Komsomol Organizations Research Articles

РАЗВИТИЕ СИСТЕМЫ ВЛАСТИ И УПРАВЛЕНИЯ г. ДИВНОГОРСКА В 1962–1980 гг.

The paper, based on materials from the state archive of the Krasnoyarsk Region, analyzes the development of the system of power and governance in Divnogorsk in the period from 1962 to 1980. Divnogorsk appeared in the Krasnoyarsk Region as a settlement serving the needs and requirements of the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station under construction. In the first years, as a settlement for hydraulic construction workers, it was subordinate to the Kirovsky district of Krasnoyarsk. With the acquisition of city status, the need arose to develop its own administrative governance system. According to the authors, the created administrative governance system generally coincided with that adopted in the country, but with minor features. Thus, the leadership of the city in the Soviet period included the governing bodies of the Krasnoyarsk Hydroelectric Power Station, the city Council of Workers' Deputies (Council of People's Deputies), and the City Committee of the Communist Party. An active role in the life of the city was played by the Komsomol organization, trade unions, bodies of people's control, as well as a wide range of the public, involved in resolving various issues. The most important issues for the city during the period under review were issues of housing and communal services of the city, its improvement, issues of social security of the population, cultural and educational development. Since the city was built primarily to service the construction of a hydroelectric power station, the main task of the authorities and governance was to manage the economic activities of the construction site.

Массово-политическая работа партийных и комсомольских организаций города Омска по формированию 75-й Сталинской добровольческой отдельной стрелковой бригады омичейсибиряков (июль–сентябрь 1942 г.)

Based on an analysis of the activities of party and Komsomol organizations in the city of Omsk, the article shows the main directions and forms of mass political work carried out by local authorities to form the 75th Stalin volunteer separate rifle brigade of Omsk-Siberians. The author traces this activity from its beginning until the brigade was sent to the front. The study is conducted on the basis of a set of published and unpublished records of the Omsk city and regional committees of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), the NKVD for the Omsk region and the memoirs of brigade veterans. It is carried out on the basis of a microhistorical approach, which made it possible to detail the features of mass political work in the process of forming a military unit during the Great Patriotic War. The article reveals the public mood of Omsk residents, which they demonstrated regarding the creation of a volunteer brigade. In conclusion, an assessment is made of the activities of party and Komsomol organizations in the city of Omsk and the most important principles of mass political work to form a brigade of Omsk-Siberians are formulated.

Краевые архивные источники по истории молодого города на примере Дивногорска Красноярского края

The article presents a review of the corpus of documents of the State Archive of Krasnoyarsk Krai, related to the history of Divnogorsk. The town was founded by the authorities as a settlement serving the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station in 1963. Divnogorsk is one of the many young industrialised small towns which appeared in the USSR during the next round of industrial modernisation. Its peculiarity is the close connection to the regional centre. Divnogorsk is a part of Krasnoyarsk agglomeration. Due to the high role of the town in the economic plans and projects of the Krasnoyarsk region development, its history is reflected not only in the town archive, but also in the documents of the regional archive collection to a great extent. A considerable part of them has not yet been put into scientific circulation. The corpus of documents related to Divnogorsk is quite complicated and chaotic. It is represented by neither one fund in particular but scattered over many others. All the materials about the town can be divided into two groups. Firstly, these are funds entirely dedicated to and related to Divnogorsk and businesses located there. These are mainly collections of party and Soviet organizations of Divnogorsk. Due to the fact that the town was a relatively small settlement, these materials reflect data on various aspects of life and development of small industrial town in Siberia. This group includes the fonds of the Divnogorsk town committee of the Communist Party of the RSFSR, primary party organizations of the CPSU institutions in Divnogorsk (the town's building and transport departments, the executive committee of the town council, the town committee, the low voltage plant, the housing and utilities office, the court and prosecutor's offices, and educational institutions); the fonds of the town's Komsomol organizations, and state and party control agencies. The second group comprises the fonds of the township-wide fonds, which contain information on the socio-economic development of the township. The second group includes the fonds of Krasnoyarskgesstroy Construction Directorate, Krasnoyarsk Region Planning Commission, and the local branch of the Federal State Statistics Service in Krasnoyarsk Region. The use of the krai archives collections allows a comprehensive study of the phenomenon of young cities of the USSR. The analysis of documents related to Divnogorsk in the State Archive of Krasnoyarsk region will make it possible to understand the regularity of deposition of documents on history of young towns of the Soviet period in archives, which will contribute to further search of materials to study such topics.

The 1942 “Egg Expeditions” to Novaia Zemlia and the Struggle for Food in the Wartime Soviet Union

AbstractIn 1942 over 150 schoolchildren from the northern Soviet cities of Arkhangel'sk and Murmansk took part in dangerous expeditions to the Arctic Archipelago of Novaia Zemlia. Their aim was to collect eggs from island bird colonies and hunt seabirds in order to supply famished cities with eggs and salted birds’ carcasses. The voyages were part of the local struggle for food and a reaction to the Soviet government’s urgent call to use all available local resources to ward off large‐scale famine on the Soviet home front. This essay discusses the organization, the course, and the outcome of the expeditions, and evaluates the role of specialist knowledge, local economic tradition, and various agencies—from Soviet, party, and Komsomol organizations to Soviet economic trusts and individual actors—in bringing these expeditions to life. It argues that, rather than being a centralized campaign staged by the state, the struggle for food was largely fought on the local level, with regional institutions assuming substantial responsibility and demonstrating a significant ability to improvise in their search for food. Ultimately, the population’s efforts to survive the famine, and their association with the regime through their collective struggle for food, were important factors that strengthened Soviet resilience.

MARI REGIONAL KOMSOMOL ORGANIZATION: PROSPECTS AND DYNAMICS OF DEVELOPMENT (1931 – JUNE 1941)

In modern realities, the issue of socialization of the younger generation and especially the youth is extremely acute, since the future of the country, the Russian civilization and preservation of the moral potential of the Homeland largely depend on its upbringing and education. In this regard, the experience of the Soviet past is important.
 
 The purpose of the research is to study the history of the development of Komsomol organizations of the Mari Autonomous Region (the Mari ASSR) from 1931 to June 1941, to consider the specifics of their activities, to identify the prospects that appeared in the youth organizations of the region during the period under study.
 
 Materials and methods. The article is based on historical sources and literature. Among the sources, statistical reports of Komsomol district organizations, summary statistics on the overall development of the Mari Region for the specified decade are important. Among the research methods used are historical-comparative, historical-genetic, statistical ones.
 
 Study results. The article shows the dynamics of the growth and development of Komsomol organizations, the specifics and uniqueness of youth organizations’ functioning as well as it reflects the main directions to which the Komsomol channeled its efforts and describes the main problems that young people faced in their work. The characteristic of the Communist Party’s supervision of the youth movement in the territory of the country and the region (republic), including international activities, is given. The Bolshevik Party is indicated to have become the fundamental element in the system of state administration, the reasons for the party and the state apparatus merging are considered. The place and the role of the Mari youth in reconstructing life in a new way are determined.
 
 Conclusions. The Soviet state paid the closest attention to upbringing the younger generation in the country, and the national regions were no exception.

А.В. Власов: политический портрет в историческом контексте

The article is devoted to the biography of the famous Soviet party and economic figure A.V. Vlasov (1932–2002). During his career path from the secretary of the primary Komsomol organization of a mine to the chair-man of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR he passed in a number of regions of the country. Vlasov worked in senior positions in party, Komsomol, economic structures of the Irkutsk region, Yakut and Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, in the capital’s authorities (Central Committee of the CPSU, Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, Government of the RSFSR). The author pays particular attention to the Don period of A.V. Vlasov’s career (1984–1986), where the hero of the publication as First Secretary of the Rostov Regional Committee of the CPSU became a key regional actor of Gorbachev’s changes. However, he launched the pro-cesses of personnel renewal of the regional (local) elite and critical rethinking of the previous experience of socio-economic and political development in the Don region earlier than in the country as a whole. Vlasov’s work in Rostov-on-Don lasted 18 months, and he found himself in demand at the metropolitan stature, but he did not cut ties with the region until the end of perestroika.

The Main Directions of Ideological Work with the Youth of Ossetia in 1918-1924

The article discusses the main directions of ideological work with the youth of Ossetia in 1918-1924. The relevance of the topic is determined by the insufficient study of the ideological component of the youth movement in the North Caucasus in the early Soviet period, which determines the purpose of this study. The article shows that the youth movement in Ossetia was closely connected with the activities of the all-Russian youth organization – Russian communist youth union (1918, since July 1924 – Russian Leninist Communist Youth Union, since 1926 – All-Union Leninist Communist Youth Union/Komsomol), created by the Soviet government for the political education of the young generation of the proletarian republic. Its appearance was due to the need to unite the disparate youth organizations that already existed in various cities of the country and create a single center operating under the leadership of the Communist Party. The process of formation of Komsomol bodies spread in the national regions of the country, including the Terek region, and then in the Mountain ASSR and its individual regions, including Ossetia. One of the main goals of the youth policy was to attract to the side of the party the broad masses of young people who could be involved in the restoration of the economy. Youth organizations in Ossetia solved various party tasks. Ossetian youth were actively involved in Soviet construction. It also participated in rallies, meetings and other public events. The work of the youth was expressed in the organization of Komsomol cells in the Vladikavkaz district, Digoria and remote villages. The fight against unemployment was carried out by involving young highlanders in production. The conclusion is drawn about the role played by the youth Komsomol organizations of Ossetia in strengthening the Soviet power, establishing party work in the politically, socially and economically difficult North Caucasian region. The source base of the study was made up of publications in the mass periodical press, collections of documents on the history of the Ossetian organization of the Komsomol, as well as materials from the SOIGSI Scientific Archive. The study was carried out on the basis of a problem-chronological approach using general historical methods and taking into account the principles of historicism, consistency and objectivity.

МОДЕЛИ СТУДЕНЧЕСКОГО САМОУПРАВЛЕНИЯ В МОЛОДЁЖНОЙ ПОЛИТИКЕ СОВЕТСКОЙ ВЛАСТИ 1917-1923 ГГ.

The paper discusses the process of Soviet power state youth policy formation at the initial stage of Soviet statehood evolvement. The process offorming bodies of student self-government, determining the degree of their loyalty to the Soviet authorities, their effectiveness in the process of influencing youth, choosing a model for the relationship of the formed bodies with party organizations of universities is analyzed. On the basis of archival materials introduced into circulation for the first time, the conclusion is made that during this period the ruling party and the state authorities lacked a unified concept of student self-government bodies formation. Eventually, it was decided to allocate political influence on the youth, which was transferred to the jurisdiction of the Komsomol organizations of universities under the leadership of party bodies. As an additional structure of student self-government, student trade unions were organized, which took over the work of organizing student life in the broad sense of the word.

Anti-Soviet Speeches of the Khrushchev “Thaw” Period as One of The Results of Ill-conceived Managerial Decisions

Goals. Based on the analysis of a Note to the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU and a number of other sources, to show the causes and results of ill-conceived managerial decisions of the party and Soviet authorities that led to tragic consequences at the construction of the Karaganda Metallurgical Plant in Temir-Tau, Kazakh SSR in early August 1959.Materials and methods. As the basic materials of the work, the main provisions of the “Notes. The main method of working with sources and scientific literature is the retrospective method, which is traditional for this kind of research, which, in turn, allowed us to consider the causes and origins of a specific anti-Soviet speech, its development and historical finale. In addition, the study used a problem-chronological approach, which contributed to the study of specific aspects of the activities of party, Soviet, trade union, Komsomol organizations that somehow allowed the development of negative trends in the construction of the Karaganda Metallurgical Plant, to identify the causes of the origin and development of anti-government, and essentially anti-Soviet, speeches of workers who participated in the construction of the combine.results. One of the negative results of the policy of attracting significant masses of young people for the construction of “shock buildings of communism” was the unpreparedness of the party and Soviet local authorities to work in extreme conditions and constant overstrain of forces, their ability to create elementary conditions, not only for work, but also for catering, recreation, leisure of large masses of people focused on insignificant, in size, territories.Conclusions. The “shock construction of communist construction”, the construction of which attracted large masses, primarily young people, for almost all the years of Soviet power, allowed for almost three decades to erect a significant number of the largest industrial enterprises and facilities. The people who worked on their construction suffered a huge amount of inconvenience and deprivation, however, in the conditions of a rigid command and directive system and the absence of a developed civil society, it was extremely problematic to protect their civil rights. However, with the onset of the Khrushchev “thaw”, when terror and repression significantly decreased, there was some hope for solving many emerging issues, but the lack of a clearly working feedback between the government and society did not allow them to be solved by civilized means. The accumulated “combustible material”, one way or another, often resulted in mass open demonstrations against inept and ill-considered decisions of the authorities, which often ended in extremely tragic consequences, including the death of people.

Intergenerational Rift in Russian Village: Impact of “Anti-Religious Offensive” of Communist Youth at Turn of the 1920—1930s

The article is devoted to the analysis of the relationship in the spiritual sphere between the representatives of the peasant generation of the “revolutionary turning point” (born at the turn of the XIX—XX centuries) and Komsomol members from the generation of “children of the revolution” (their childhood fell on the first post-revolutionary years) in the initial period of mass collectivization of the USSR. The deep demographic changes in post-revolutionary Russia, the strengthening of the role of youth in the countryside are shown. A statistical analysis of rural Komsomol organizations was carried out. Young people are seen as a demographic group that has formed a critical attitude towards religion. Komsomol is recognized as an organization that turned the generational hierarchy of the Russian village. Much attention is paid to the role of the Union of Militant Atheists in attracting young people to active anti-religious activities. Priority is given to studying the reaction of peasants to the antireligious activities of youth. It is shown that the spiritual heritage, which, according to the rules of continuity of development, the generation of the “revolutionary turning point” was called upon to pass on to its successors, was rejected in real life by active representatives of the younger generation. From the author’s point of view, the participation of young people in the “anti-religious offensive” is one of the decisive factors in the strengthening of the intergenerational rift, which became apparent even in the previous decade.

MILITARY AND PATRIOTIC EDUCATION OF YOUNG STUDENTS IN RUSSIA (50–80S OF THE ХХTH CENTURY)

The article analyzes the problems of military and patriotic education of young students in Russia in the 50– 80s of the XXth century; contains historiographic analysis of the problem; defines the purpose and organizational and pedagogical foundations of the military and patriotic education of young students. It was revealed that the features of organization of patriotic education in the 1980s are manifested in the activation of military-patriotic work of the pioneer and komsomol organizations and in the teaching of school subjects.

ИСТОРИЯ СТАНОВЛЕНИЯ ДОНСКОГО КОМСОМОЛА В ДЕРЕВНЕ В 20-Е ГОДЫ XX ВЕКА

The purpose of the article is to analyze the fea-tures and individual issues of the history of the formation of the Don Komsomol in the 20s of the XX century. The author examines individual materials of congresses, conferences, plenums of the RKSM (RLKSM) on the construction of Komso-mol organizations in the countryside. The main directions of this work are consid-ered, among which are cultural and educational, socially useful activities, agro-propaganda, and improving the financial situation.

МОДЕЛИ СТУДЕНЧЕСКОГО САМОУПРАВЛЕНИЯ В МОЛОДЁЖНОЙ ПОЛИТИКЕ СОВЕТСКОЙ ВЛАСТИ 1917–1923 ГГ.

The purpose of the article is to study the state youth policy of the Soviet government at the initial stage and formation of the Soviet statehood. The authors analyze the special features of the development of student self-government bodies, the process of determining the degree of their loyalty to the Soviet government, effectiveness of the impact on young people, choosing a model of the relationship between the formed bodies and the party organizations of universities. To study the student self-government model in the youth policy of the Soviet government between 1917 and 1923 and to obtain a more complete and accurate understanding of the principles and mechanisms of functioning of the model, its results and effectiveness, as well as its uniqueness in the context of other stu-dent self-government models, the following methods are used: historical method, sociological, comparative, statistical, combined methods. As a result, the authors come to the conclusion that strengthening political influence on young people is in need. This function was transferred to the Kom-somol organizations of universities under the party bodies leadership. As an additional structure of student self-government, student trade unions were organized, which took over the organization of student life in the broad sense of the word.

“We have a somewhat unusual meeting today...” : Transcript from the meeting of rectors of higher educational institutions and secretaries of their Komsomol and party organizations on November 21, 1967 in Dnipropetrovsk

The purpose of the article is to present and analyze a document from the fund of the Central Committee of the LCLYU (in Ukr. – LKSMU) from the CSAPO (in Ukr. – TSDAGO) of Ukraine – a transcript of the meeting of rectors and representatives of Komsomol and party organizations of “high schools” of Dnipropetrovsk on November 21, 1967, which held at the initiative of the Central Committee of the LCLYU. Research methods: historical-chronological, historical-genetic, comparative, descriptive. Main results. The published transcript recorded a conversation with the participation of one of the secretaries of the Central Committee of the LCLYU, dedicated to figuring out the state of “communist education” of the city's students. The meeting with the heads of universities and Komsomol and party activists was held on the eve of the December plenum of the Central Committee of the AULYCL (in Ukr. – VLKSM), which was supposed to consider the work of Komsomol unions with students. The conditions of the meeting, the main participants, who represented all institutes of the city – metallurgical, medical, civil engineering, railway transport engineers, agricultural, mining and state university were characterized. The specifics of the meeting were determined by the jubilee dates that fell on 1967–1968, in particular the 50th anniversary of the AULYCL’s founding, as well as ideological crisis of the “exit” from the “Thaw”: the latter significantly strengthened the position of students in the youth movement, reinforced its public and creative activity. Attempts to find an adequate answer to the challenges of the time and to preserve party-Komsomol control over the student body led to the discussion of key issues: concerning the work of Komsomol organizations of higher education institutions in the “formation of the communist worldview”, the scientific-student society, state of studying social disciplines, issues related to labor, aesthetic, physical education, and organizational activities of the Komsomol in universities. Conclusions. The analyzed document reflects one of the difficult periods in the history of Ukrainian higher education and studentship, an important part of the party and Komsomol leadership’s work, reveals the peculiarities of their communication with the heads of higher education institutions, the latter's vision of the problems of the student community. Practical significance: the results of this research will contribute to the expansion of the research topics of local and urban history, history of higher education in certain regions, studentship as an important social category, its role in the development of Ukrainian/Soviet society. The originality lies in the publication and presentation of an archival source on the history of the leading youth organization of Ukraine during the Soviet era – LCLYU, which reveals the features of working with the heads of higher educational institutions on issues of Komsomol activity and student life. Scientific novelty is determined by the problems of studying the Soviet period in the history of Ukraine at the local level, ambiguity, multiplicity of visions of this time on the part of the management of educational institutions and representatives of party and Komsomol organizations. Type of article: archeographical.

Attributes of the Ideology of Communism in the Old Believer Village of the Buryat-Mongolian ASSR in 1920s-1930s

The subject of the research in the article is the problem of the real functioning of the elements of communist ideology (after 10 years of Bolshevik power) in rural areas, significantly remote from the capital's proletarian center both in territorial and ideological terms. In this case – in the Old Believer villages of the Buryat-Mongolian ASSR (BMASSR). The object of the study is the main and auxiliary institutions of Soviet power in the Tarbagatai, Mukhorshibir, Bichur aimags of the BMASSR (the turn of the 1920s-1930s). The following aspects of the topic are considered: the ideological viability of party and Komsomol organizations in rural councils, as well as the impact on the life of Old Believers of Soviet holidays, patronage of workers in Verkhneudinsk, the work of friendly courts in collective farms, acting as binding practices of a new in content, but traditional in the form of everyday life. The historical-genetic method necessary for studying the evolutionary changes of the phenomenon was used to characterize the work of the party and Komsomol cells of the Semey in 1925-1935. The historical-comparative method, highlighting the common and special features of various subjects, was necessary when analyzing the activities of rural party members and Komsomol members, as well as to describe the differences in the effects of new household practices. As the main conclusion of the study, it should be highlighted that the functioning of various institutions of Soviet power in the Old Believers' environment of the BMASSR was focused on the external, material side of life (the creation of cultural and educational space, the foundations for a new, collective economic reality). The internal, ideological side of the ongoing changes, for the most part, has not yet found its manifestation in the work of the local ("Old Believers" in terms of personnel) Soviet power. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that archival information is introduced into scientific circulation, showing that the transformation of the Old Believer community of Buryatia is an internal process that does not directly relate (but indirectly related) to the active actions of the Soviet government.

Деятельность Калмыцкой комсомольской организации накануне депортации и в период восстановления автономии

Introduction. In the immediate aftermath of the Nazi defeat in Kalmykia’s territory, local Komsomol members initiated most essential efforts to restore ruined industrial facilities, buildings of public organizations, schools, took active part in agricultural works and war-supporting activities. Nonetheless, on 28 December 1943 the Kalmyk ASSR was abolished, the whole Kalmyk people were wrongly blamed and deported to Siberia. Goals. The article attempts an analytical insight into activities of Kalmykia’s Komsomol organization before the deportation and in the restoration period. Materials and methods. The study focuses on unpublished documents housed at the National Archive of Kalmykia and periodicals of those years. Results and conclusions. The analysis of archival papers shows despite a limited number of members the Komsomol organization did facilitate a successful revival of the Republic in the post-occupation era. However, the tremendous contribution was ignored when it came to repressions against the Kalmyks in December of 1943. On return from Siberia and during the restoration of autonomy in 1957, there was a slight increase in numbers of Komsomol members who showed great enthusiasm to reconstruct the Republic.

Деятельность Калмыцкой комсомольской организации накануне депортации и в период восстановления автономии

Introduction. In the immediate aftermath of the Nazi defeat in Kalmykia’s territory, local Komsomol members initiated most essential efforts to restore ruined industrial facilities, buildings of public organizations, schools, took active part in agricultural works and war-supporting activities. Nonetheless, on 28 December 1943 the Kalmyk ASSR was abolished, the whole Kalmyk people were wrongly blamed and deported to Siberia. Goals. The article attempts an analytical insight into activities of Kalmykia’s Komsomol organization before the deportation and in the restoration period. Materials and methods. The study focuses on unpublished documents housed at the National Archive of Kalmykia and periodicals of those years. Results and conclusions. The analysis of archival papers shows despite a limited number of members the Komsomol organization did facilitate a successful revival of the Republic in the post-occupation era. However, the tremendous contribution was ignored when it came to repressions against the Kalmyks in December of 1943. On return from Siberia and during the restoration of autonomy in 1957, there was a slight increase in numbers of Komsomol members who showed great enthusiasm to reconstruct the Republic.

Перестройка деятельности государственных органов власти и общественных организаций в годы Великой Отечественной войны: проблемы повседневной жизни населения (на примере Кабардино-Балкарии)

For the first time, based on new archival documents and other sources, the restructuring problem of the activities of state authorities and public organizations in wartime conditions on the materi-als of Kabardino-Balkaria is investigated, the features of the transformation of the state and polit-ical leadership of the country and in the field are revealed. The changes of the All-Union Com-munist Party (b) and the Kabardino-Balkarian regional party organization are analyzed. The expe-rience of an organizational work of party organizations and Soviet authorities of the republic in organizing military mobilization, providing the needs of the front with military products, food and industrial goods, is summarized. Tasks and content of the organizational work of trade unions, Komsomol organizations and the public in organizing fundraising for the National Defense Fund and helping evacuation hospitals, evacuated population, families of military personnel, disabled veterans of the Great Patriotic War, and orphans were studied. Analysis of the organization of dai-ly life of the population is carried out. Shortcomings and omissions in the work of state and public organizations to provide the population with food and industrial goods, fuel and cultural work have been identified. It is concluded that changes in the forms and methods of work of state bodies and public organizations during the war were a critical factor in the consolidation of power and society to protect the Fatherland.

Львів як осередок національного відродження періоду “Перебудови”

At the turn of 1980s the Communist Party leadership dared to introduce a policy of “perestroikaˮ as a way to preserve Russia's political monopoly in a multinational country, the principles of which had been significantly shaken. However, the “perestroikaˮ was unsuccessful attempt to install democratic tools and the elements of a market economy into the autocratic Soviet background and its planned economy. This unnatural synthesis led to a partial weakening of the political regime in the country, which manifested itself in the form of a policy of publicity. It made the numerous communist crimes of the past decades, carefully concealed by the Communist Party publicly available and began the process of demolishing the Communist Party doctrine in general and communist structures in particular. For centuries, patriotic Lviv was one of the first cities in the USSR to perceive “perestroikaˮ not as a democratic renewal, but as an opportunity for Ukrainian national revival. In 1986–1987, “informalˮ societies appeared in the city. All of them came under the control of pro-Russian communist and Komsomol organizations in the city. However, the debating historical, cultural and artistic activities of the young “informalsˮ were filled with national content by semi-legal human rights unions, which advocated depriving the Communist Party of a monopoly on political power in the USSR and thus restoring Ukraine's state independence. The synchronization of the activities of “informalsˮ and human rights activists gradually transformed them into non-communist-controlled national organizations, whose program goals took on anti-communist features and whose activities gave rise to the first street protests. The key feature of 1989 was the rapid politicization of national societies, which lost their “informal” features and accepted the demands of the patriotic public of Lviv. This process resulted in strikes and “rally marathons, which turned the democratic movement into a national one and gave it liberating features. In 1990, the national societies of Lviv became the basis for the consolidation as well as the foundation of political parties that deprived the Communists of power in the city before the collapse of the USSR and the restoration of state independence of Ukraine. At this stage, the national movement was so politicized that it acquired pronounced state-building features. The final stage of Lviv's national revival was 1991. Patriotic citizens, led by political parties, were ready to repel the State Committee of Emergency Situations and were preparing for an indefinite political strike. After the failure of the coup in the USSR, the Lviv national authorities deprived Communist Parties of property and put this organization outside the law.

THE SYSTEM OF TRAINING AND ADVANCED TRAINING OF PHYSICAL CULTURE AND SPORTS PERSONNEL OF PENZA REGION IN THE 1960s

The article examines the practice of professional training and professional development of physical culture and sports personnel in the USSR at the regional level – in Penza region in the 1960s.
 
 The issue of organizing training and improving the training level of employees in the field of physical culture and sports in Penza region has not been studied sufficiently and requires in-depth research.
 
 During the study period, Penza region lacked competent and experienced managers of physical culture and sports work, coaches, instructors and judges for the mass development of physical culture and sports.
 
 The All-Russian Council of Sports Societies and Organizations Union and Penza Regional Council of the Sports Union repeatedly considered this issue, recommended to intensify the work in this field and proposed a set of measures to normalize the staff composition of the physical culture and sports movement in the region.
 
 The main problem was the lack of higher and secondary vocational education; the number of full-time physical education workers with specialized training in the designated chronological framework did not exceed 63%.
 
 The Faculty of Physical Education of Penza State Pedagogical Institute named after V.G. Belinsky was the “source of manpower” of personnel for the physical culture and sports movement in the region. The administrators of the Pedagogical Institute sought to enroll local youth to the faculty, preferably athletes, by recommendations of educational institutions, regional sports unions, Komsomol organizations.
 
 Penza Union of Sports Societies and Organizations, together with the party and Komsomol bodies, carried out systematic activities in this direction, using various forms of work – seminars, courses, meetings, etc. The regional Council practiced visits of its employees to the towns and districts of the region to assist in organizing training of instructors, judges, etc. Former athletes worked as coaches for free.
 
 For the heads of physical culture and sports structures, refresher courses were constantly held at the Republican training and sports base and seminars of the Sports Union in Moscow. The regional sports union believed that the quality of the coaches’ work was negatively affected by their employment in several places.