China Korea Research Articles

The productive power of rising China and national identities in South Korea and Thailand

Drawing on the insights of the constructivist school approach, this article joins the debate on the effects of rising China in Asia. The existing scholarship devoted to no-material aspects of China’s rise focused either on China’s ‘soft power’ initiatives or their reception by certain audiences. In this article, rising China and its governance model, are construed as a form of productive power, one that is expected to bring about not only shifts in material relations and perceptions but also transformations in the national identities of countries in the region. This article focuses on South Korea and Thailand, two countries with fundamentally different political systems but a similar pattern of recent interactions with China. It analyzes the policymaking elites’ discourse and public attitudes and explores the productive effects of China’s rise on national identities in the two countries. This article argues that the impact of China’s rise on elites’ discourse has been largely negligible with narratives on kinship and historical ties being used by the elites mostly for instrumental reasons. At the same time, this article suggests that the recent shifts in public attitudes towards greater acceptance of authoritarian values observed in South Korea and Thailand, may be indicative of the productive effect of rising China on national identities in both countries.

Uma análise bibliométrica da literatura aplicada a transferênciade tecnologia em células a combustível

O desenvolvimento de inovações intensivas em conhecimento é visto como meio para enfrentar questões relacionadas ao esgotamento de recursos naturais. O estudo tem como objetivo, identificar as ênfases e os mecanismos relacionados as Células a Combustível (CC) e consequentemente a Transferência de Tecnologia (TT), a partir de uma revisão sistemática aplicada na Scopus para período de 2010 até 2020. A análise bibliométrica reuniu 37 artigos, e os resultados mostraram que China, EUA e Coreia do Sul são países que promovem com ênfase o desenvolvimento de CT&I direcionadas as (CC). Além disso, os reportes literários sobre (CC), denotam interesses prioritários em estudos sobre catalisadores e células a combustível de óxido sólidos em um espectro amplo de avaliação direcionado a baixar custos. Em contraste, a produção literária relativa a Transferência de Tecnologia converge para destacar estudos de viabilidade econômica, e estabelecer uma compreensão sobre os aspectos presentes para a Transferência de Tecnologia.

Englishes in the Expanding Circle: Focus on Asia

In Kachrus original classification, the countries of the Expanding Circle were those where English was learned primarily as a foreign language in schools. English did not play an institutional role within the country. As such they were norm-dependent countries relying on exonormative native speaker standards as models and targets for learners of English. In recent years, however, the role(s) of English in many Expanding Circle countries of Asia - these include the economic powerhouses of China, Japan and South Korea - have increased exponentially both within the countries (as English becomes increasingly important as a language of education, for example) and between the countries as a lingua franca (English has been enshrined as the sole working language of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), for example). The aim of this article is to describe how these roles of English in the Expanding Circle countries of Asia have developed. I shall focus on the role of English as a language of education in describing how the role of English has developed within countries and on the role of English as a lingua franca in describing how the role of English has developed between the Expanding Circle countries of Asia. I shall conclude by considering the implications of these developments for English language education pedagogy and policy.

The Current Status of the Red King Crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) Stock and Fishery off Western Kamchatka

The current status of the red king crab population off western Kamchatka is considered based on data from bottom trawl surveys and fishery statistics since 2013. Some biological parameters of this crab species are provided; its commercial stock is estimated; some features of red king crab fishery and determination of total allowable catch for the past 7 years are analyzed. The red king crab fishing was resumed in 2013 after an 8-year ban imposed due to the population decline. During this period, the stock recovered and reached values greater than those recorded before the ban: the total estimated size of red king crab population in 2017 was almost 244 million ind., which is the highest value for the recent 17 years of research; the estimated number of commercial-sized males, 110 million ind., has not been recorded from the western Kamchatka shelf for at least past 4 decades. Recently, the Severny Zapretny and Khairyuzovsky areas of the shelf zone have yielded their role of main feeding grounds for pre-recruit crabs and juveniles to the Ichinsky area located south. For the 7 years of red king crab fishery, harvest values have been steadily high. In the past 3 years, the major part of the annual catch of live crabs has been exported to China and South Korea. As the analysis of size structure show, the body size of male red king crabs has been increasing each year all over the shelf. This may be explained by the strict sorting of caught crabs aboard vessels transporting live crabs with the release of the largest individuals; another possible explanation is the relatively low recorded number of pre-recruits in the past 2 years. For the 7 years past (including 2019), the fishing mortality rate is estimated within a range of 5–16% of the crab stock actually recorded from the permitted fishery areas, which is a highly cautious approach. In the nearest future, the crab commercial stock is expected to gradually decrease, which, nevertheless, should not fall below the reference target value of biomass. The current status of the red king crab population off western Kamchatka does not raise concern, and the ongoing intense harvesting of this valuable species within the recommended catch size will not have any negative effect on its commercial stock.

Economic cooperation of Canada with the Asia-Pacific countries in the energy sector

The article is devoted to an urgent problem of our time — the integration of Canadian energy markets into the energy markets of the Asia-Pacifi c region. Canada’s economy is currently the 16th largest in the world in terms of GDP and is heavily dependent on international trade, whose prosperity is inextricably linked to external markets and the ability to access those markets. In turn, China, Japan, and South Korea are the world’s largest importers of crude oil and liquefi ed natural gas. The purpose of this work is to investigate how exactly interactions between these countries are built on the market, in addition, to explore the building of relationships in a given region. The scientifi c novelty of the work is to consider the relationship between the countries of the Asia-Pacifi c region and Canada, not only based on recently signed agreements but also with the involvement of the opinions and works of modern experts in the fi eld of international energy. The study examines the reasons for the need to enter the energy markets of Canada in the Asia-Pacifi c region, and also analyzes the dependence of the Canadian economy on the economy of the United States of America. Besides, the comprehensive and progressive agreement on the Trans-Pacifi c Partnership — CPTPP, signed in 2018 by Canada and the Indo-Pacifi c countries, was examined. As a result of the study, the need to change the course of Canada’s energy exports towards the Asia-Pacifi c region was substantiated; in addition, the importance of Canada’s energy markets for Asian countries was revealed.

中韩社会性别方言对照考察

中韩社会性别方言对照考察

Report on the 14th Japan–Korea–China Joint Conference on Geography

Report on the 14th Japan–Korea–China Joint Conference on Geography

Is Trans-Korean Railway Solely a Symbol of Peace in the Korean Peninsula?

The islandic geopolitical situation of South Korea led the road-centered development and the road freight share reached 97% in 2015. Trans-Korean Railway, thus, is the key to low carbon development of South Korea. With the Trans-Korean Railway, the export freights for Eurasia can be loaded at a local station for a direct rail transport instead of current d-touring road-ship intermodal transport. This will trigger domestic rail facilitation and reduce road externalities. The corresponding reduction of the shuttle shipment among South Korea–China–Russia may further contribute towards the environmental sustainability of the Yellow and East Seas. Yet, Trans-Korean Railway is considered as a symbol of “peace in Korean Peninsula” that there has not been a sufficient research on the environmental, social, and economic impacts of the Trans-Korean Railway connection. This paper, accounting on various phenomenal evidence including air pollution (environmental), public health risks and high fatality (social) and logistics inefficiency (economic), argues for the needs to change the discussion perspective on the Trans-Korean Railway from traditional politics to its environmental, social, and economic values.

INFLUENCE OF INDUSTRY 4.0 ON THE COMPETITIVENESS OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY

The article examines the impact of Industry 4.0 on the competitiveness of the national economy. The authors identified the features of Industry 4.0 and the consequences of the production of its technologies by economic entities. The sphere of influence and global application are the main differences. The main opportunities and risks for the national economy associated with the introduction of technology Industry 4.0 are determined. In particular, the main opportunities are the development of industry, the activation and simplification of the relationship, the spread of cooperation, increasing the competitiveness of production and countries, improving the environmental friendliness of production. The main threats and risks are the increase in unemployment, political and economic instability, legislative risk, as well as the excessive growth of costs for the development and implementation of the latest technologies that may exacerbate countries' dependence on financial donors. For the purpose of thorough analysis, countries, that were selected, are divided into four groups depending on their degree of readiness to introduce the new technologies: leading countries (China, USA, Germany, France, Japan and South Korea); countries that are ready to introduce new technologies (India and Russia); countries with high potential (Australia and Ukraine); countries where the transition is just beginning (Brazil, South Africa and Saudi Arabia). The features of the implementation of the main provisions of the concept of Industry 4.0 in these groups of countries and their impact on the competitiveness of national economies are determined. The factor analysis showed a significant degree of influence of foreign direct investment, the amount of funding for research, development and other factors of innovative development on the volume of gross domestic product produced by the analyzed groups of countries. The main barriers to the implementation of Industry 4.0 technologies in national production such as the insufficient funding, lack of involvement of small and medium-sized businesses, lack of appropriate capacities and skilled labor, government strategies were identified. These barriers are inherent mainly for the countries of the fourth group. To increase the efficiency of introducing Industry 4.0 technologies, were determined the driving forces, taking into account the specifics of the economic development of each of the groups of the analyzed countries. Implementation of a number of measures on the basis of identifying obstacles to the use of innovative technologies in the national economy of Ukraine are proposed, in particular: enhancing the interaction of stakeholders and the state, developing the latest programs, initiatives and development strategies; increased government funding for the IT sector; deepening integration into existing EU innovation development programs; reforming the mechanism for protecting intellectual property rights in Ukraine; digitalization of basic sectors of industry and infrastructure, and more.

Investigation of the wet removal rate of black carbon in East Asia: validation of a below- and in-cloud wet removal scheme in FLEXible PARTicle (FLEXPART) model v10.4

Abstract. Understanding the global distribution of atmospheric black carbon (BC) is essential for unveiling its climatic effect. However, there are still large uncertainties regarding the simulation of BC transport due to inadequate information about the removal process. We accessed the wet removal rate of BC in East Asia based on long-term measurements over the 2010–2016 period at three representative background sites (Baengnyeong and Gosan in South Korea and Noto in Japan). The average wet removal rate, represented by transport efficiency (TE), i.e., the fraction of undeposited BC particles during transport, was estimated to be 0.73 in East Asia from 2010 to 2016. According to the relationship between accumulated precipitation along trajectory and TE, the wet removal efficiency was lower in East and North China but higher in South Korea and Japan, implying the importance of the aging process and frequency of exposure to below- and in-cloud scavenging conditions during air mass transport. Moreover, the wet scavenging in winter and summer showed the highest and lowest efficiency, respectively, although the lowest removal efficiency in summer was primarily associated with a reduced BC aging process because the in-cloud scavenging condition was dominant. The average half-life and e-folding lifetime of BC were 2.8 and 7.1 d, respectively, which is similar to previous studies, but those values differed according to the geographical location and meteorological conditions of each site. Next, by comparing TE from the FLEXible PARTicle (FLEXPART) Lagrangian transport model (version 10.4), we diagnosed the scavenging coefficients (s−1) of the below- and in-cloud scavenging scheme implemented in FLEXPART. The overall median TE from FLEXPART (0.91) was overestimated compared to the measured value, implying the underestimation of wet scavenging coefficients in the model simulation. The median of the measured below-cloud scavenging coefficient showed a lower value than that calculated according to FLEXPART scheme by a factor of 1.7. On the other hand, the overall median of the calculated in-cloud scavenging coefficients from the FLEXPART scheme was highly underestimated by 1 order of magnitude, compared to the measured value. From an analysis of artificial neural networks, the convective available potential energy, which is well known as an indicator of vertical instability, should be considered in the in-cloud scavenging process to improve the representative regional difference in BC wet scavenging over East Asia. For the first time, this study suggests an effective and straightforward evaluation method for wet scavenging schemes (both below and in cloud), by introducing TE along with excluding effects from the inaccurate emission inventories.

Burden, trends, and risk factors of esophageal cancer in China from 1990 to 2017: an up-to-date overview and comparison with those in Japan and South Korea

BackgroundThe epidemiology of esophageal cancer (EC) can elucidate its causes and risk factors and help develop prevention strategies. We aimed to provide an overview of the burden, trends, and risk factors of EC in China from 1990 to 2017. We also investigated the differences between China, Japan, and South Korea and discussed the possible causes of the disparities.MethodsWe used the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 to obtain data on incident cases, deaths, disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) cases, age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized death rate (ASDR), and age-standardized DALY rate of EC in China, Japan, and South Korea from 1990 to 2017. Trend analysis was performed using joinpoint analysis. We measured the associations between ASIR, ASDR, and age-standardized DALY rate and the socio-demographic index (SDI) for 1990–2017. We also analyzed the risk factors associated with EC deaths and DALYs.ResultsChina recorded 234,624 (95% uncertainty intervals: 223,240–246,036) incident cases of and 212,586 (202,673–222,654) deaths from EC in 2017. The ASIR and ASDR declined from 1990 to 2017. Until 2017, the ASIR was 12.23, and ASDR was 11.25 per 100,000 persons. The DALYs were 4,464,980 (4,247,816–4,690,846) with an age-standardized rate of 222.58 per 100,000 persons in 2017. The ASIR, ASDR, and age-standardized DALY rate in China were twice those of Japan and South Korea. These three indicators showed a decreasing trend, whereas SDI increased, in all three countries from 1990 to 2017. Tobacco and alcohol use remained the major risk factors for EC death and DALYs, especially for men in China and women in Japan and South Korea. High body mass index (BMI) and low-fruit diet were the main risk factors for women in China.ConclusionsThe incident cases and deaths of EC in China, Japan, and South Korea increased from 1990 to 2017, whereas the ASIR, ASDR, and age-standardized DALY rate declined. China had the greatest burden of EC among three countries. SDI and aging along with tobacco use, alcohol use, high BMI, and low-fruit diet were the main risk factors of death and DALYs and should be paid more attention.

Comparisons of entrepreneurial passion’s structure and its antecedents: latent profile analyses in China and South Korea

How to motivate entrepreneurial passion is an essential issue in entrepreneurship research. Although individual factors have been tested, national-level factors are overlooked. This study focuses on the national entrepreneurial environments in China and South Korea and employs a person-centred approach to identify the different types of entrepreneurs according to their passion level and structure and determine how entrepreneurial environments link to various profiles of entrepreneurial passion. The results showed that although non-passionate and explorative entrepreneurs exist in China and South Korea, expansive and mature entrepreneurs are unique in China, while conservative and growing entrepreneurs are unique to South Korea. To enhance entrepreneurial passion, the Chinese government should improve entrepreneurship education and training, and the South Korean government should provide better entrepreneurship policies and socioeconomic conditions.

Maritime Delimitation Between China and North Korea in the North Yellow Sea

China and North Korea have delimited the boundary of their territorial seas by signing a 1962 Border Treaty and a 1964 Border Protocol, but the two states still need to delimit the boundary of their exclusive economic zones (EEZs) and continental shelves (CSs) in the North Yellow Sea (NYS). Considering the geographical characteristics of the two states’ coasts in the NYS, this article proposes that China and North Korea can delimit a single maritime boundary for the EEZ and the CS by applying the equidistance/relevant circumstances method, and then following a “three-stage approach.” The first stage is to construct a provisional equidistance line in the NYS; the second stage is to adjust the provisional equidistance line in light of relevant circumstances, such as the partial effect of Nan Tuozi in light of its distance from the coast of the continent; and the third stage is to apply the disproportionality test to the maritime area allocated to the two states in the NYS. After applying the “three-stage approach” to this case, the author concludes that the potential delimitation line of EEZ/CS between the two states extends generally south-southwest through seven segments for a distance of about 196 km (106 nm). Since 2018, tensions appear to have declined on the Korean Peninsula, and this may provide an opportunity for China and North Korea to start their maritime boundary delimitation negotiation in the near future.

ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЕ ДОМИНИРОВАНИЕ РОССИИ НА МИРОВОМ РЫНКЕ НЕФТИ

The article examines the trends in Russia’s positioning on the world oil energy market in the 20thand early 21stcenturies, defines the role of oil in generating oil and gas revenues for the Federal budget of the Russian Federation, and shows the mechanism for filling the budget during tax maneuvers. The reasons for the occurrence of “oil dependence” of the Russianeconomy and the objective need to maintain such a situation during the period of overcoming consequences of the new coronavirus pandemic, that is, in conditions of a general decline in oil demand, are substantiated.In the 1980s, the symptoms of the so-called “Dutch disease” began to appear in the Soviet Union (by analogy with the gas sphere). Light oil money appeared and, despite the fact that in the early 1980s, revenues from oil and gas exports in the USSR budget did not exceed 10%, nevertheless, a decrease in oil prices in the second half of the 1980sled to a well-known economic and then political collapse.This was followed by a reduction in oil production and due to rising oil prices up to USD 140 perbarrel in the beginning of the XXI century, anever greater filling in the export niche of with oil. Finally, the country found itself in a “drug dependence” on the position of Russia and the economic situation on the world oil market.Today, in the context of overcoming the consequences of the new coronavirus pandemic, this should be taken for granted and optimally ensure the preservation of Russia’s competitive positions in the main regions of Russian oil consumption ––Europe and Asia-Pacific countries, mainly in China, India and South Korea,as part of a dominance policy Russia in these regions through increasing exports of oil and petroleum products.

The Impact of Sentiment on Emerging Stock Markets

For five leading emerging economies: China, India, Russia, Indonesia and South Korea, we show that existing sentiment variables-both direct (Consumer Confidence Index) and indirect (Baker-Wurgler Index)-are insignificant in explaining respective nations' index returns. We improve upon current techniques by using modified sentiment extraction as proposed in Anand et al. [2020] to study the impact of central bank speech sentiment on respective stock market indices. We find that central bank speeches do have a significant impact on the stock markets in our sample of emerging countries.

Developmental citizenship, symbolic landscapes, and transformation in China and South Korea

ABSTRACT Despite glaring differences between South Korean and Chinese societies, South Korea offers an instructive reference point when thinking about developmental citizenship in China. Experiences of mobilization, albeit distinct in each country, inform the sorts of symbols that bring people together for resistance against or compliance with authority. The concept of developmental citizenship, besides drawing attention to these symbolic repertoires, also provides an alternative vocabulary for discussion of political and social transformation in these societies.

Evaluating Undergraduate Curriculum in Hospitality Management: A Comparison between China and South Korea

ABSTRACT The fundamental purpose of any hospitality and tourism educational program is to cultivate the skills and talents of future industry leaders to fit the needs of the industry. In this way, tourism services or products meet international standards for both domestic and foreign tourists alike. This research aims to evaluate the undergraduate curriculum content in Chinese and South Korean universities, in line with contemporary tourism and hospitality by reviewing literature. Content analysis is employed to analyze the undergraduate curriculum content. 20 Chinese and 10 South Korean universities’ curriculum content were selected as a sample. The research result indicates that the Chinese curriculum is business-oriented with tourism and hospitality subjects included, while the curriculum in South Korean universities has independent hospitality programs. South Korea’s curriculum is more targeted in the tourism and hospitality-related subjects and engaged in the internationalization of talent training. Both countries’ curriculum content has a shortage in balancing the theoretical subjects and practical training. There is also a lack of courses to help graduates adapt to the dynamic development of the tourism industry. The study provided valuable information in Asian hospitality curriculum design, which has theoretical and practical implications for contributing to hospitality education.

Nationalizing Transnationalism: A Comparative Study of the “Comfort Women” Social Movement in China, Taiwan, and South Korea

Nationalizing Transnationalism: A Comparative Study of the “Comfort Women” Social Movement in China, Taiwan, and South Korea

중국 내 대한민국임시정부 사적지의 현황과 과제

중국 내 대한민국임시정부 사적지의 현황과 과제

중국 일대일로 전략의 국제사법적 함의：한중 양국 간 민상사분쟁의 해결에 주는 시사점을 포함하여

일대일로는 법률, 경제, 문화 등 많은 영역에 침투되어 어마어마한 영향력을 과시하고 있으며 그 외연은 끝없이 넓어져 세계를 향하고 있다. 일대일로에 사법보장을 제공하기 위하여 중국은 최고인민법원 국제상사법정을 설립하여 실제로 사건을 심리하고, 통일된 외국법 조사 플랫폼을 도입하여 외국법을 조사하며, 외국재판의 승인 및 집행에 있어서의 상호주의의 인정기준을 완화하고 있다.<BR> 중국의 이와 같은 사법적 조치의 기반으로 되는 법률성 문건으로는 “‘일대일로’ 건설을 위한 사법서비스와 보장의 제공에 관한 최고인민법원의 약간의 의견”(“의견 1”), “‘일대일로’ 건설을 위한 사법서비스와 보장의 진일보 제공에 관한 최고인민법원의 의견”(“의견 2”)이 있다. 그리고 일대일로를 실행에 옮기는 과정에서 반포한 법률성 문건 중 전형적인 것으로 “최고인민법원의 국제상사법정 설립에 관한 약간의 문제에 대한 규정”(“국제상사법정규정”)을 들 수 있다. 이러한 법률성 문건들은 비록 法源으로서의 법적 성질을 따져보아야 할 필요성이 있지만 국제사법적 쟁점을 논의함에 있어서 참조가 될만한 중요한 가치를 가짐에는 의문이 없다.<BR> 이 글은 “의견 1”과 “의견 2”및 “국제상사법정규정”을 기초로 하고 최고인민법원을 비롯한 중국 각급 인민법원의 실제 사례를 참조하여 일대일로 추진에 따른 기류의 변화속에서 약간의 국제사법적 쟁점에 대한 중국의 태도와 실행을 살펴보며 한국이 이를 어떻게 정확하게 인식할 것인지에 대하여 제시하는 것을 목표로 한다. 논문의 순서는 아래와 같다. 우선 위에서 언급한 세 개의 법률성 문건들을 소개하고 그 문건들의 중국법적 성격과 법적효력을 따져본 후(Ⅱ), 국제재판관할(Ⅲ), 외국법의 조사와 적용(Ⅳ), 외국재판의 승인과 집행(Ⅴ) 등 쟁점에 대하여 중국법의 규정, 중국의 실무가 어떤 태도를 취하는지 (Ⅲ.1 Ⅳ.1 Ⅴ.1), 일대일로 하에서는 어떤 변화를 가져왔는지 (Ⅲ.2 Ⅳ.2 Ⅴ.2), 일대일로 실시 후의 전반 상황이 한국법적 시각에서의 그것과 어떤 異同이 존재하는지(Ⅲ.3 Ⅳ.3 Ⅴ.3)에 대하여 논의한 후, 전반적인 맥락에서 일대일로의 추진이 한중 양국 간 민상사분쟁의 해결에 주는 시사점(Ⅵ)을 제시한다.