549 (Apr. 28, 2016). [4] F. Kong, C. Liang, L. C. Roberto, D.-H. Yeon, Y. Zheng, J.-H. Park, S.-G. Doo and K. Cho, “Conflicting Roles of Anion Doping on the Electrochemical Performances of Li-ion Battery Cathode Materials”, Chem. Mater. 28(19), 6942–6952 (Oct. 11, 2016) [5] Chaoping Liang, Roberto C. Longo, Fantai Kong, Chenxi Zhang, Yifan Nie, Yongping Zheng, Jeom-Soo Kim, SangHoon Jeon, SuAn Choi, and K. Cho, “Obstacles toward unity efficiency of LiNi1-2xCoxMnxO2 (x=0~1/3) (NCM) cathode materials: Insights from ab initio calculations” Journal of Power Source 340, 217-228 (2017). [6] C. Liang, F. Kong, R. Longo, C. Zhang, Y. Nie, Y. Zheng, K. Cho, “Site-dependent multicomponent doping strategy for Ni-rich LiNi1-2yCoyMnyO2 (y=1/12) cathode materials for Li-ion batteries,” J. Mater. Chem. A 5(48), 25303-25313 (Dec. 2017). [7] C. Liang, R. Longo, F. Kong, C. Zhang, Y. Nie, Y. Zheng, K. Cho, “Ab initio Study on Surface Segregation and Anisotropy of Ni-rich LiNi1-2yCoyMnyO2 (NCM) (y ≤ 0.1) Cathodes,” ACS Appl. Mater. Inter. (2018).

Preparation and Characterizations of Anion Conducting Ionomer Binder Solutions for Solid Alkaline Fuel Cells

Compared to fuel cells using proton exchangeable polymers, the direction of ion movement in the fuel cells using anion conducting polymer membranes shown in Figure 1 is opposite which is from cathode to anode. The hydroxyl ion movement mitigates overpotential for oxygen reduction reaction as well as water flooding at cathode. In addition, they overcome the disadvantages of alkaline fuel cells such as formation of carbonate precipitates, leakage of liquid KOH electrolyte, system complexity and so on by using solid electrolytes. Anion conducting ionomers are the polymers where anion exchangeable fixed groups, e.g., quaternary ammonium groups, are covalently attached to main backbones. It conducts the selective movement of anions which is allowed to be transported inside free volume of wet polymers. Much efforts are devoted to the development of anion conducting membranes as electrolytes of the fuel cell, but few researches on ionomer binder solutions for preparation of electrodes of membrane-electrode assemblies were carried out due to the technical difficulty in dispersing the polymers in various solvent systems. In this study, poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO) were brominated and in-situ quaternized by trimethyl ammonium during membrane casting. Once it was cast, it was hardly dispersed in any solvent system. Thus, the polymer was frozen by aqueous nitrogen and was ground by a blade-type grinder. Upon grinding time, the final forms were powders with different size of particle. The powder was used to prepare ionomer binder solutions, and the solutions (or dispersions) were characterized in terms of ion conductivity, ion exchange capacity, FT-IR, dynamic light scattering. In addition, the performance of membrane-electrode assemblies with the content of the ionomer with respect to I-V polarization, cyclic voltammetry, and impedance. Acknowledgment This work was supported by the New and Renewable Energy of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning(KETEP) granted financial resource from the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy, Republic of Korea (No. 20153030031720).

Optimum Design of Pore-Filled Ion-Exchange Membranes for Efficient Energy Conversion Applications

Ion exchange membranes (IEMs) have been widely employed in various water treatment processes such as electrodialysis for a desalination of sea or brackish water. Recently, they have also gained increased industrial importance in the applications to electrochemical energy conversion and storage processes such as reverse electrodialysis, fuel cells, and redox flow batteries. Their intrinsic properties such as electrical resistance and permselectivity are the key parameters dominating the electrochemical energy conversion efficiencies. The cost-effectiveness of ion-exchange membranes should also be considered for successful commercialization of the IEM process. In recent years, pore-filled IEMs (PFIEMs) in which an inert porous substrate provides excellent mechanical and chemical stabilities while a filling ionomer selectively transports ions through the membrane have been receiving great interests in the application to various separation and energy processes. In this work, we have investigated the optimum design parameters of the cost-effective PFIEMs for successful application to various IEM processes. In more detail, novel PFIEMs were successfully fabricated by combining a highly porous polymer (i.e. PTFE and PE) films and cationic polyelectrolytes with structurally stable anion-exchange sites for the applications to alkaline direct liquid fuel cells, all vanadium redox flow battery, and reverse electrodialysis. The prepared PFIEMs exhibited excellent electrochemical characteristics and stabilities and also remarkable energy conversion efficiencies have been achieved by employing them. Acknowledgments: This work was supported in part by the New & Renewable Energy Core Technology Program of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) granted financial resource from the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy, Republic of Korea (20153030031720) and the Technology Innovation Program funded by the Korea government (MOTIE) (No. 10047796).

Two-Dimensional Nanostructured Materials and Their Hybrids for High Performance Wearable Gas Sensors

Wearable electronics have evolved from life-supporting devices for solders to fashion accessories such as smart watches. Wearable devices are not limited to on-body devices because they can be further transformed by integrating with other surfaces such building and vehicles. Accordingly, the market demand for wearables has greatly increased, and the research of gas sensor has attempted to adapt wearables with the power of nanotechnology. On the wearable platform, miniature gas sensors will provide real-time information of the atmosphere to protect each personnel from possible hazardous chemical attacks. In addition, wearable gas sensor can be facilitated to monitor human’s breath as medical applications. [1] The main keys for wearable gas sensors are to decrease working temperature and increase sensing performance. Recently, two-dimensional (2D) nanostructured materials have been highlighted as new sensing materials due to their working ability at low temperature. Unlike conventional metal oxides, 2D materials such as graphene are able to work at room temperature with comparable gas response to NO2 gas. However, insufficient sensing performance, such as sluggish recovery and low gas response, need to be developed. [2] As one attempt to enhance performance, 2D material was hybridized with metal oxide. By incorporating two nanostructured materials, synergistic effect, which comes from benefits of each materials, can improve sensing performance. [3] Another novel innovation is the introduction of newly discovered 2D materials. 2D transition metal carbides and/or carbonitrides (called MXenes) are a new family of 2D materials, and much interest is being paid to them due to their attractive properties for many different applications, particularly in energy storage. Ti3C2 is the first discovered and most researched MXene. Considering the surface functional groups on Ti3C2, this MXene has the potential to be suitable material for wearable gas sensing applications working at low temperature. [4] In this study, 2D nanostructured materials and their hybrids were investigated for wearable gas sensing applications. Graphene oxide (GO) was incorporated with TiO2 nanoparticles, and the composite was photo-reduced under UV irradiation. Room temperature gas sensing was carried out against various VOC gases, and sensing performance was evaluated by comparing with pure GO. With the tailored hetero-junction at the interfaces of GO and TiO2, the composite can identify ethanol, methanol, and acetone, and its gas response was enhanced. After photo-reduction, the gas sensing behavior was converted from n-type to p-type due to reduction of GO. Color change of the composites was also observed. In addition, we introduced new 2D nanostructured materials, MXenes, for gas sensing. Ti3C2 (MXene) was synthesized by selectively eliminating Al from Ti3AlC2 (MAX) using LiF salt and HCl acid. Ti3C2 was deposited as sensing material on a flexible polymer film using facile drop casting. The structural and morphological study of the prepared Ti3C2 was conducted by XRD, SEM, and EDS, and the surface bonding was probed by FTIR. The sensing properties of the Ti3C2 sensor were investigated with various reducing gases at RT, and the predicted sensing mechanism was proposed. [5] References [1] Patel, S., Park, H., Bonato, P., Chan, L., & Rodgers, M. (2012). A review of wearable sensors and systems with application in rehabilitation. Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation, 9(1), 21. [2] Choi, S. J., & Kim, I. D. (2018). Recent Developments in 2D Nanomaterials for Chemiresistive-Type Gas Sensors. Electronic Materials Letters, 1-40. [3] Meng, F. L., Guo, Z., & Huang, X. J. (2015). Graphene-based hybrids for chemiresistive gas sensors. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 68, 37-47. [4] Yu, X. F., Li, Y. C., Cheng, J. B., Liu, Z. B., Li, Q. Z., Li, W. Z., ... & Xiao, B. (2015). Monolayer Ti2CO2: a promising candidate for NH3 sensor or capturer with high sensitivity and selectivity. ACS applied materials & interfaces, 7(24), 13707-13713. [5] Lee, E., VahidMohammadi, A., Prorok, B. C., Yoon, Y. S., Beidaghi, M., & Kim, D. J. (2017). Room Temperature Gas Sensing of Two-Dimensional Titanium Carbide (MXene). ACS applied materials & interfaces, 9(42), 37184-37190. This research was partially supported by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP), grant funded by the Korea Government Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (20158520000210), and Agency for Defense Development (ADD) as global cooperative research for high performance and light weight bio-urine based fuel cell (UD160050BD).

Effect of Dispersing Solvents of Ionomer Binder Solutions in Catalyst Inks on Performance and Durability of Membrane-Electrode Assembly

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is currently considered as a potential next-generation alternative energy technology because of the high energy density and high abundance of hydrogen in nature. However, many issues still exist to be improved in terms of performance and durability for the wide use of PEMFCs as a clean and efficient power system. One of the most important parts in PEMFCs is membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) which provides the electrochemical reactions at electrode where fuel/oxidant (gas), hydrated ions (liquid) and electron (solid) co-exist (so called triple phase boundary), the permeation of fuel and/or oxidant gas and the drainage of water product. In MEA, water and IPA based Nafion dispersion is the most widely used as the ionomer binder for conduction of hydrated ions, formation of pores and adhesion of solid catalyst. The structure of electrodes in MEA could be significantly determined by characteristics of ionomer binder solutions where polymer dispersion interacts with solvent. Upon the structure of the electrodes formed by agglomerates of catalyst and ionomer binder with different size, it has reported that MEA performance and durability would be highly affected. The former could be achieved by reducing overvoltages, and the latter by reducing electrode cracking (i.e., well adhesion of catalyst by ionomer). Electrode structure of MEA, including the Pt-ionomer interface, is determined when electrodes are solidified from catalyst inks during a drying step. Thus, the properties of the solvent system in catalyst inks play an important role in determining the electrode structure in MEA. A fundamental understanding of the phenomenological outcome from the relationship between morphology and property for perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes is crucial in obtaining high power and durable MEA. In this study ion and liquid water behavior in PFSA membranes formed from different dispersing solvents were investigated with ionomer particle sizes, solvent viscosity, solvent dielectric constants and distribution which cause various morphology. In addition, MEAs with different electrodes prepared by different ionomer binder solutions were investigated in terms of I-V polarization, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemically-active surface area (ECSA), and chemical stability. Acknowledgment This work was supported by the New and Renewable Energy of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning(KETEP) granted financial resource from the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy, Republic of Korea (No. 20173010032100).

Corrigendum

Choi S-H, Park J-O and Park K-S. Tension analysis of a 6-degree-of-freedom cable-driven parallel robot considering dynamic pulley bearing friction. Advances in Mechanical Engineering 2017; 9(8): 1–10. DOI: 10.1177/1687814017714981 In the above-referenced article, the authors wish to update their statement on Funding. A new version of the statement is provided below: Funding The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This research was supported by Leading Foreign Research Institute Recruitment Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (MSIP) (No.2012K1A4A3026740). This work was supported by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) and the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE) of the Republic of Korea (20174030201530).

Non-Enzyme Urea Sensing with Ag Covered ZnO with Different Morphologies on Carbon Papers

Urea is the nitrogenous waste substance of metabolism in the human body, and abnormal urea levels are associated with a variety of diseases such as renal failure, dehydration, and hepatic issues. For example, urea production and renal processing of urea, along with the causes of increased and reduced plasma/serum urea concentration are a major concern in physiological topic [1]. Thus, urea from the human urine and measurement of its concentration have been investigated for clinical application in the analysis of organic function [1-2]. Moreover, urea has attracted attention as a hydrogen source for fuel cells because of its stability, non-toxicity, and non-flammable properties [3]. Recently, many studies on non-enzyme urea sensing have been conducted due to the stability problems of enzymes. Non-enzymatic materials, e.g. Ni-based catalysts with peculiar structure [4] and 2-D graphene [5], have shown promising properties in the field of electrochemical sensors because of their unique properties such as remarkable surface area, good conductivity, and wide electrochemical window. Among them, approaches to high active surface areas are important in addition to exploration of various catalysts such as metal oxides, noble metals, and nickel-based catalysts due to its relation to the electro-catalytic activity towards urea oxidations. High surface area of the catalyst is critical for an excellent sensitivity, a low detection limit and a fast response time [6]. Although previous attempts have been made to have a high surface area for the urea detection, there is limited range of pH condition and Ni nanostructures for oxidation. As a result, ZnO or semiconducting metal oxide with a large surface to volume ratio and good crystallinity at nanoscale can be a good candidate for urea sensing [7]. In this work, covered Ag catalysts deposited on synthesized ZnO nanorods and nanoflakes on carbon substrates were prepared using low-temperature process for systematic investigation of surface area effect on non-enzymatic catalytic urea oxidation. The morphologies and structural properties of ZnO nanorods and nanoflakes with covered Ag were analyzed by SEM and XRD, and the quantity of the silver catalyst was measured by EDS. Thereafter electrochemical measurements of two catalysts have been conducted on a three-electrode cell in 1M urea containing 0.33 M urea. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was also investigated for comparing the electron-transfer resistance. The surface effects of Ag/ZnO nanorods and nanoflakes electrodes for urea sensing were studied in terms of sensitivity and selectivity. Detailed discussion on the comparison of Ag/ZnO nanorods and nanoflakes surface effect will be given. References Thudichum, J. L. W. "On the analysis of urea in urine for clinical purposes." British medical journal38 (1857): 788.Green, W. E. "The practical utility of estimating the amount of urea passed daily." British Medical Journal1301 (1885): 1055.Boggs, Bryan K., Rebecca L. King, and Gerardine G. Botte. "Urea electrolysis: direct hydrogen production from urine." Commun.32 (2009): 4859-4861.Mahshid, Sahar Sadat, et al. "Template-based electrodeposition of Pt/Ni nanowires and its catalytic activity towards glucose oxidation." acta58 (2011): 551-555.Wang, Dan, et al. "Electrochemically reduced graphene oxide–nickel nanocomposites for urea electrolysis." Electrochim. Acta 89 (2013): 732-736.Li, Mian, et al. "Electrodeposition of nickel oxide and platinum nanoparticles on electrochemically reduced graphene oxide film as a nonenzymatic glucose sensor." Sens. and Actuat. B: Chem. 192 (2014): 261-268. Liu, Zhimin, et al. "A Mediator‐Free Tyrosinase Biosensor Based on ZnO Sol‐Gel Matrix." 17.12 (2005): 1065-1070. Acknowledgement This work was supported by Agency for Defense Development (ADD) as global cooperative research for high performance and light weight bio-urine based fuel cell (UD160050BD), the Ocean University of China-Auburn University (OUC-AU) Grants program, and the International Collaborative Energy Technology R&D Program of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP), granted financial resource from the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy, Republic of Korea (20158520000210).

E-Mobility용 전력변환기의 IoT 모니터링 기술에 대한 연구

This work was partly supported by Institute for Information & communications Technology Promotion(IITP) grantfunded by the Korea government(MSIT) (No. 2015-0-00266, Development of the Ultra High Density PSiP) and KoreaInstitute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning(KETEP) grant funded by the Korea government(MOTIE) (No.2017-0-00849, Development of a low power wireless communication IoT sensor module and gateway platformmodule applying to windows for the reduction of building energy consumption)

Discharge Characteristics of Non-Cross Linked Polyethylene for a Power Cable

The XLPE (Cross Linked Polyethylene) is widely used to fabricate the sheath of power cable for its excellent electrical characteristics. However, the XLPE may cause environmental disruption and electrical aging due to its thermosetting property and included impurities created during a manufacturing process. A study on the development of a non-cross linked polyolefin material is conducted as a substitute material for XLPE material by the research project, 'Development of non-cross linked polymetric insulators for eco-friendly distribution power cable' supported by Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP). In this study, experiments on the newly developed non cross linked polyolefin material and the conventional XLPE material are conducted in accordance with the standards of ASTM D-149 and the experimental results are compared with each other. Also, dielectric experiments by using several kinds of electrode systems made with stainless steel in silicone oil are conducted under AC voltage condition and the experimental results are analyzed by the Weibull distribution.

Effect of Titanium Addition on High Temperature Workability of High Manganese Austenitic Steel

This work was performed under the support from POSCO and the Human Resources Development program (No. 20154030200680) of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) grant funded by the Korea government Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy.

Exploration of New Two Dimensional Titanium Carbides for Room Temperature Gas Sensors

The combination of progressive development in gas sensor with a micro and nano technology have potentialized the detection of various gases in huge application such as environmental monitoring system and medical diagnosis. In particular, practical applications can be widely deployed from condition monitoring of grand plantation to sophisticated physiological analysis via patent’s breath due to the capability of gas sensor to identify and quantify multiple gases [1, 2]. In order to be more pragmatic, emphasis has been placed on more functionalities such as portability and wearability. For portable and wearable gas sensor devices, electronic hardware should be flexible for a comfortable fit, and gas detection should work at low temperatures without a power supply. However, commercialized sensing materials are based on metal oxides such as SnO2, ZnO and NiO with working temperatures over 100 °C, which in principle limits application towards wearable gas sensors [3]. Therefore, it is desirable to investigate a suitable new material that can respond at lower working temperature and can be fabricated on flexible substrates. Two-dimensional transition metal carbides and/or carbonitrides (called MXenes), which are a new family of 2D materials, have attracted huge attention due to their attractive properties in different applications such as energy storage, water purification, electromagnetic interference shielding, gas sensing, etc [4]. Ti3C2 is the first discovered and most studied MXene material that is produced by selective etching of Al atoms from the Ti3AlC2 MAX phase, a hexagonal structured ternary carbide. The surface of the produced Ti3C2 nanosheets, like any other produced MXene, is terminated with oxygen, hydroxyl, and fluorine groups where the concentration of these surface functional groups is largely dependent on the synthesis method [5]. Consequently its properties are dependent on the type and concentration of these functionality groups, through which MXenes with different properties can be tailored for different applications [6]. Herein, we report for the first time to our knowledge, on gas-sensing capabilities of Ti3C2 MXene to detect various gases. We demonstrate the sensing properties of a Ti3C2 device for 100 ppm ammonia, acetone, methanol and ethanol gas bubbling at room temperature. Ti3C2 MXene was synthesized by selective removal of Al from Ti3AlC2 MAX phase using LiF salt and HCl acid in a safer way, and Ti3C2-based gas sensor was fabricated on a flexible polyimide film via simple solution method. The structure of the synthesized Ti3C2 was analyzed with XRD, SEM and EDS, and the surface condition was examined by FTIR. During the gas sensing test, its initial resistance at room temperature was around 10~20kΩ with 8µm film thickness, and it showed p type gas sensing behavior to all four different types of donor gases. The predicted gas sensing mechanism of Ti3C2 will be suggested with a concept of physisorption and chemisorption, and its gas response mechanism will be discussed. References Jin, Han, Tan-Phat Huynh, and Hossam Haick. "Self-Healable Sensors Based Nanoparticles for Detecting Physiological Markers via Skin and Breath: Toward Disease Prevention via Wearable Devices." Nano letters 16.7 (2016): 4194-4202.Webber, Michael E., et al. "Agricultural ammonia sensor using diode lasers and photoacoustic spectroscopy." Measurement Science and Technology 16.8 (2005): 1547.Chung, Yoonsung, et al. "Communication—Gas Sensing Behaviors of Electrophoretically Deposited Nickel Oxide Films from Morphologically Tailored Particles." Journal of the Electrochemical Society 163.13 (2016): B624-B626.B. Anasori, M.R. Lukatskaya, and Y. Gogotsi, Nature Reviews Materials. 2, 16098, (2017).Anasori, Babak, Maria R. Lukatskaya, and Yury Gogotsi. "2D metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) for energy storage." Nature Reviews Materials 2 (2017): 16098.Naguib, Michael, et al. "25th anniversary article: MXenes: a new family of two‐dimensional materials." Advanced Materials 26.7 (2014): 992-1005.Anasori, Babak, Maria R. Lukatskaya, and Yury Gogotsi. "2D metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) for energy storage." Nature Reviews Materials 2 (2017): 16098. Acknowledgement This research was partially supported by the International Collaborative Energy Technology R&D Program of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP), granted financial resource from the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy, Republic of Korea (20158520000210).

Discrete bonded particle modelling of fault activation near a nuclear waste repository site and comparison to static rupture earthquake scaling laws

The results of this study are presented by courtesy of the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority (project SSM2013-3839 and SSM2014-3668) and have been produced in the context of a geo-mechanical study by GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in collaboration with Seoul National University. Financial support to Ki-Bok Min was also given by the New and Renewable Energy Technology Development Program of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) through a grant funded by the Korean Government's Ministry of Knowledge Economy (No. 20123010110010).

Optimal design of spoke type motor to improve the torque constant and minimize torque ripple

This research was jointly supported by the BK21PLUS program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education and the Human Resources Program in Energy Technology of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP), from the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, Republic of Korea, under grant No. (20154030200730).

Optical and Electrical Properties of Indium Molybdenum Oxide Thin Films by the Co-Sputtering Method

This work was supported in part by the New and Renewable Energy Program of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) with a grant funded by the Korean government (MOTIE) (No. 2013010010120) and by a National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIP) (No. 2014R1A2A1A11053936).

Random Si Nanopillar Fabrication by Spontaneous Dewetting of Indium for Broadband Antireflection

This work was financially supported by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) (Grant No. 20143030011850), and funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE). I. Kim acknowledges KUUC (KIST-UNIST-Ulsan Center for Convergent Materials) for partial financial support.

Electrochemical Properties of LiNi0.85Co0.10Al0.05O2 synthesized By Using AAO(Anodic Aluminum Oxide) Template

Recently, among various cathode materials for lithium batteries, LiCoO2 has been still use on the market due to electrochemical stability. However, LiCoO2 cathode materials have low thermal stability, high cost, low capacity. [1-2] Co and Al co-synthesized materials, Li(Ni,Co,Al)O2, are one of the most applicable materials due to the low cost, thermal stability than LiCoO2. Thus, the battery properties of lithium ion cell with LiNi0.85Co0.10Al0.05O2 cathode are better than LiCoO2. But, LiNi0.85Co0.10Al0.05O2 still show that capacity fading. [3] Anodizing method is an effective means of improving electrochemical performance. To improve the electrochemical properties of cathode material LiNi0.85Co0.10Al0.05O2 for a lithium-ion battery, LiNi0.85Co0.10Al0.05O2 cathode powders were prepared by sol-gel method in AAO template followed by heat treatment. The prepared compounds were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies and were subjected to charge-discharge cycling performance studies at different C-rates. Though the SEM, AFM, it was confirm that nano-rod for cathode material was obtained. [4] References [1] T. J. Park, J. B. Lim, and J. T. Son, Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2014 , Vol. 35, No. 2 357 [2] Z. R. Chang, X.Z. Yuan and H. Wang, Powder Technology 207 (2011) 396 – 400 [3] H. Kondo, T. Kamiyama and Y. Ukyo, J. Power Sources 174 (2007) 1131–1136 [4] S. B. Yang, C. Kim, B. C. Jang, and J. T. Son, J. Korean Physical Soc. Vol. 67, No.4 728~732 Acknowledgement This study was supported by the granted financial resource from Korea National University of Transportation in 2016, the Ministry of Trade program of the Industry & Energy, Republic of Korea (G02N03620000901) and the Global Excellent Technology Innovation of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP).

Numerical Study on Flow Distribution in PEMFC with Metal Foam Bipolar Plate

It is important to uniformly supply the fuel gas into the reaction activity area in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Recent studies have shown that the cell performance can be significantly improved by employing metal foam gas distributor as compared with the conventional bipolar plate types. The metal foam gas distributor has been reported to be more efficient to fuel transport. In this study, three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations have been performed to examine the effects of metal foam flow field design on the fuel supply to the reaction site. Darcy's law is used for the flow in the porous media. By solving additional advection equation for fluid particle trajectory, the gas transport has been visualized and examined for various geometrical configuration of metal foam gas distributor. †This work was supported by the International Collaborative Energy Technology R&D Program of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) (No. 20148520120160)